The Central African Republic has a GDP of $3.07B compared to $679M for Tonga, ranking 171/197 and 191/197 by economy size, respectively.
The Central African Republic has $1.9B in government debt (61.8% of GDP), compared to $186M (27.4% of GDP) in Tonga.
Central African Republic vs Tonga GDP by year
| Year | GDP, current $ | |
|---|---|---|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|
| 2025 | $3,066,109,226 | $679,218,219 |
| 2024 | $2,751,494,281 | $647,488,244 |
| 2023 | $2,555,492,086 | $591,139,734 |
| 2022 | $2,382,618,615 | $556,514,556 |
| 2021 | $2,516,498,412 | $519,306,339 |
| 2020 | $2,326,720,900 | $506,571,487 |
| 2019 | $2,221,301,351 | $506,031,248 |
| 2018 | $2,220,979,146 | $493,530,767 |
| 2017 | $2,072,349,973 | $459,976,847 |
| 2016 | $1,825,018,145 | $420,828,255 |
| 2015 | $1,695,825,714 | $437,525,539 |
| 2014 | $1,894,813,389 | $440,997,735 |
| 2013 | $1,691,544,110 | $451,788,498 |
| 2012 | $2,510,126,512 | $471,122,971 |
| 2011 | $2,437,982,705 | $414,143,828 |
| 2010 | $2,142,591,540 | $366,887,375 |
| 2009 | $2,067,381,665 | $312,415,028 |
| 2008 | $1,993,407,888 | $344,438,844 |
| 2007 | $1,699,811,295 | $298,519,623 |
| 2006 | $1,461,859,762 | $292,232,703 |
| 2005 | $1,337,894,379 | $261,823,805 |
| 2004 | $1,272,360,517 | $230,678,011 |
| 2003 | $1,142,315,523 | $202,246,591 |
| 2002 | $996,068,145 | $182,764,281 |
| 2001 | $932,648,605 | $181,117,230 |
| 2000 | $916,777,283 | $204,848,488 |
| 1999 | $999,477,511 | $199,208,718 |
| 1998 | $967,338,390 | $191,504,893 |
| 1997 | $937,741,513 | $214,991,452 |
| 1996 | $1,007,791,127 | $222,100,576 |
| 1995 | $1,115,389,674 | $208,871,666 |
| 1994 | $851,174,357 | $195,990,986 |
| 1993 | $1,278,781,262 | $138,489,884 |
| 1992 | $1,411,917,553 | $137,066,291 |
| 1991 | $1,377,374,987 | $132,201,141 |
| 1990 | $1,440,711,459 | $113,563,822 |
| 1989 | $1,233,930,281 | $106,344,855 |
| 1988 | $1,264,899,288 | $106,657,267 |
| 1987 | $1,200,991,978 | $81,667,133 |
| 1986 | $1,122,265,013 | $68,195,856 |
| 1985 | $864,849,836 | $60,058,663 |
| 1984 | $637,820,670 | $64,248,355 |
| 1983 | $658,679,333 | $60,863,964 |
| 1982 | $748,312,391 | $62,068,161 |
| 1981 | $694,803,623 | $62,242,013 |
| 1980 | $797,048,199 | $53,260,077 |
| 1979 | $700,764,748 | $44,667,002 |
| 1978 | $610,578,632 | $41,567,472 |
| 1977 | $507,298,148 | $34,139,388 |
| 1976 | $451,152,461 | $30,036,417 |
| 1975 | $378,660,016 | $32,506,742 |
| 1974 | $281,398,706 | - |
| 1973 | $271,183,082 | - |
| 1972 | $230,317,883 | - |
| 1971 | $201,450,800 | - |
| 1970 | $189,106,529 | - |
| 1969 | $188,039,210 | - |
| 1968 | $191,767,442 | - |
| 1967 | $163,820,514 | - |
| 1966 | $157,930,018 | - |
| 1965 | $150,574,795 | - |
| 1964 | $142,025,079 | - |
| 1963 | $129,379,124 | - |
| 1962 | $124,482,774 | - |
| 1961 | $123,134,583 | - |
| 1960 | $112,155,598 | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/central-african-republic/tonga | CC BY 
