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Economy of Ireland vs Trinidad and Tobago compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Ireland has a GDP of $577B compared to $26.4B for Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 26/197 and 114/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ireland has $237B in government debt (36.7% of GDP), compared to $17B (67.2% of GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Ireland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Trinidad and Tobago
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Ireland Trinidad
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $1,998,550,222 $24,135,304,212 $535,673,252 $3,630,222,802
1961 $2,151,772,980 $25,345,971,888 $584,964,621 $4,139,799,750
1962 $2,329,372,972 $26,161,210,989 $619,322,810 $4,253,332,232
1963 $2,505,073,358 $27,402,464,757 $678,239,329 $4,491,714,373
1964 $2,851,091,646 $28,439,911,537 $711,897,520 $4,834,454,628
1965 $3,035,655,794 $28,989,783,007 $736,573,159 $4,867,998,505
1966 $3,198,820,904 $29,248,688,585 $723,739,857 $5,065,484,518
1967 $3,445,739,915 $30,940,931,207 $761,981,912 $5,168,947,937
1968 $3,378,701,147 $33,491,679,547 $758,899,950 $5,438,515,892
1969 $3,902,721,632 $35,455,583,097 $779,200,000 $5,587,024,608
1970 $4,395,995,086 $36,398,889,273 $821,850,000 $5,784,449,703
1971 $5,098,250,287 $37,661,889,497 $896,765,215 $5,844,627,406
1972 $6,318,060,582 $40,106,073,853 $1,083,391,758 $6,182,467,140
1973 $7,481,173,066 $41,999,654,025 $1,308,785,431 $6,284,874,810
1974 $7,896,860,615 $43,788,935,191 $2,042,001,071 $6,524,177,955
1975 $9,483,808,362 $46,265,920,023 $2,442,669,825 $6,620,603,046
1976 $9,453,756,015 $46,911,240,716 $2,500,424,955 $7,044,662,296
1977 $11,248,340,431 $50,763,263,747 $3,138,666,667 $7,687,261,624
1978 $14,647,996,074 $54,411,482,150 $3,562,333,458 $8,457,254,686
1979 $18,319,334,300 $56,083,566,026 $4,602,416,625 $8,761,662,363
1980 $21,747,855,640 $57,810,564,161 $6,235,833,333 $9,672,070,064
1981 $20,670,190,138 $59,732,889,691 $6,992,083,333 $10,114,780,883
1982 $21,474,754,080 $61,096,872,066 $8,140,416,667 $10,499,073,581
1983 $20,766,047,764 $60,947,611,497 $7,763,750,000 $9,417,634,514
1984 $20,106,648,455 $63,601,496,993 $7,757,083,333 $8,876,035,190
1985 $21,270,013,326 $65,563,994,971 $7,375,918,367 $8,510,394,061
1986 $28,714,571,852 $65,283,164,433 $4,794,444,444 $8,231,324,363
1987 $33,920,518,493 $68,327,377,194 $4,797,777,778 $7,855,829,575
1988 $37,772,897,421 $71,892,299,777 $4,496,910,569 $7,547,902,734
1989 $39,238,392,678 $76,072,060,855 $4,323,058,824 $7,485,261,616
1990 $49,305,632,408 $82,512,722,627 $5,068,000,000 $7,598,226,778
1991 $49,787,502,852 $84,104,920,354 $5,307,905,882 $7,834,714,586
1992 $55,918,538,121 $86,916,779,429 $5,439,552,941 $8,625,470,724
1993 $52,417,477,614 $89,257,108,591 $4,669,491,134 $8,567,756,425
1994 $57,097,656,066 $94,394,592,358 $4,947,181,646 $8,873,383,771
1995 $69,139,823,232 $103,488,966,796 $5,329,217,747 $9,211,451,985
1996 $75,790,785,030 $111,126,062,335 $5,759,570,336 $9,868,640,951
1997 $82,856,648,758 $123,374,112,120 $5,737,771,523 $10,611,044,464
1998 $90,199,410,116 $134,189,242,521 $6,043,686,654 $11,473,145,562
1999 $98,893,958,263 $148,319,214,947 $6,808,982,521 $12,393,844,571
2000 $100,207,610,430 $162,266,448,874 $8,154,342,116 $13,249,188,352
2001 $109,346,669,230 $170,876,017,448 $8,824,849,191 $13,801,483,946
2002 $128,596,035,288 $180,956,619,890 $9,008,298,229 $14,896,867,659
2003 $164,670,771,260 $186,410,359,135 $11,305,459,802 $17,048,122,760
2004 $194,372,115,041 $199,064,153,315 $13,280,291,990 $18,403,457,301
2005 $211,876,989,656 $210,490,003,080 $15,982,389,018 $19,546,116,532
2006 $232,180,617,162 $220,988,938,813 $18,369,361,094 $22,127,779,059
2007 $270,079,279,420 $232,723,709,425 $21,641,620,050 $23,179,780,078
2008 $275,447,471,451 $222,288,216,395 $27,871,587,350 $23,965,977,273
2009 $236,443,117,248 $210,960,893,946 $19,172,165,226 $22,913,456,440
2010 $221,985,621,538 $214,511,307,293 $22,157,920,592 $23,674,922,086
2011 $241,337,364,610 $218,048,113,964 $25,433,007,437 $23,605,233,909
2012 $227,270,922,957 $217,178,188,158 $27,147,349,937 $25,189,164,853
2013 $243,301,556,085 $221,939,116,699 $28,560,536,917 $26,031,643,292
2014 $266,787,238,499 $242,659,427,540 $29,474,180,442 $26,993,607,567
2015 $302,391,428,540 $302,391,428,540 $26,841,143,095 $26,841,143,095
2016 $305,733,136,181 $306,088,582,543 $23,624,333,664 $24,853,971,610
2017 $348,532,394,024 $336,849,347,915 $23,847,765,529 $23,656,360,891
2018 $395,461,216,460 $362,262,415,223 $23,888,910,152 $23,423,221,520
2019 $407,124,824,065 $380,522,433,254 $23,588,037,787 $23,533,735,415
2020 $436,555,518,400 $407,759,843,938 $20,991,339,707 $21,438,575,322
2021 $531,306,516,908 $474,043,708,272 $24,177,305,760 $21,243,057,044
2022 $548,570,250,342 $514,903,922,090 $28,510,328,245 $21,472,954,153
2023 $551,394,889,340 $486,429,697,154 $25,489,373,405 $21,779,397,559
2024 $577,389,475,010 $492,370,629,886 $26,428,963,758 $22,138,889,024

