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Economy of Ireland vs Trinidad and Tobago compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Ireland has a GDP of $609B compared to $25.6B for Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 25/197 and 115/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ireland has $250B in government debt (34.3% of GDP), compared to $16.5B (69.3% of GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Ireland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Trinidad and Tobago
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Ireland Trinidad
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $1,998,550,222 $24,110,313,424 $535,673,252 $3,624,450,730
1961 $2,151,772,980 $25,319,727,520 $584,964,621 $4,133,217,448
1962 $2,329,372,972 $26,134,122,485 $619,322,810 $4,246,569,413
1963 $2,505,073,358 $27,374,091,003 $678,239,329 $4,484,572,525
1964 $2,851,091,646 $28,410,463,564 $711,897,520 $4,826,767,822
1965 $3,035,655,794 $28,959,765,672 $736,573,159 $4,860,258,364
1966 $3,198,820,904 $29,218,403,167 $723,739,857 $5,057,430,373
1967 $3,445,739,915 $30,908,893,565 $761,981,912 $5,160,729,284
1968 $3,378,701,147 $33,457,000,744 $758,899,950 $5,429,868,625
1969 $3,902,721,632 $35,418,870,779 $779,200,000 $5,578,141,212
1970 $4,395,995,086 $36,361,200,213 $821,850,000 $5,775,252,400
1971 $5,098,250,287 $37,622,893,379 $896,765,215 $5,835,334,420
1972 $6,318,060,582 $40,064,546,829 $1,083,391,758 $6,172,636,987
1973 $7,481,173,066 $41,956,165,577 $1,308,785,431 $6,274,881,828
1974 $7,896,860,615 $43,743,594,856 $2,042,001,071 $6,513,804,480
1975 $9,483,808,362 $46,218,015,395 $2,442,669,825 $6,610,076,255
1976 $9,453,756,015 $46,862,667,362 $2,500,424,955 $7,033,461,248
1977 $11,248,340,431 $50,710,701,806 $3,138,666,667 $7,675,038,841
1978 $14,647,996,074 $54,355,141,813 $3,562,333,458 $8,443,807,609
1979 $18,319,334,300 $56,025,495,103 $4,602,416,625 $8,747,731,277
1980 $21,747,855,640 $57,750,704,523 $6,235,833,333 $9,656,691,425
1981 $20,670,190,138 $59,671,040,951 $6,992,083,333 $10,098,698,332
1982 $21,474,752,962 $61,033,610,334 $8,140,416,667 $10,482,380,002
1983 $20,766,047,764 $60,884,504,483 $7,763,750,000 $9,402,660,429
1984 $20,106,648,455 $63,535,642,712 $7,757,083,333 $8,861,922,250
1985 $21,270,013,326 $65,496,107,817 $7,375,918,367 $8,496,862,492
1986 $28,714,571,852 $65,215,568,204 $4,794,444,444 $8,218,236,517
1987 $33,920,518,493 $68,256,629,227 $4,797,777,778 $7,843,338,767
1988 $37,772,896,221 $71,817,859,763 $4,496,910,569 $7,535,901,531
1989 $39,238,392,678 $75,993,292,636 $4,323,058,824 $7,473,360,014
1990 $49,305,632,408 $82,427,285,856 $5,068,000,000 $7,586,145,560
1991 $49,787,501,584 $84,017,835,878 $5,307,905,882 $7,822,257,351
1992 $55,918,538,121 $86,826,782,446 $5,439,552,941 $8,611,756,183
1993 $52,417,477,614 $89,164,687,696 $4,669,491,134 $8,554,133,650
1994 $57,097,656,066 $94,296,853,731 $4,947,181,646 $8,859,275,047
1995 $69,139,823,232 $103,381,809,954 $5,329,217,747 $9,196,805,731
1996 $75,790,786,290 $111,010,999,493 $5,759,570,336 $9,852,949,764
1997 $82,856,648,758 $123,246,371,072 $5,737,771,523 $10,594,172,851
1998 $90,199,410,116 $134,050,299,131 $6,043,686,654 $11,454,903,204
1999 $98,893,958,263 $148,165,642,333 $6,808,982,521 $12,374,138,298
2000 $100,207,610,430 $162,098,435,202 $8,154,342,116 $13,228,122,078
2001 $109,346,669,230 $170,699,088,561 $8,824,849,191 $13,779,539,519
2002 $128,596,035,288 $180,769,250,950 $9,008,298,229 $14,873,181,567
2003 $164,670,771,260 $186,217,344,582 $11,305,459,802 $17,021,016,161
2004 $194,372,115,041 $198,858,038,462 $13,280,291,990 $18,374,195,713
2005 $211,876,989,656 $210,272,056,411 $15,982,389,018 $19,515,038,111
2006 $232,180,617,162 $220,760,118,842 $18,369,361,094 $22,092,595,781
2007 $270,079,279,420 $232,482,742,332 $21,641,620,050 $23,142,924,113
2008 $275,447,471,451 $222,058,051,544 $27,871,587,350 $23,927,871,251
2009 $236,443,115,854 $210,742,455,593 $19,172,165,226 $22,877,023,931
2010 $221,732,824,603 $214,289,191,597 $22,157,920,592 $23,637,278,844
2011 $240,975,871,047 $217,736,818,590 $25,433,007,437 $23,567,701,471
2012 $226,921,827,888 $216,854,920,424 $27,147,349,937 $25,149,270,115
2013 $242,924,245,719 $221,610,413,457 $28,560,537,057 $25,996,346,050
2014 $266,490,442,124 $242,410,308,909 $29,474,180,005 $26,950,637,731
2015 $302,101,388,556 $302,101,388,556 $26,841,141,793 $26,841,141,793
2016 $305,431,252,709 $305,795,232,417 $23,624,322,193 $24,818,295,900
2017 $348,355,212,569 $336,707,637,030 $23,830,750,901 $23,608,962,518
2018 $395,780,319,817 $362,595,940,329 $23,883,058,083 $23,385,751,653
2019 $407,211,793,801 $380,627,401,463 $23,477,745,792 $23,495,134,888
2020 $436,009,027,819 $407,856,325,068 $20,888,515,184 $21,430,194,901
2021 $530,394,123,830 $474,166,373,640 $24,222,963,263 $21,276,595,988
2022 $548,341,794,599 $509,781,668,506 $28,341,164,301 $21,459,842,974
2023 $567,372,737,459 $496,851,698,334 $25,036,993,423 $21,774,542,875
2024 $609,157,459,747 $509,767,195,342 $25,633,544,529 $22,320,911,477