GDP per capita in Central African Republic vs Tonga by year
| Year | Current $ | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|||
| GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP | |
| 2025 | $556 | - | $6,547 | - |
| 2024 | $516 | $1,263 | $6,215 | - |
| 2023 | $496 | $1,257 | $5,652 | $7,803 |
| 2022 | $467 | $1,218 | $5,298 | $7,296 |
| 2021 | $492 | $1,129 | $4,923 | $6,929 |
| 2020 | $463 | $1,066 | $4,792 | $6,676 |
| 2019 | $449 | $985 | $4,789 | $6,473 |
| 2018 | $455 | $906 | $4,675 | $6,393 |
| 2017 | $432 | $884 | $4,366 | $6,229 |
| 2016 | $387 | $826 | $3,988 | $5,920 |
| 2015 | $366 | $769 | $4,124 | $5,472 |
| 2014 | $410 | $699 | $4,137 | $5,336 |
| 2013 | $364 | $710 | $4,219 | $5,120 |
| 2012 | $544 | $1,062 | $4,384 | $4,996 |
| 2011 | $534 | $980 | $3,850 | $4,855 |
| 2010 | $477 | $936 | $3,416 | $4,465 |
| 2009 | $456 | $877 | $2,914 | $4,384 |
| 2008 | $437 | $798 | $3,218 | $4,600 |
| 2007 | $381 | $783 | $2,797 | $4,316 |
| 2006 | $334 | $743 | $2,750 | $4,327 |
| 2005 | $312 | $702 | $2,478 | $4,315 |
| 2004 | $303 | $690 | $2,195 | $4,235 |
| 2003 | $278.4 | $648 | $1,936 | $4,231 |
| 2002 | $248.6 | $688 | $1,759 | $4,171 |
| 2001 | $238 | $668 | $1,754 | $3,955 |
| 2000 | $239.2 | $640 | $1,995 | $3,834 |
| 1999 | $268 | $660 | $1,952 | $3,636 |
| 1998 | $266.6 | $645 | $1,889 | $3,527 |
| 1997 | $265.5 | $626 | $2,136 | $3,434 |
| 1996 | $293.3 | $601 | $2,215 | $3,410 |
| 1995 | $333 | $631 | $2,084 | $3,347 |
| 1994 | $261.3 | $592 | $1,957 | $3,088 |
| 1993 | $405 | $570 | $1,383 | $2,882 |
| 1992 | $462 | $573 | $1,370 | $2,716 |
| 1991 | $465 | $618 | $1,323 | $2,652 |
| 1990 | $502 | $620 | $1,139 | $2,416 |
| 1989 | $443 | - | $1,070 | - |
| 1988 | $466 | - | $1,078 | - |
| 1987 | $450 | - | $830 | - |
| 1986 | $426 | - | $696 | - |
| 1985 | $333 | - | $613 | - |
| 1984 | $248.3 | - | $656 | - |
| 1983 | $259.6 | - | $621 | - |
| 1982 | $298.4 | - | $633 | - |
| 1981 | $280.3 | - | $636 | - |
| 1980 | $325 | - | $545 | - |
| 1979 | $289.1 | - | $458 | - |
| 1978 | $254.6 | - | $428 | - |
| 1977 | $213.8 | - | $353 | - |
| 1976 | $192.1 | - | $315 | - |
| 1975 | $163.6 | - | $349 | - |
| 1974 | $124 | - | - | - |
| 1973 | $121.8 | - | - | - |
| 1972 | $105.5 | - | - | - |
| 1971 | $94.1 | - | - | - |
| 1970 | $90.2 | - | - | - |
| 1969 | $91.7 | - | - | - |
| 1968 | $95.6 | - | - | - |
| 1967 | $83.6 | - | - | - |
| 1966 | $82.3 | - | - | - |
| 1965 | $80.2 | - | - | - |
| 1964 | $77.2 | - | - | - |
| 1963 | $71.8 | - | - | - |
| 1962 | $70.4 | - | - | - |
| 1961 | $71 | - | - | - |
| 1960 | $65.9 | - | - | - |
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/central-african-republic/tonga | CC BY
The Central African Republic's GDP per capita is $556, ranking 195/197, compared to $6,547 in Tonga, ranking 110/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Central African Republic ranks 195th at $1,263, while Tonga ranks 144th at $7,803.
