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Economy of Ireland vs Paraguay compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Ireland has a GDP of $722B compared to $49.3B for Paraguay, ranking 24/197 and 97/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ireland has $238B in government debt (32.9% of GDP), compared to $18.8B (38.1% of GDP) in Paraguay.

Ireland vs Paraguay GDP by year

Ireland
Paraguay
1x
Year GDP, current $
Ireland Paraguay
2025 $721,701,359,046 $49,278,227,554
2024 $609,157,459,747 $44,738,819,362
2023 $567,372,737,459 $43,140,465,596
2022 $548,341,794,599 $41,841,201,627
2021 $530,394,123,830 $39,937,357,256
2020 $436,009,027,819 $35,432,178,068
2019 $407,211,793,801 $37,925,338,329
2018 $395,780,319,817 $40,225,448,341
2017 $348,355,212,569 $38,997,129,474
2016 $305,431,252,709 $36,089,700,223
2015 $302,101,388,556 $36,211,447,840
2014 $266,490,442,124 $40,377,929,296
2013 $242,924,245,719 $38,501,122,141
2012 $226,921,827,888 $33,271,921,136
2011 $240,975,871,047 $33,756,238,767
2010 $221,732,824,603 $27,260,886,405
2009 $236,443,115,854 $22,355,151,162
2008 $275,447,471,451 $24,615,267,664
2007 $270,079,279,420 $17,856,393,235
2006 $232,180,617,162 $13,429,430,050
2005 $211,876,989,656 $10,737,500,188
2004 $194,372,115,041 $9,624,440,836
2003 $164,670,771,260 $7,691,367,471
2002 $128,596,035,288 $7,196,260,657
2001 $109,346,669,230 $8,495,806,432
2000 $100,207,610,430 $8,855,705,140
1999 $98,893,958,263 $8,837,070,236
1998 $90,199,410,116 $9,260,481,572
1997 $82,856,648,758 $9,965,225,678
1996 $75,790,786,290 $9,788,391,781
1995 $69,139,823,232 $9,062,131,475
1994 $57,097,656,066 $7,870,982,005
1993 $52,417,477,614 $7,249,533,620
1992 $55,918,538,121 $7,157,424,031
1991 $49,787,501,584 $6,984,367,763
1990 $49,305,632,408 $5,812,114,523
1989 $39,238,392,678 $4,757,732,200
1988 $37,772,896,221 $4,255,683,528
1987 $33,920,518,493 $3,971,044,724
1986 $28,714,571,852 $3,723,993,943
1985 $21,270,013,326 $3,282,449,236
1984 $20,106,648,455 $4,502,462,807
1983 $20,766,047,764 $5,673,248,726
1982 $21,474,752,962 $5,419,411,765
1981 $20,670,190,138 $5,624,515,873
1980 $21,747,855,640 $4,448,087,302
1979 $18,319,334,300 $3,416,777,778
1978 $14,647,996,074 $2,559,857,143
1977 $11,248,340,431 $2,092,158,730
1976 $9,453,756,015 $1,698,960,317
1975 $9,483,808,362 $1,511,420,635
1974 $7,896,860,615 $1,333,475,397
1973 $7,481,173,066 $995,531,746
1972 $6,318,060,582 $769,039,683
1971 $5,098,250,287 $664,571,429
1970 $4,395,995,086 $594,611,111
1969 $3,902,721,632 $556,293,651
1968 $3,378,701,147 $517,650,794
1967 $3,445,739,915 $492,674,603
1966 $3,198,820,904 $465,888,889
1965 $3,035,655,794 $443,587,302
1964 $2,851,091,646 $408,349,206
1963 $2,505,073,358 $383,904,762
1962 $2,329,372,972 $360,698,413
1961 $2,151,772,980 $322,053,713
1960 $1,998,550,222 $288,884,368

