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Economy of Bhutan vs Chile compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bhutan has a GDP of $3.01B compared to $330B for Chile, ranking 170/197 and 45/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bhutan has $3.53B in government debt (110.4% of GDP), compared to $138B (41.7% of GDP) in Chile.

Bhutan vs Chile GDP by year

Bhutan
Chile
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bhutan Chile
2024 - $330,267,137,372
2023 $3,012,896,789 $335,518,054,098
2022 $2,898,227,744 $301,226,575,540
2021 $2,768,802,960 $315,325,547,162
2020 $2,457,604,334 $254,042,159,309
2019 $2,735,683,570 $278,285,058,719
2018 $2,583,335,722 $295,857,562,992
2017 $2,591,358,009 $276,154,259,981
2016 $2,357,504,761 $249,344,863,928
2015 $2,187,815,803 $242,450,355,831
2014 $2,089,079,571 $259,560,978,224
2013 $1,943,696,952 $277,395,018,842
2012 $1,973,387,228 $267,024,782,487
2011 $1,977,728,659 $251,382,573,894
2010 $1,708,880,730 $217,051,209,239
2009 $1,331,343,798 $171,777,900,624
2008 $1,317,517,835 $179,894,594,475
2007 $1,255,767,964 $172,491,076,034
2006 $942,879,879 $153,843,518,171
2005 $860,391,000 $122,294,145,163
2004 $735,348,490 $99,075,985,774
2003 $651,935,430 $76,492,579,644
2002 $559,345,264 $70,264,045,939
2001 $496,110,226 $71,574,739,561
2000 $460,733,418 $78,339,750,721
1999 $399,311,200 $75,578,685,736
1998 $363,458,381 $81,990,010,704
1997 $352,229,077 $85,741,415,285
1996 $303,408,346 $78,584,098,984
1995 $290,490,984 $73,820,425,702
1994 $258,954,708 $57,438,273,591
1993 $225,973,693 $49,934,943,321
1992 $240,233,531 $46,538,895,686
1991 $240,294,286 $38,232,330,917
1990 $287,765,007 $33,428,580,448
1989 $264,798,626 $30,101,767,991
1988 $272,298,067 $26,174,858,614
1987 $242,742,766 $22,605,488,851
1986 $191,218,115 $19,197,818,085
1985 $163,288,815 $17,933,557,360
1984 $160,423,494 $19,974,595,028
1983 $156,704,290 $20,629,678,694
1982 $141,439,317 $19,710,229,067
1981 $139,174,178 $35,180,322,211
1980 $128,669,201 $29,586,676,576
1979 $105,377,995 $22,249,574,628
1978 $94,086,228 $16,373,093,554
1977 $97,884,434 $14,272,711,437
1976 $88,461,263 $10,523,479,089
1975 $86,820,762 $7,812,161,793
1974 $92,901,784 $16,584,311,220
1973 $78,900,289 $17,237,336,173
1972 $70,139,867 $12,057,501,635
1971 $66,289,450 $10,999,807,567
1970 $61,812,113 $9,261,006,540
1969 - $8,456,519,044
1968 - $7,286,820,526
1967 - $7,145,068,068
1966 - $7,256,882,086
1965 - $6,183,988,944
1964 - $6,065,708,668
1963 - $5,702,520,146
1962 - $5,765,971,144
1961 - $4,948,564,551
1960 - $4,211,103,677

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan/chile | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bhutan vs Chile by year