Economic indicators

Ireland Trinidad
Gross domestic product
$609B
2024
$25.6B
2024
GDP rank
25/197
2024
115/197
2024
GDP growth
7.36%
2023-2024
2.38%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$112,895
2024
$18,733
2024
GDP per capita rank
4/197
2024
61/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$130,797
2024
$36,329
2024
Government debt
$250B
2024
$16.5B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
34.3%
2026
69.3%
2026
Government debt per person
$46,415
2024
$12,079
2024
Government debt per person rank
11/185
2024
45/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$44,579
2026
$11,432
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$110B
2018
$3.89B
2001
Number of billionaires
11
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2023
29.9%
1992
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2.1%
1992
Government expenditure, % of GDP
24.2%
2026
32.8%
2026
Consumer prices inflation
2.11%
2023-2024
0.53%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.5%
2020
Unemployment rate
4.27%
2024
3.36%
2023
Population
5500964
1373327

GDP per capita in Ireland vs Trinidad and Tobago

Ireland's GDP per capita is $112,895, ranking 4/197, compared to $18,733 in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 61/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ireland ranks 4th at $130,797, while Trinidad and Tobago ranks 62nd at $36,329.

Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Trinidad and Tobago
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Ireland Trinidad
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $707 - $634 -
1961 $762 - $678 -
1962 $821 - $704 -
1963 $878 - $756 -
1964 $995 - $780 -
1965 $1,055 - $793 -
1966 $1,107 - $768 -
1967 $1,187 - $797 -
1968 $1,159 - $783 -
1969 $1,331 - $795 -
1970 $1,487 - $829 -
1971 $1,704 - $894 -
1972 $2,080 - $1,067 -
1973 $2,424 - $1,273 -
1974 $2,517 - $1,962 -
1975 $2,973 - $2,319 -
1976 $2,920 - $2,345 -
1977 $3,427 - $2,907 -
1978 $4,400 - $3,258 -
1979 $5,430 - $4,155 -
1980 $6,372 - $5,559 -
1981 $5,986 - $6,160 -
1982 $6,161 - $7,091 -
1983 $5,915 - $6,690 -
1984 $5,692 - $6,613 -
1985 $6,012 - $6,212 -
1986 $8,112 - $3,985 -
1987 $9,582 - $3,941 -
1988 $10,716 - $3,656 -
1989 $11,176 - $3,482 -
1990 $14,031 $13,734 $4,047 $6,878
1991 $14,087 $14,389 $4,205 $7,274
1992 $15,714 $15,106 $4,277 $8,129
1993 $14,657 $15,801 $3,647 $8,209
1994 $15,903 $17,000 $3,840 $8,631
1995 $19,158 $18,932 $4,115 $9,099
1996 $20,836 $20,474 $4,427 $9,883
1997 $22,551 $22,632 $4,394 $10,769
1998 $24,295 $25,092 $4,613 $11,735
1999 $26,338 $27,041 $5,179 $12,812
2000 $26,335 $30,209 $6,179 $13,953
2001 $28,282 $32,577 $6,657 $14,797
2002 $32,705 $35,222 $6,763 $16,141
2003 $41,204 $36,285 $8,445 $18,743
2004 $47,754 $38,734 $9,871 $20,674
2005 $50,933 $40,466 $12,346 $23,536
2006 $54,329 $44,232 $14,153 $27,393
2007 $61,396 $46,784 $16,607 $29,355
2008 $61,353 $44,169 $21,299 $30,807
2009 $52,133 $41,470 $14,634 $29,602
2010 $48,624 $43,217 $16,815 $30,778