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/paraguay | CC BY

GDP per capita in Ireland vs Paraguay by year

Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Paraguay
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Ireland Paraguay
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $131,592 - $7,027 -
2024 $112,895 $133,437 $6,457 $18,524
2023 $106,819 $129,683 $6,303 $17,564
2022 $105,191 $138,523 $6,189 $16,347
2021 $103,783 $116,904 $5,975 $15,406
2020 $86,514 $97,800 $5,365 $14,309
2019 $81,828 $92,023 $5,821 $14,150
2018 $80,804 $86,299 $6,258 $14,139
2017 $72,161 $80,450 $6,152 $13,977
2016 $64,130 $73,013 $5,775 $13,329
2015 $64,250 $71,588 $5,879 $12,679
2014 $57,215 $52,641 $6,652 $12,607
2013 $52,538 $48,839 $6,436 $12,137
2012 $49,336 $46,726 $5,642 $10,954
2011 $52,614 $45,526 $5,805 $11,442
2010 $48,624 $43,212 $4,751 $10,893
2009 $52,133 $41,491 $3,942 $9,802
2008 $61,353 $44,169 $4,385 $9,867
2007 $61,396 $46,782 $3,212 $9,179
2006 $54,329 $44,223 $2,439 $8,561
2005 $50,933 $40,466 $1,971 $8,007
2004 $47,754 $38,729 $1,786 $7,686
2003 $41,204 $36,280 $1,444 $7,276
2002 $32,705 $35,222 $1,368 $6,924
2001 $28,282 $32,573 $1,638 $6,916
2000 $26,335 $30,216 $1,736 $6,937
1999 $26,338 $27,041 $1,766 $7,080
1998 $24,295 $25,094 $1,890 $7,227
1997 $22,551 $22,637 $2,079 $7,299
1996 $20,836 $20,482 $2,088 $7,040
1995 $19,158 $18,944 $1,979 $6,966
1994 $15,903 $17,011 $1,760 $6,542
1993 $14,657 $15,811 $1,662 $6,234
1992 $15,714 $15,116 $1,683 $5,952
1991 $14,087 $14,399 $1,685 $5,873
1990 $14,031 $13,743 $1,440 $5,637
1989 $11,176 - $1,211 -
1988 $10,716 - $1,114 -
1987 $9,582 - $1,069 -
1986 $8,112 - $1,031 -
1985 $6,012 - $935 -
1984 $5,692 - $1,319 -
1983 $5,915 - $1,710 -
1982 $6,161 - $1,680 -
1981 $5,986 - $1,793 -
1980 $6,372 - $1,457 -
1979 $5,430 - $1,149 -
1978 $4,400 - $883 -
1977 $3,427 - $740 -
1976 $2,920 - $616 -
1975 $2,973 - $562 -
1974 $2,517 - $508 -
1973 $2,424 - $389 -
1972 $2,080 - $308 -
1971 $1,704 - $272.1 -
1970 $1,487 - $249 -
1969 $1,331 - $238.2 -
1968 $1,159 - $226.8 -
1967 $1,187 - $220.9 -
1966 $1,107 - $213.9 -
1965 $1,055 - $208.7 -
1964 $995 - $197 -
1963 $878 - $189.9 -
1962 $821 - $182.8 -
1961 $762 - $167.1 -
1960 $707 - $153.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/paraguay | CC BY

Ireland's GDP per capita is $131,592, ranking 4/197, compared to $7,027 in Paraguay, ranking 105/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ireland ranks 4th at $133,437, while Paraguay ranks 102nd at $18,524.