Economic indicators
|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Gross domestic product |
$3.07B
2025 |
$679M
2025 |
| GDP rank |
171/197
2025 |
191/197
2025 |
| GDP growth |
4.5%
2024-2025 |
2.8%
2024-2025 |
| GDP per capita |
$556
2025 |
$6,547
2025 |
| GDP per capita rank |
195/197
2025 |
110/197
2025 |
| GDP per capita, PPP |
$1,263
2024 |
$7,803
2023 |
| GDP per capita PPP rank |
195/197
2024 |
144/197
2023 |
| Government debt |
$1.9B
2025 |
$186M
2025 |
| Debt-to-GDP ratio |
61.8%
2025 |
27.4%
2025 |
| Government debt per person |
$344
2025 |
$1,793
2025 |
| Government debt per person rank |
176/185
2025 |
123/185
2025 |
| Average annual personal income after taxes |
$1,242
2026 |
$4,104
2026 |
| Income share by richest 10% |
33.1%
2021 |
22%
2021 |
| Income share by poorest 10% |
2.1%
2021 |
4%
2021 |
| Government expenditure, % of GDP |
21.1%
2025 |
46.8%
2025 |
| Consumer prices inflation |
1%
2024-2025 |
5.59%
2024-2025 |
| Unemployment rate |
6.9%
2017 |
1.65%
2023 |
| Population |
5798457
|
103283
|
Spending and national debt comparison by year
| Year | % of GDP | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|||
| Government spending | Government debt | Government spending | Government debt | |
| 2025 | 21.1% | 61.8% | 46.8% | 27.4% |
| 2024 | 19.4% | 59.9% | 44.3% | 31.9% |
| 2023 | 17.5% | 55.6% | 41.5% | 37.2% |
| 2022 | 17.1% | 48.9% | 41.3% | 40.2% |
| 2021 | 19% | 46.3% | 44.5% | 43% |
| 2020 | 24% | 42.4% | 37.1% | 41.7% |
| 2019 | 15.8% | 44.9% | 39% | 41.8% |
| 2018 | 16.8% | 47.9% | 39.3% | 45.5% |
| 2017 | 13.1% | 47.4% | 39.7% | 44.7% |
| 2016 | 11.1% | 49.3% | 37.2% | 49.4% |
| 2015 | 12.7% | 54.4% | 37.4% | 51.1% |
| 2014 | 16.7% | 57.5% | 31.5% | 47.4% |
| 2013 | 13.4% | 51.8% | 34.3% | 48.9% |
| 2012 | 14.7% | 31.5% | 32% | 60% |
| 2011 | 14.2% | 19.7% | 32.6% | 51.9% |
| 2010 | 17.3% | 19.9% | 28.4% | 44.7% |
| 2009 | 16% | 20.3% | 23.9% | 39.7% |
| 2008 | 16% | 35.8% | 24% | 34% |
| 2007 | 12.9% | 47.9% | 23.2% | 37.8% |
| 2006 | 13.4% | 46.7% | 25.6% | 39.6% |
| 2005 | 16.2% | 103% | 19.8% | 43.3% |
| 2004 | 13.1% | 99.7% | 19.3% | 52.2% |
| 2003 | 12.3% | 95.9% | 20% | 56.2% |
| 2002 | 16.7% | 98.5% | 21.3% | 60.7% |
| 2001 | 14.1% | 103.1% | 19.1% | 53.4% |
| 2000 | 17.2% | 94.7% | 20% | 43.6% |
| 1999 | 18.2% | 84.2% | 18.8% | 38.4% |
| 1998 | 18.1% | 85.3% | - | - |
| 1997 | 14.5% | 96.1% | - | - |
| 1996 | 11.7% | 93% | - | - |
| 1995 | 20.6% | 83.8% | - | - |
| 1994 | 22.4% | 103.4% | - | - |
| 1993 | 20.6% | 68.2% | - | - |
| 1992 | 23.1% | 57.4% | - | - |
| 1991 | 22.6% | 55.8% | - | - |
| 1990 | 22% | 44.6% | - | - |
| 1989 | 19.6% | 50.9% | - | - |
| 1988 | 21.4% | 48.8% | - | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1988–1996, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/central-african-republic/tonga | CC BY
In 2025, the Central African Republic's government spending was $646M, accounting for 21.1% of its GDP, while Tonga spent $318M, or 46.8% of GDP.