Economic indicators

Ireland Trinidad
Gross domestic product
$577B
2024
$26.4B
2024
GDP rank
26/197
2024
114/197
2024
GDP growth
4.71%
2023-2024
3.69%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$107,316
2024
$19,315
2024
GDP per capita rank
4/197
2024
60/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$131,175
2024
$36,021
2024
Government debt
$237B
2024
$17B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
36.7%
2025
67.2%
2025
Government debt per person
$44,121
2024
$12,454
2024
Government debt per person rank
11/185
2024
45/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$44,579
2025
$11,432
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$110B
2018
$3.89B
2001
Number of billionaires
11
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2023
29.9%
1992
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2.1%
1992
Government expenditure, % of GDP
23.9%
2025
32.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.11%
2023-2024
0.53%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.5%
2020
Unemployment rate
4.27%
2024
3.36%
2023
Population
5474763
1372940

GDP per capita in Ireland vs Trinidad and Tobago

Ireland's GDP per capita is $107,316, ranking 4/197, compared to $19,315 in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 60/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ireland ranks 4th at $131,175, while Trinidad and Tobago ranks 62nd at $36,021.

Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Trinidad and Tobago
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Ireland Trinidad
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $707 - $634 -
1961 $762 - $678 -
1962 $821 - $704 -
1963 $878 - $756 -
1964 $995 - $780 -
1965 $1,055 - $793 -
1966 $1,107 - $768 -
1967 $1,187 - $797 -
1968 $1,159 - $783 -
1969 $1,331 - $795 -
1970 $1,487 - $829 -
1971 $1,704 - $894 -
1972 $2,080 - $1,067 -
1973 $2,424 - $1,273 -
1974 $2,517 - $1,962 -
1975 $2,973 - $2,319 -
1976 $2,920 - $2,345 -
1977 $3,427 - $2,907 -
1978 $4,400 - $3,258 -
1979 $5,430 - $4,155 -
1980 $6,372 - $5,559 -
1981 $5,986 - $6,160 -
1982 $6,161 - $7,091 -
1983 $5,915 - $6,690 -
1984 $5,692 - $6,613 -
1985 $6,012 - $6,212 -
1986 $8,112 - $3,985 -
1987 $9,582 - $3,941 -
1988 $10,716 - $3,656 -
1989 $11,176 - $3,482 -
1990 $14,031 $13,734 $4,047 $6,878
1991 $14,087 $14,389 $4,205 $7,274
1992 $15,714 $15,106 $4,277 $8,129
1993 $14,657 $15,801 $3,647 $8,209
1994 $15,903 $17,000 $3,840 $8,631
1995 $19,158 $18,932 $4,115 $9,099
1996 $20,836 $20,474 $4,427 $9,883
1997 $22,551 $22,632 $4,394 $10,769
1998 $24,295 $25,092 $4,613 $11,735
1999 $26,338 $27,041 $5,179 $12,812
2000 $26,335 $30,209 $6,179 $13,953
2001 $28,282 $32,577 $6,657 $14,797
2002 $32,705 $35,222 $6,763 $16,141
2003 $41,204 $36,285 $8,445 $18,743
2004 $47,754 $38,734 $9,871 $20,674
2005 $50,933 $40,466 $12,346 $23,536
2006 $54,329 $44,232 $14,153 $27,393
2007 $61,396 $46,784 $16,607 $29,355
2008 $61,353 $44,169 $21,299 $30,807
2009 $52,133 $41,470 $14,634 $29,602
2010 $48,679 $43,217 $16,815 $30,778
2011 $52,693 $45,526 $19,151 $31,078
2012 $49,412 $46,726 $20,332 $31,883
2013 $52,619 $48,839 $21,305 $31,746
2014 $57,278 $52,641 $21,908 $32,027
2015 $64,312 $71,607 $19,887 $29,825
2016 $64,193 $73,013 $17,449 $28,232
2017 $72,198 $80,450 $17,579 $28,505
2018 $80,739 $86,299 $17,576 $28,680
2019 $81,810 $92,023 $17,293 $29,454
2020 $86,623 $97,800 $15,359 $26,863
2021 $103,962 $116,904 $17,679 $30,425
2022 $105,235 $136,104 $20,874 $32,989
2023 $103,888 $124,901 $18,639 $34,620
2024 $107,316 $131,175 $19,315 $36,021