Economic indicators

Ireland Paraguay
Gross domestic product
$722B
2025
$49.3B
2025
GDP rank
24/197
2025
97/197
2025
GDP growth
12.3%
2024-2025
6.64%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$131,592
2025
$7,027
2025
GDP per capita rank
4/197
2025
105/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$133,437
2024
$18,524
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
4/197
2024
102/197
2024
Government debt
$238B
2025
$18.8B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
32.9%
2025
38.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$43,334
2025
$2,679
2025
Government debt per person rank
14/185
2025
111/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$47,174
2026
$6,874
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$110B
2018
$313M
1999
Number of millionaires
192,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
11
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2023
35%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
21.6%
2025
19.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.21%
2024-2025
4.04%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.75%
2026
Unemployment rate
4.7%
2025
4.63%
2025
Population
5562212
7138671

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Ireland
Spending

Debt
Paraguay
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Ireland Paraguay
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 21.6% 32.9% 19.6% 38.1%
2024 22.4% 38.3% 20.9% 44.6%
2023 22.2% 41.8% 21.5% 41%
2022 20.7% 42.9% 20.2% 40.6%
2021 23.5% 52.4% 20.5% 37.5%
2020 26.7% 56.9% 22.6% 36.9%
2019 23.9% 55.8% 20.1% 25.8%
2018 24.7% 61.3% 18.5% 22.3%
2017 25.3% 65.2% 18.1% 19.8%
2016 27.5% 72.7% 17.7% 19.4%
2015 28.1% 74% 18% 18.6%
2014 36.6% 101.4% 17.1% 15.6%
2013 39.8% 117.7% 17.1% 13.5%
2012 42.3% 118.9% 17.6% 12.3%
2011 46.9% 109.6% 14.7% 11.1%
2010 64.9% 86.2% 13.3% 13%
2009 46.9% 61.8% 14.3% 14.9%
2008 41.6% 42.5% 11.8% 16%
2007 35.6% 23.9% 13.1% 16.8%
2006 33.6% 23.7% 14.1% 21%
2005 33% 26.1% 14% 28.3%
2004 32.8% 28.1% 14% 36%
2003 32.7% 29.8% 14.6% 37.5%
2002 32.9% 30.9% 17.6% 50.5%
2001 32.2% 33.6% 19% 37.1%
2000 30.6% 36.4% 19.6% 33.6%
1999 32.5% 46.6% 19.2% 32%
1998 34.2% 51.4% 18% 22.1%
1997 36.1% 61.6% 18.1% 18%
1996 38.5% 69.8% 16.9% 16.8%
1995 40.3% 78.5% 15.7% 17.6%
1994 43.9% 88% 14.5% 18.7%
1993 44.6% 93.4% 12.9% 26.6%
1992 44.8% 90.6% 13% 34.4%
1991 44.4% 93.8% 11.4% 49.4%
1990 42.8% 92.7% 10.5% 67%
1989 42.5% 97.9% 11.8% 52.9%
1988 48.2% 106.5% 9.75% 58.9%
1987 51.4% 108.3% 10.1% 68.7%
1986 52.9% 107.2% 9.25% 57.1%
1985 53.2% 93% 11.4% 54.7%
1984 52.7% 90.2% 13% 31%
1983 55.6% 86.1% 13% 22.6%
1982 56.7% 73.5% 13.2% 21.3%
1981 54.1% 68.8% 13.3% 17.4%
1980 53.7% 64.6% 11.6% 17.4%
1979 48.7% 63.5% 11.7% 19.7%
1978 46.2% 50.6% 11.9% 20.9%
1977 44.6% 49.2% 11.2% 18.8%
1976 47.8% 51.7% 9.8% 14.1%
1975 48.2% 48.3% 10.5% 12.6%
1974 44.3% 43.5% 9.44% 12.5%
1973 40.3% 35.1% 11.2% 15.4%
1972 41.5% 37.3% 12.5% 18.2%
1971 45.3% 39.8% 12.3% 18.9%
1970 44.1% 41.7% 13.3% 19.2%
1969 42.5% 42.6% 14% -
1968 40% 44.7% 13.5% -
1967 39.3% 47.1% 12.2% -
1966 36.9% 47.7% - -
1965 35.8% 44.6% - -
1964 34.8% 43.1% - -
1963 33.6% 45.2% - -
1962 31.7% 44.5% - -
1961 31.4% 44.3% - -
1960 29.1% 44.9% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/paraguay | CC BY