2011 $52,614 $45,526 $19,151 $31,078
2012 $49,336 $46,726 $20,332 $31,883
2013 $52,538 $48,839 $21,305 $31,746
2014 $57,215 $52,641 $21,908 $32,027
2015 $64,250 $71,607 $19,887 $29,825
2016 $64,130 $73,013 $17,449 $28,232
2017 $72,161 $80,450 $17,566 $28,484
2018 $80,804 $86,299 $17,571 $28,673
2019 $81,828 $92,023 $17,213 $29,316
2020 $86,514 $97,800 $15,284 $26,731
2021 $103,783 $116,904 $17,713 $30,482
2022 $105,191 $136,104 $20,751 $32,979
2023 $106,819 $124,808 $18,308 $34,623
2024 $112,895 $130,797 $18,733 $36,329

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Ireland's government spending was $143B, accounting for 24.2% of its GDP, while Trinidad and Tobago's spent $8.25B, or 32.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 34.3% in Ireland and 69.3% in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 150/185 and 55/185, respectively.

Ireland
Government spending

Government debt
Trinidad and Tobago
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Ireland Trinidad
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 29.1% 44.9% - -
1961 31.4% 44.3% - -
1962 31.7% 44.5% - -
1963 33.6% 45.2% - -
1964 34.8% 43.1% - -
1965 35.8% 44.6% - -
1966 36.9% 47.7% - -
1967 39.3% 47.1% - -
1968 40% 44.7% - -
1969 42.5% 42.6% - -
1970 44.1% 41.7% - -
1971 45.3% 39.8% - -
1972 41.5% 37.3% - -
1973 40.3% 35.1% - -
1974 44.3% 43.5% - -
1975 48.2% 48.3% - -
1976 47.8% 51.7% - -
1977 44.6% 49.2% - -
1978 46.2% 50.6% - -
1979 48.7% 63.5% - -
1980 53.7% 64.6% - -
1981 54.1% 68.8% - -
1982 56.7% 73.5% - -
1983 55.6% 86.1% - -
1984 52.7% 90.2% - -
1985 53.2% 93% - -
1986 52.9% 107.2% - -
1987 51.4% 108.3% - -
1988 48.2% 106.5% 45.3% 65.3%
1989 42.5% 97.9% 30.9% 51.9%
1990 44.6% 92.7% 26.9% 47.7%
1991 46.1% 93.8% 29.6% 49.5%
1992 46.8% 90.6% 28.6% 49.2%
1993 44.6% 93.4% 26.9% 58.8%
1994 44.2% 88% 25.4% 52.6%
1995 40.3% 78.5% 26.2% 50.1%
1996 38.5% 69.8% 27.6% 47%
1997 36.1% 61.6% 27.2% 46.1%
1998 34.2% 51.4% 26.9% 42.8%
1999 32.5% 46.6% 24.1% 42.2%
2000 30.6% 36.4% 23.1% 38.9%
2001 32.2% 33.6% 24.8% 36.6%
2002 32.9% 30.9% 24.4% 37%
2003 32.7% 29.8% 22.2% 30.2%
2004 32.8% 28.1% 22.5% 24.2%
2005 33% 26.1% 26.7% 19.8%
2006 33.6% 23.7% 31.6% 16.9%
2007 35.6% 23.9% 25.7% 16.2%
2008 41.6% 42.5% 26.7% 13.5%
2009 46.9% 61.8% 37% 20.7%
2010 64.9% 86.1% 30.4% 16.8%
2011 46.8% 109.4% 29.4% 26.4%
2012 42.2% 118.7% 29.5% 21.8%
2013 39.8% 117.5% 31.3% 21.6%
2014 36.5% 101.3% 32.8% 23.5%
2015 28% 74% 35% 27.1%
2016 27.5% 72.6% 31.9% 35.4%
2017 25.3% 65.2% 30.7% 39.8%
2018 24.8% 61.5% 30.2% 41.5%
2019 23.9% 55.9% 31% 46%
2020 26.7% 57% 36% 62.2%
2021 23.6% 52.6% 30.4% 58.5%
2022 20.6% 43.1% 27.1% 51%
2023 22.7% 43.3% 32.9% 61.1%
2024 23.4% 41.1% 32.2% 64.5%
2025 23.9% 36.7% 32.4% 67.2%
2026 24.2% 34.3% 32.8% 69.3%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Ireland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.7B, equivalent to 4.38% of GDP. This compares to Trinidad and Tobago's deficit of -$1.52B, or -5.92% of GDP.