Debt-to-GDP ratio is 61.8% in the Central African Republic and 27.4% in Tonga, ranking 72/185 and 162/185, respectively.
Government deficit by year
| Year | Deficit/surplus, % of GDP | |
|---|---|---|
|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|
| 2025 | -5.49% | 4.86% |
| 2024 | -5.03% | 3.6% |
| 2023 | -3.42% | 5.28% |
| 2022 | -5.13% | -0.09% |
| 2021 | -5.71% | -0.87% |
| 2020 | -3.23% | 5.15% |
| 2019 | 1.33% | 3.2% |
| 2018 | -0.93% | 2.9% |
| 2017 | -1% | 3.58% |
| 2016 | 1.18% | 1.47% |
| 2015 | -0.53% | -2.75% |
| 2014 | -3.02% | 6.38% |
| 2013 | -2.3% | -1.3% |
| 2012 | -0.78% | -1.74% |
| 2011 | -2.15% | -6.02% |
| 2010 | -1.35% | -1.22% |
| 2009 | -0.54% | 6.85% |
| 2008 | -1.23% | 2.14% |
| 2007 | 1.04% | 5.39% |
| 2006 | 8.58% | 1.34% |
| 2005 | -4.37% | 4.23% |
| 2004 | -1.74% | 4.23% |
| 2003 | -3.06% | 2.37% |
| 2002 | -1.19% | 2.59% |
| 2001 | -0.88% | 2.23% |
| 2000 | -2.01% | 1.35% |
| 1999 | -0.5% | 1.55% |
| 1998 | 0.001% | - |
| 1997 | -1.57% | - |
| 1996 | -1.06% | - |
| 1995 | -4.84% | - |
| 1994 | -7.57% | - |
| 1993 | -5.66% | - |
| 1992 | -7.33% | - |
| 1991 | -8% | - |
| 1990 | -6.6% | - |
| 1989 | -3.25% | - |
| 1988 | -3.72% | - |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1988–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/central-african-republic/tonga | CC BY
In 2025, the Central African Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $168M, equivalent to 5.49% of GDP. This compares to Tonga's surplus of $33M, or 4.86% of GDP.
Over the past 27 years, the Central African Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of those years, while Tonga ran a deficit in 7 years. On average, the Central African Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 1.61% of GDP, compared to surplus of 2.1% of GDP for Tonga.
Inflation comparison by year
| Year | Consumer prices inflation | |
|---|---|---|
|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|
| 2025 | 1% | 5.59% |
| 2024 | 1.5% | 3.18% |
| 2023 | 3% | 6.35% |
| 2022 | 5.6% | 11% |
| 2021 | 4.3% | 5.64% |
| 2020 | 0.9% | -0.35% |
| 2019 | 2.8% | 1.18% |
| 2018 | 1.6% | 5.03% |
| 2017 | 4.2% | 7.52% |
| 2016 | 4.9% | 2.58% |
| 2015 | 1.4% | -1.05% |
| 2014 | 17.8% | 2.51% |
| 2013 | 4% | 0.78% |
| 2012 | 5.9% | 1.15% |
| 2011 | 1.2% | 6.27% |
| 2010 | 1.5% | 3.53% |
| 2009 | 3.6% | 1.43% |
| 2008 | 9.2% | 10.4% |
| 2007 | 0.9% | 5.84% |
| 2006 | 6.9% | 6.15% |
| 2005 | 2.9% | 8.67% |
| 2004 | -2.2% | 11% |
| 2003 | 4.4% | 11.6% |
| 2002 | 2.3% | 10.4% |
| 2001 | 3.8% | 8.29% |
| 2000 | 3.2% | 6.33% |
| 1999 | -1.4% | 4.46% |
| 1998 | -1.9% | 3.27% |
| 1997 | 1.6% | 2.12% |
Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/central-african-republic/tonga | CC BY
Over the past 29 years, the Central African Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.27%, compared with 5.2% in Tonga. In 2025, inflation was 1% in the Central African Republic and 5.59% in Tonga.