In 2025, Ireland's government spending was $156B, accounting for 21.6% of its GDP, while Paraguay spent $9.66B, or 19.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 32.9% in Ireland and 38.1% in Paraguay, ranking 149/185 and 138/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Ireland

Paraguay
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ireland Paraguay
2025 1.54% -1.69%
2024 4.02% -2.1%
2023 1.36% -3.81%
2022 1.58% -2.65%
2021 -1.31% -3.39%
2020 -4.87% -5.72%
2019 0.41% -2.44%
2018 0.09% -1.01%
2017 -0.3% -0.44%
2016 -0.76% -0.37%
2015 -1.97% -0.44%
2014 -3.52% -0.27%
2013 -6.28% -1.16%
2012 -8.42% -0.58%
2011 -13.5% 1.29%
2010 -32.1% 1.54%
2009 -13.9% 0.59%
2008 -7.03% 2.29%
2007 0.27% 1.27%
2006 2.78% 0.91%
2005 1.57% 0.74%
2004 1.3% 1.33%
2003 0.35% -0.07%
2002 -0.52% -1.89%
2001 0.96% 0.07%
2000 4.86% -0.55%
1999 3.54% 2.67%
1998 2.07% 4.28%
1997 1.37% 3%
1996 -0.2% 2.43%
1995 -2.07% 2.78%
1994 -1.98% 4.59%
1993 -2.7% 4.27%
1992 -2.92% 3.1%
1991 -2.82% 3.41%
1990 -2.77% 7.56%
1989 -2.64% 5.48%
1988 -4.62% 3.01%
1987 -8.47% 2.68%
1986 -10.5% 3.08%
1985 -10.7% 0.85%
1984 -9.43% -0.42%
1983 -11.5% 0.27%
1982 -13.1% 1.52%
1981 -12.1% 0.15%
1980 -11.1% 3.4%
1979 -10% 4.13%
1978 -8.27% -3.42%
1977 -6.44% -0.19%
1976 -7.34% -0.06%
1975 -11.1% -1.24%
1974 -6.96% 1.67%
1973 -3.84% -0.91%
1972 -3.23% -2.51%
1971 -3.5% -1.25%
1970 -3.64% -1.26%
1969 -3.4% -1.62%
1968 -2.72% -2.34%
1967 -2.69% -1.7%
1966 -2.26% -
1965 -3.5% -
1964 -3.35% -
1963 -2.92% -
1962 -2.91% -
1961 -2.6% -
1960 -1.97% -
1959 -2.16% -
1958 -4.3% -
1957 -5.19% -
1956 -3.23% -
1955 -5.06% -
1954 -5.28% -
1953 -5.77% -
1952 -7.84% -
1951 -4.62% -
1950 -5.21% -
1949 -2.17% -
1948 -1.29% -
1947 -1.8% -
1946 -0.43% -
1945 -0.43% -
1944 0.39% -
1943 -1.18% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -1.42% -
1940 -0.15% -
1939 -7.31% -
1938 -0.92% -
1937 -0.77% -
1936 -0.19% -
1935 - -
1934 - -
1933 2.97% -
1932 - -
1931 -1.63% -
1930 - -
1929 -3.41% -
1928 - -
1927 - -
1926 -1.95% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1926–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/paraguay | CC BY

In 2025, Ireland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $11.2B, equivalent to 1.54% of GDP. This compares to Paraguay's deficit of $832M, or 1.69% of GDP.