Over the past 37 years, Ireland recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Trinidad and Tobago ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Ireland posted an annual deficit equal to -2.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.22% of GDP for Trinidad and Tobago.

Deficit/surplus
Ireland

Trinidad and Tobago
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ireland Trinidad
1926 -1.95% -
1927 -1.95% -
1928 -1.95% -
1929 -3.41% -
1930 -3.41% -
1931 -1.63% -
1932 -1.63% -
1933 2.97% -
1934 2.97% -
1935 2.97% -
1936 -0.19% -
1937 -0.77% -
1938 -0.92% -
1939 -7.31% -
1940 -0.15% -
1941 -1.42% -
1942 -2.48% -
1943 -1.18% -
1944 0.39% -
1945 -0.43% -
1946 -0.43% -
1947 -1.8% -
1948 -1.29% -
1949 -2.17% -
1950 -5.21% -
1951 -4.62% -
1952 -7.84% -
1953 -5.77% -
1954 -5.28% -
1955 -5.06% -
1956 -3.23% -
1957 -5.19% -
1958 -4.3% -
1959 -2.16% -
1960 -1.97% -
1961 -2.6% -
1962 -2.91% -
1963 -2.92% -
1964 -3.35% -
1965 -3.5% -
1966 -2.26% -
1967 -2.69% -
1968 -2.72% -
1969 -3.4% -
1970 -3.64% -
1971 -3.5% -
1972 -3.23% -
1973 -3.84% -
1974 -6.96% -
1975 -11.1% -
1976 -7.34% -
1977 -6.44% -
1978 -8.27% -
1979 -10% -
1980 -11.1% -
1981 -12.1% -
1982 -13.1% -
1983 -11.5% -
1984 -9.43% -
1985 -10.7% -
1986 -10.5% -
1987 -8.47% -
1988 -4.62% -9.34%
1989 -2.64% -4.46%
1990 -2.69% -1.27%
1991 -2.8% -0.21%
1992 -2.84% -2.74%
1993 -2.62% 0.23%
1994 -1.82% -0.02%
1995 -2.07% 0.17%
1996 -0.2% -0.45%
1997 1.37% 0.11%
1998 2.07% -1.8%
1999 3.54% -0.88%
2000 4.86% 0.17%
2001 0.96% 0.61%
2002 -0.52% -0.2%
2003 0.35% 1.8%
2004 1.3% 1.84%
2005 1.57% 2.36%
2006 2.78% 1.56%
2007 0.27% 3.12%
2008 -7.03% 5.39%
2009 -13.9% -5.42%
2010 -32.1% 0.13%
2011 -13.5% -0.67%
2012 -8.4% -1.26%
2013 -6.27% -2.67%
2014 -3.51% -4.31%
2015 -1.97% -7.56%
2016 -0.76% -10.1%
2017 -0.3% -10.4%
2018 0.09% -5.89%
2019 0.41% -3.72%
2020 -4.88% -12.1%
2021 -1.4% -8.1%
2022 1.65% 0.92%
2023 1.48% -1.19%
2024 4.38% -5.92%
2025 1.69% -3.39%
2026 1.6% -4.28%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 28 years, Ireland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.18%, compared with 4.88% in Trinidad and Tobago. In 2024, inflation was 2.11% in Ireland and 0.53% in Trinidad and Tobago.