Bhutan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Chile
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bhutan Chile
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 - - $16,710 $36,181
2023 $3,831 $16,215 $17,067 $33,145
2022 $3,711 $15,064 $15,406 $30,932
2021 $3,571 $13,459 $16,207 $29,090
2020 $3,192 $12,475 $13,115 $25,351
2019 $3,577 $12,909 $14,496 $25,612
2018 $3,400 $11,970 $15,659 $25,305
2017 $3,435 $11,677 $14,880 $24,295
2016 $3,152 $11,273 $13,650 $23,257
2015 $2,954 $10,214 $13,434 $22,468
2014 $2,849 $9,323 $14,530 $22,554
2013 $2,680 $8,667 $15,684 $22,201
2012 $2,751 $8,577 $15,242 $21,366
2011 $2,788 $7,935 $14,487 $20,122
2010 $2,436 $7,246 $12,633 $17,918
2009 $1,918 $6,466 $10,099 $15,951
2008 $1,920 $6,035 $10,683 $16,376
2007 $1,850 $5,729 $10,346 $16,698
2006 $1,406 $4,860 $9,319 $15,511
2005 $1,300 $4,523 $7,480 $12,550
2004 $1,130 $4,173 $6,121 $11,612
2003 $1,022 $3,942 $4,773 $10,708
2002 $896 $3,663 $4,431 $10,133
2001 $812 $3,338 $4,564 $9,776
2000 $772 $3,113 $5,053 $9,376
1999 $685 $3,017 $4,934 $8,839
1998 $638 $2,819 $5,420 $8,850
1997 $630 $2,683 $5,742 $8,510
1996 $553 $2,548 $5,334 $7,895
1995 $530 $2,374 $5,081 $7,232
1994 $467 $2,146 $4,012 $6,476
1993 $407 $2,001 $3,541 $6,061
1992 $416 $1,840 $3,352 $5,563
1991 $401 $1,657 $2,798 $4,886
1990 $488 $1,638 $2,488 $4,444
1989 $462 - $2,278 -
1988 $489 - $2,014 -
1987 $449 - $1,767 -
1986 $365 - $1,525 -
1985 $321 - $1,447 -
1984 $326 - $1,636 -
1983 $328 - $1,715 -
1982 $306 - $1,663 -
1981 $311 - $3,012 -
1980 $296.9 - $2,571 -
1979 $251.4 - $1,962 -
1978 $232.2 - $1,465 -
1977 $249.9 - $1,297 -
1976 $233.7 - $971 -
1975 $237.4 - $732 -
1974 $262.8 - $1,579 -
1973 $230.9 - $1,667 -
1972 $212.4 - $1,185 -
1971 $207.7 - $1,099 -
1970 $200.3 - $941 -
1969 - - $874 -
1968 - - $766 -
1967 - - $764 -
1966 - - $790 -
1965 - - $686 -
1964 - - $686 -
1963 - - $658 -
1962 - - $679 -
1961 - - $594 -
1960 - - $516 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan/chile | CC BY

Bhutan's GDP per capita is $3,831, ranking 132/197, compared to $16,710 in Chile, ranking 65/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bhutan ranks 109th at $16,215, while Chile ranks 63rd at $36,181.

Economic indicators

Bhutan Chile
Gross domestic product
$3.01B
2023
$330B
2024
GDP rank
170/197
2023
45/197
2024
GDP growth
4.63%
2022-2023
2.64%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$3,831
2023
$16,710
2024
GDP per capita rank
132/197
2023
65/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$16,215
2023
$36,181
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
109/197
2023
63/197
2024
Government debt
$3.53B
2023
$138B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
110.4%
2024
41.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,485
2023
$6,960
2024
Government debt per person rank
87/185
2023
68/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$5,506
2026
$10,247
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$262B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
81,274
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
6
2025
Income share by richest 10%
22.7%
2022
34.5%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2022
2.3%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
27.1%
2024
26.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.3%
2023-2024
4.3%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
4.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.28%
2024
8.76%
2024
Population
803385
19977856