Over the past 59 years, Ireland recorded a fiscal deficit in 43 of those years, while Paraguay ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Ireland posted an annual deficit equal to 4.22% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.49% of GDP for Paraguay.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Ireland

Paraguay
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Ireland Paraguay
2025 2.21% 4.04%
2024 2.11% 3.84%
2023 6.3% 4.63%
2022 7.83% 9.77%
2021 2.34% 4.79%
2020 -0.33% 1.77%
2019 0.94% 2.76%
2018 0.47% 3.98%
2017 0.36% 3.6%
2016 0.02% 4.09%
2015 -0.33% 3.13%
2014 0.19% 5.03%
2013 0.52% 2.68%
2012 1.69% 3.68%
2011 2.55% 8.25%
2010 -0.92% 4.65%
2009 -4.45% 2.59%
2008 4.04% 10.2%
2007 4.89% 8.13%
2006 3.94% 9.59%
2005 2.46% 6.81%
2004 2.18% 4.32%
2003 3.49% 14.2%
2002 4.63% 10.5%
2001 4.85% 7.27%
2000 5.58% 8.98%
1999 1.63% 6.75%
1998 2.41% 11.6%
1997 1.54% 6.95%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/paraguay | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Ireland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.18%, compared with 6.16% in Paraguay. In 2025, inflation was 2.21% in Ireland and 4.04% in Paraguay.

Top exports between countries

Ireland
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $720K
Chemicals & pharma $597K
Machinery & equipment $582K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $492K
Raw materials & minerals $45K
Raw agricultural goods $41K
Wood & paper products $14K
Metals $13K
Precious metals & jewellery $10K
Paraguay
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $29.1M
Machinery & equipment $1.82M
Raw agricultural goods $361K
Animal & marine products $47K
Wood & paper products $44K
Chemicals & pharma $32K
Raw materials & minerals $2K

Balance of trade

Ireland Paraguay
Current account balance
$106B
2024
-$1.57B
2025
Current account balance ranking
7/190
2024
131/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+17.4%
2024
-3.18%
2025
Goods imports
$165B
2024
$17.5B
2025
Goods exports
$356B
2024
$15.4B
2025
Service imports
$467B
2024
$2.75B
2025
Service exports
$526B
2024
$3.72B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
99.9%
2025
39.3%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
140.1%
2025
37.2%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ireland Paraguay
Economic freedom 83.3 66.4
Economic freedom ranking 3/197 61/197
Property rights 94.4 44.2
Government integrity 84 27.3
Judicial effectiveness 95.4 38.4
Tax burden 77.7 95.9
Government spending 85.9 86.9
Fiscal health 97 83
Business freedom 85.5 72
Labor freedom 61.3 44.1
Monetary freedom 79.3 76.5
Trade freedom 79.4 78.4
Investment freedom 90 80
Financial freedom 70 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Ireland
Paraguay
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Ireland Paraguay
2026 83.3 66.4
2025 83.1 65.2
2024 82.6 60.1
2023 82 61
2022 82 62.9
2021 81.4 62.6
2020 80.9 63
2019 80.5 61.8
2018 80.4 62.1
2017 76.7 62.4
2016 77.3 61.5
2015 76.6 61.1
2014 76.2 62
2013 75.7 61.1
2012 76.9 61.8
2011 78.7 62.3
2010 81.3 61.3
2009 82.2 61
2008 82.5 60
2007 82.6 58.3
2006 82.2 55.6
2005 80.8 53.4
2004 80.3 56.7
2003 80.9 58.2
2002 80.5 59.6
2001 81.2 60.3
2000 76.1 64
1999 74.6 63.7
1998 73.7 65.2
1997 72.6 67.3
1996 68.5 67.1
1995 68.5 65.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/paraguay | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Ireland is 83.3, ranking 3/197, compared to 66.4 for Paraguay, ranking 61/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Ireland Paraguay
Services, % of GDP
56.7%
2025
48.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
37.8%
2025
32.3%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.06%
2025
11.6%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$479B
2025
$47.4B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$106,310
2025
$19,390
2025
Total reserves including gold
$13.7B
2025
$9.57B
2024
Total reserves ranking
73/177
2025
82/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$62.3B
2024
-$945M
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.82B
2024
$1.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$67.1B
2024
$166M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.58%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14%
2021
20.1%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.9%
2025
25.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/paraguay | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1926–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.