Inflation
Ireland

Trinidad and Tobago
Year Inflation
Ireland Trinidad
1997 1.54% 3.63%
1998 2.41% 5.61%
1999 1.63% 3.44%
2000 5.58% 3.56%
2001 4.85% 5.54%
2002 4.63% 4.15%
2003 3.49% 3.81%
2004 2.18% 3.72%
2005 2.46% 6.87%
2006 3.94% 8.33%
2007 4.89% 7.89%
2008 4.04% 12%
2009 -4.45% 6.98%
2010 -0.92% 10.5%
2011 2.55% 5.11%
2012 1.69% 9.26%
2013 0.52% 5.2%
2014 0.19% 5.68%
2015 -0.33% 4.66%
2016 0.02% 3.07%
2017 0.36% 1.88%
2018 0.47% 1.02%
2019 0.94% 1%
2020 -0.33% 0.6%
2021 2.34% 2.06%
2022 7.83% 5.83%
2023 6.3% 4.63%
2024 2.11% 0.53%

Top exports between countries

Ireland
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $16.7M
Machinery & equipment $7.32M
Chemicals & pharma $2.37M
Metals $753K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $299K
Textiles & consumer goods $18K
Miscellaneous $11K
Wood & paper products $1K
Trinidad
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $3.48M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $808K
Raw materials & minerals $542K
Machinery & equipment $13K
Metals $9K
Miscellaneous $7K
Textiles & consumer goods $3K

Balance of trade

Ireland Trinidad
Current account balance
$106B
2024
$645M
2024
Current account balance ranking
6/190
2024
58/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+17.4%
2024
+2.52%
2024
Goods imports
$165B
2024
$7.54B
2024
Goods exports
$356B
2024
$10B
2024
Service imports
$467B
2024
$2.71B
2024
Service exports
$526B
2024
$1.26B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
102.2%
2024
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
144%
2024
45%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ireland Trinidad
Economic freedom 83.1 63.6
Economic freedom ranking 3/197 76/197
Property rights 94.1 58.3
Government integrity 84 44.7
Judicial effectiveness 95.5 58.5
Tax burden 77.6 79.5
Government spending 85.1 74.5
Fiscal health 95.8 80.9
Business freedom 88.1 72.6
Labor freedom 62.4 60.4
Monetary freedom 75 76.3
Trade freedom 79.6 67.6
Investment freedom 90 50
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Ireland is 83.1, ranking 3/197, compared to 63.6 for Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 76/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Ireland
Trinidad and Tobago
Year Economic freedom index
Ireland Trinidad
1995 68.5 -
1996 68.5 69.2
1997 72.6 71.3
1998 73.7 72
1999 74.6 72.4
2000 76.1 74.5
2001 81.2 71.8
2002 80.5 70.1
2003 80.9 68.8
2004 80.3 71.3
2005 80.8 71.5
2006 82.2 70.4
2007 82.6 70.6
2008 82.5 69.5
2009 82.2 68
2010 81.3 65.7
2011 78.7 66.5
2012 76.9 64.4
2013 75.7 62.3
2014 76.2 62.7
2015 76.6 64.1
2016 77.3 62.9
2017 76.7 61.2
2018 80.4 57.7
2019 80.5 57
2020 80.9 58.3
2021 81.4 59
2022 82 58.8
2023 82 59.5
2024 82.6 60.4
2025 83.1 63.6

More economic indicators

Ireland Trinidad
Services, % of GDP
60.6%
2024
59.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
33.6%
2024
34.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.02%
2024
0.78%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$435B
2024
$27B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$99,180
2024
$36,580
2024
Total reserves including gold
$12.7B
2024
$5.6B
2024
Total reserves ranking
73/177
2024
94/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$62.3B
2024
$980M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.82B
2024
-$453M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$67.1B
2024
$527M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14%
2021
20%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
18.2%
2024
19%
2023

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.