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bhutan
Spending

Debt
Chile
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bhutan Chile
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 27.1% 110.4% 26.7% 41.7%
2023 28.8% 117.1% 27.4% 39.4%
2022 32.1% 119.9% 26.7% 37.9%
2021 36.6% 124.5% 33.6% 36.4%
2020 30.9% 116% 29.1% 32.4%
2019 24.2% 100.8% 26.5% 28.3%
2018 31.7% 103.4% 25.6% 25.8%
2017 30.6% 104.1% 25.5% 23.7%
2016 30.5% 103% 25.4% 21.1%
2015 27.5% 90.2% 25% 17.4%
2014 28.9% 89.8% 23.9% 15%
2013 32.5% 87.4% 23.1% 12.8%
2012 35.1% 71.5% 23.1% 11.9%
2011 36.1% 62.3% 22.9% 11.1%
2010 41.5% 55.8% 23.5% 8.61%
2009 39.3% 61% 25% 5.84%
2008 36.1% 60.6% 21.8% 4.92%
2007 33.2% 67.3% 19.3% 3.9%
2006 33.4% 80.1% 18.7% 5.02%
2005 36.4% 80.8% 20.2% 7.04%
2004 31% 76% 20.8% 10.3%
2003 34.7% 68.5% 22.2% 12.6%
2002 39.3% 57.7% 23.2% 15%
2001 50.3% 52.4% 23.2% 14.3%
2000 43% 44% 22.9% 13.1%
1999 40.2% 39.2% 23.7% 13.3%
1998 31.1% 36.4% 21.9% 12.1%
1997 37.8% 33% 20.6% 12.8%
1996 37.9% 36.8% 20.6% 14.6%
1995 38.6% 38.7% 19.4% 17.2%
1994 37.9% 53.2% 20.6% 22.6%
1993 35.2% 60.2% 21.1% 28%
1992 34.5% 35.6% 20.8% 30.3%
1991 30.8% 33.5% 21.2% 37%
1990 35.8% 27.4% 20.9% 50.3%
1989 46.8% 26.4% 19.8% 51.9%
1988 45.3% 24.7% 21.3% 71.2%
1987 47.5% 17.3% 22.9% 81.6%
1986 - - 26.6% 88.4%
1985 - - 28.5% 79.8%
1984 - - 30% 56.6%
1983 - - 29.2% 45.5%
1982 - - 30.1% 20.3%
1981 - - 26.4% 14%
1980 - - 23.8% 17.4%
1979 - - 24.8% 23.2%
1978 - - 29.4% 26%
1977 - - 30% 16.5%
1976 - - 30% 19.5%
1975 - - 33.6% 28.4%
1974 - - 32.3% 18.8%
1973 - - 30.8% 11.1%
1972 - - 35% 10.1%
1971 - - 27.2% 20%
1970 - - 21.1% 26.3%
1969 - - 18.7% 21.5%
1968 - - 19.3% 17.9%
1967 - - 19.1% 14.9%
1966 - - 20.5% 12.6%
1965 - - 20.5% 12.6%
1964 - - 17.8% 9.6%
1963 - - 18.9% 9.23%
1962 - - 21.3% 6.99%
1961 - - 19.5% 7.97%
1960 - - 19.7% 7.02%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan/chile | CC BY

In 2024, Bhutan's government spending was $869M, accounting for 27.1% of its GDP, while Chile spent $88.3B, or 26.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 110.4% in Bhutan and 41.7% in Chile, ranking 17/185 and 129/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bhutan