Balance of trade
|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|
|---|---|---|
|
Current account balance
|
-$24.7M
1994 |
-$43.5M
2024 |
| Current account balance ranking |
74/190
1994 |
76/190
2024 |
| Current account balance, % of GDP |
-2.9%
1994 |
-6.72%
2024 |
| Goods imports |
$131M
1994 |
$232M
2024 |
| Goods exports |
$146M
1994 |
$10.8M
2024 |
| Service imports |
$114M
1994 |
$161M
2024 |
| Service exports |
$33.1M
1994 |
$93.6M
2024 |
| Imports of goods and services, % of GDP |
33.6%
2025 |
60.7%
2024 |
| Exports of goods and services, % of GDP |
19.3%
2025 |
16.9%
2024 |
Economic freedom indices
The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.
|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Economic freedom | 43.1 | 58.9 |
| Economic freedom ranking | 182/197 | 107/197 |
| Property rights | 5.6 | 71.1 |
| Government integrity | 19.2 | 45.1 |
| Judicial effectiveness | 4 | 64.9 |
| Tax burden | 65.5 | 85.6 |
| Government spending | 90.1 | 31 |
| Fiscal health | 59 | 97.3 |
| Business freedom | 26.5 | 59.2 |
| Labor freedom | 48.5 | 55.9 |
| Monetary freedom | 75.6 | 61 |
| Trade freedom | 47.6 | 75.4 |
| Investment freedom | 45 | 40 |
| Financial freedom | 30 | 20 |
Economic freedom comparison by year
| Year | Economic freedom index | |
|---|---|---|
|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|
| 2026 | 43.1 | 58.9 |
| 2025 | 42.8 | 58.5 |
| 2024 | 41.3 | 59.2 |
| 2023 | 43.8 | 60 |
| 2022 | 45.7 | 60.8 |
| 2021 | 48.8 | 57.5 |
| 2020 | 50.7 | 58.8 |
| 2019 | 49.1 | 57.7 |
| 2018 | 49.2 | 63.1 |
| 2017 | 51.8 | 63 |
| 2016 | 45.2 | 59.6 |
| 2015 | 45.9 | 59.3 |
| 2014 | 46.7 | 58.2 |
| 2013 | 50.4 | 56 |
| 2012 | 50.3 | 57 |
| 2011 | 49.3 | 55.8 |
| 2010 | 48.4 | 53.4 |
| 2009 | 48.3 | 54.1 |
| 2008 | 48.6 | - |
| 2007 | 50.6 | - |
| 2006 | 54.2 | - |
| 2005 | 56.5 | - |
| 2004 | 57.5 | - |
| 2003 | 60 | - |
| 2002 | 59.8 | - |
Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (2002–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/central-african-republic/tonga | CC BY
The Economic Freedom Index for the Central African Republic is 43.1, ranking 182/197, compared to 58.9 for Tonga, ranking 107/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.
Other economic metrics
|
CAR
|
Tonga
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Services, % of GDP |
41.4%
2025 |
49.5%
2024 |
| Industry, % of GDP |
21.2%
2025 |
17.7%
2024 |
| Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP |
27.6%
2025 |
18.6%
2024 |
|
GNI, Atlas method
|
$3.1B
2025 |
$709M
2025 |
| GNI per capita, PPP |
$1,390
2025 |
$9,240
2025 |
| Total reserves including gold |
$489M
2024 |
$413M
2025 |
| Total reserves ranking |
158/177
2024 |
162/177
2025 |
|
Net foreign direct investment
|
$3.6M
1994 |
$13.3M
2024 |
|
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
|
$40.4M
2024 |
-$12.1M
2024 |
|
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
|
$0
2024 |
$1.25M
2024 |
|
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
|
1.94%
2024 |
6.33%
2024 |
| Poverty at national poverty lines |
68.8%
2021 |
20.6%
2021 |
|
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
|
9.3%
2025 |
26.4%
2024 |
GDP per capita map
Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).
GeoRank.org/economy/central-african-republic/tonga | CC BY
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Data sources:
- World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (2002–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1988–1996, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
- Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2017, retrieved 2026-07-08)
Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.
The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.
Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.
A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.
Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.
Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.
Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.