Chile
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bhutan Chile
2024 -0.17% -2.82%
2023 -4.73% -2.27%
2022 -6.95% 1.36%
2021 -5.76% -7.53%
2020 -1.81% -7.1%
2019 -1.49% -2.73%
2018 -1.52% -1.48%
2017 -4.49% -2.63%
2016 -2.31% -2.66%
2015 -0.49% -2.09%
2014 2.46% -1.5%
2013 -4.55% -0.47%
2012 -2.1% 0.68%
2011 -3.02% 1.43%
2010 1.92% -0.36%
2009 -0.8% -4.26%
2008 -2.57% 3.93%
2007 0.79% 7.95%
2006 -0.07% 7.51%
2005 -6.96% 4.57%
2004 1.8% 2.05%
2003 -10.2% -0.42%
2002 -4.33% -1.17%
2001 -12.2% -0.49%
2000 -3.39% -0.69%
1999 -1.28% -2.02%
1998 1.28% 0.39%
1997 -1.92% 2.04%
1996 2.55% 2.07%
1995 -0.88% 3.09%
1994 -0.13% 1.43%
1993 4.71% 1.41%
1992 -3.47% 2.09%
1991 -0.48% 1.54%
1990 -7.21% 2.24%
1989 -10.1% 5.31%
1988 1.33% 4.07%
1987 -0.56% 2.36%
1986 - -0.92%
1985 - -2.22%
1984 - -2.95%
1983 - -2.67%
1982 - -1.02%
1981 - 2.56%
1980 - 5.41%
1979 - 4.82%
1978 - -0.11%
1977 - -1.11%
1976 - -0.48%
1975 - -0.41%
1974 - -5.79%
1973 - -7.32%
1972 - -12.7%
1971 - -7.98%
1970 - -1.22%
1969 - 0.6%
1968 - -0.79%
1967 - -0.64%
1966 - -1.88%
1965 - -1.64%
1964 - -2.24%
1963 - -3.29%
1962 - -4.31%
1961 - -2.89%
1960 - -3.14%
1959 - 1.56%
1958 - -0.1%
1957 - -0.71%
1956 - -1.3%
1955 - -2.79%
1954 - -2.84%
1953 - -4.05%
1952 - -1.82%
1951 - -0.71%
1950 - -0.92%
1949 - 1.71%
1948 - 2.56%
1947 - -0.2%
1946 - 0.12%
1945 - 0.73%
1944 - 0.25%
1943 - 0.81%
1942 - 1.51%
1941 - 1.9%
1940 - 2.64%
1939 - 1.74%
1938 - 1.25%
1937 - 1.42%
1936 - 2.62%
1935 - 4.23%
1934 - 2.42%
1933 - 1.76%
1932 - -0.32%
1931 - -2.73%
1930 - 1.47%
1929 - 1.89%
1928 - 4.11%
1927 - -0.17%
1926 - -3.23%
1925 - 2.44%
1924 - 3.68%
1923 - 2.87%
1922 - -0.23%
1921 - -0.57%
1920 - -1.8%
1919 - -2.53%
1918 - 0.71%
1917 - 0.49%
1916 - 0.98%
1915 - -2.13%
1914 - -2.67%
1913 - -2.23%
1912 - -3.29%
1911 - -3.32%
1910 - -3.17%
1909 - -2.26%
1908 - -0.84%
1907 - -2.39%
1906 - -2.8%
1905 - -1.31%
1904 - -1.6%
1903 - -1.35%
1902 - -3.65%
1901 - -3.93%
1900 - -1.89%
1899 - -0.78%
1898 - -3.84%
1897 - -1.78%
1896 - -5.36%
1895 - -2.31%
1894 - 0.82%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -1.33%
1891 - -6.72%
1890 - -3.65%
1889 - -2.71%
1888 - -0.58%
1887 - -4%
1886 - -5.17%
1885 - -2.46%
1884 - -3.23%
1883 - -3.57%
1882 - -2.86%
1881 - -1.83%
1880 - -2%
1879 - -4.34%
1878 - -2.27%
1877 - -3.88%
1876 - -3.17%
1875 - -3.73%
1874 - -4.75%
1873 - -1.94%
1872 - -1.78%
1871 - -2.38%
1870 - -1.83%
1869 - -1.07%
1868 - -2.85%
1867 - -4.31%
1866 - -5.72%
1865 - -1.95%
1864 - -1.07%
1863 - -0.26%
1862 - -0.13%
1861 - -0.5%
1860 - -0.07%
1859 - -1.6%
1858 - -1.37%
1857 - -0.3%
1856 - 0.11%
1855 - 0.1%
1854 - -0.2%
1853 - 0.27%
1852 - 0.68%
1851 - -0.39%
1850 - 0.35%
1849 - 0.6%
1848 - -0.25%
1847 - 0.04%
1846 - 0.36%
1845 - -0.21%
1844 - 0.48%
1843 - 0.69%
1842 - 1.1%
1841 - 0.31%
1840 - 0.34%
1839 - 0.25%
1838 - -0.21%
1837 - -0.05%
1836 - -0.17%
1835 - -0.58%
1834 - -0.39%
1833 - -0.45%
1832 - -0.57%
1831 - -0.77%
1830 - -0.51%
1829 - -0.06%
1828 - -0.3%
1827 - 0.07%
1826 - -0.08%
1825 - 0.05%
1824 - -0.37%
1823 - 0.98%
1822 - 1.28%
1821 - -0.19%
1820 - 0.64%
1819 - 0.16%
1818 - 1.52%
1817 - 0.94%
1816 - 1.21%
1815 - 1.53%
1814 - 1.91%
1813 - 2.34%
1812 - 2.79%
1811 - 3.24%
1810 - 3.64%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan/chile | CC BY

In 2023, Bhutan's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $142M, equivalent to 4.73% of GDP. This compares to Chile's deficit of $7.63B, or 2.27% of GDP.

Over the past 37 years, Bhutan recorded a fiscal deficit in 29 of those years, while Chile ran a deficit in 17 years. On average, Bhutan posted an annual deficit equal to 2.4% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.48% of GDP for Chile.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bhutan

Chile
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bhutan Chile
2024 4.3% 4.3%
2023 4.5% 7.58%
2022 5.9% 11.6%
2021 8.2% 4.52%
2020 3% 3.05%
2019 2.8% 2.56%
2018 3.6% 2.43%
2017 4.3% 2.18%
2016 3.3% 3.79%
2015 6.7% 4.35%
2014 9.6% 4.72%
2013 8.1% 1.79%
2012 10.1% 3.01%
2011 8.6% 3.34%
2010 4.8% 1.41%
2009 7.1% 0.35%
2008 6.3% 8.72%
2007 5.2% 4.41%
2006 4.9% 3.39%
2005 4.8% 3.05%
2004 3.3% 1.05%
2003 2.5% 2.81%
2002 2.9% 2.49%
2001 3.7% 3.57%
2000 7.2% 3.84%
1999 9.1% 3.34%
1998 7.6% 5.11%
1997 8.6% 6.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan/chile | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bhutan has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 5.75%, compared with 3.89% in Chile. In 2024, inflation was 4.3% in Bhutan and 4.3% in Chile.

Top exports between countries

Bhutan
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $1K
Chile
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $126K

Balance of trade

Bhutan Chile
Current account balance
-$670M
2024
-$4.85B
2024
Current account balance ranking
114/190
2024
166/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-32%
2023
-1.47%
2024
Goods imports
$1.29B
2024
$78.1B
2024
Goods exports
$656M
2024
$99.2B
2024
Service imports
$228M
2024
$21.1B
2024
Service exports
$288M
2024
$12B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.3%
2023
30.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
28.4%
2023
33.7%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bhutan Chile
Economic freedom 57.5 74.3
Economic freedom ranking 115/197 20/197
Property rights 69.2 69.7
Government integrity 72.2 67.8
Judicial effectiveness 61.8 90.3
Tax burden 83.4 72.5
Government spending 74.1 78.2
Fiscal health 25.8 94.1
Business freedom 67.8 78.5
Labor freedom 60.1 56.8
Monetary freedom 71.6 75.1
Trade freedom 63.4 78
Investment freedom 20 60
Financial freedom 20 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bhutan
Chile
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bhutan Chile
2026 57.5 74.3
2025 57.5 73.2
2024 55.4 71.4
2023 59 71.1
2022 59.3 74.4
2021 58.3 75.2
2020 62.1 76.8
2019 62.9 75.4
2018 61.8 75.2
2017 58.4 76.5
2016 59.5 77.7
2015 57.4 78.5
2014 56.7 78.7
2013 55 79
2012 56.6 78.3
2011 57.6 77.4
2010 57 77.2
2009 57.7 78.3
2008 - 78.6
2007 - 77.7
2006 - 78
2005 - 77.8
2004 - 76.9
2003 - 76
2002 - 77.8
2001 - 75.1
2000 - 74.7
1999 - 74.1
1998 - 74.9
1997 - 75.9
1996 - 72.6
1995 - 71.2

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bhutan/chile | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bhutan is 57.5, ranking 115/197, compared to 74.3 for Chile, ranking 20/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bhutan Chile
Services, % of GDP
52.8%
2023
56.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
29.4%
2023
30.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
15%
2023
3.91%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.93B
2023
$311B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$15,320
2023
$34,320
2024
Total reserves including gold
$941M
2024
$44.4B
2024
Total reserves ranking
143/177
2024
45/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$22.8M
2024
-$8.93B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$2.82M
2024
$12.5B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
$3.59B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
4.96%
2023
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2022
6.5%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
45.3%
2023
23.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1810–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.