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Ireland's government spending was $135B, accounting for 23.9% of its GDP, while Trinidad and Tobago's spent $8.51B, or 32.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 36.7% in Ireland and 67.2% in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 143/185 and 63/185, respectively.

Ireland
Government spending

Government debt
Trinidad and Tobago
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Ireland Trinidad
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 29.1% 44.9% - -
1961 31.4% 44.3% - -
1962 31.7% 44.5% - -
1963 33.6% 45.2% - -
1964 34.8% 43.1% - -
1965 35.8% 44.6% - -
1966 36.9% 47.7% - -
1967 39.3% 47.1% - -
1968 40% 44.7% - -
1969 42.5% 42.6% - -
1970 44.1% 41.7% - -
1971 45.3% 39.8% - -
1972 41.5% 37.3% - -
1973 40.3% 35.1% - -
1974 44.3% 43.5% - -
1975 48.2% 48.3% - -
1976 47.8% 51.7% - -
1977 44.6% 49.2% - -
1978 46.2% 50.6% - -
1979 48.7% 63.5% - -
1980 53.7% 64.6% - -
1981 54.1% 68.8% - -
1982 56.7% 73.5% - -
1983 55.6% 86.1% - -
1984 52.7% 90.2% - -
1985 53.2% 93% - -
1986 52.9% 107.2% - -
1987 51.4% 108.3% - -
1988 48.2% 106.5% 45.3% 65.3%
1989 42.5% 97.9% 30.9% 51.9%
1990 44.6% 92.7% 26.9% 47.7%
1991 46.1% 93.8% 29.6% 49.5%
1992 46.8% 90.6% 28.6% 49.2%
1993 44.6% 93.4% 26.9% 58.8%
1994 44.2% 88% 25.4% 52.6%
1995 40.3% 78.5% 26.2% 50.1%
1996 38.5% 69.8% 27.6% 47%
1997 36.1% 61.6% 27.2% 46.1%
1998 34.2% 51.4% 26.9% 42.8%
1999 32.5% 46.6% 24.1% 42.2%
2000 30.6% 36.4% 23.1% 38.9%
2001 32.2% 33.6% 24.8% 36.6%
2002 32.9% 30.9% 24.4% 37%
2003 32.7% 29.8% 22.2% 30.2%
2004 32.8% 28.1% 22.5% 24.2%
2005 33% 26.1% 26.7% 19.8%
2006 33.6% 23.7% 31.6% 16.9%
2007 35.6% 23.9% 25.7% 16.2%
2008 41.6% 42.5% 26.7% 13.5%
2009 46.9% 61.8% 37% 20.7%
2010 64.9% 86.1% 30.4% 16.8%
2011 46.8% 109.4% 29.4% 26.4%
2012 42.2% 118.7% 29.5% 21.8%
2013 39.8% 117.5% 31.3% 21.6%
2014 36.5% 101.3% 32.8% 23.5%
2015 28% 74% 35% 27.1%
2016 27.5% 72.6% 31.9% 35.4%
2017 25.3% 65.2% 30.7% 39.8%
2018 24.8% 61.5% 30.2% 41.5%
2019 23.9% 55.9% 31% 46%
2020 26.7% 57% 36% 62.2%
2021 23.6% 52.6% 30.4% 58.5%
2022 20.6% 43.1% 27.1% 51%
2023 22.7% 43.3% 32.9% 61.1%
2024 23.4% 41.1% 32.2% 64.5%
2025 23.9% 36.7% 32.4% 67.2%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Ireland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $25.3B, equivalent to 4.38% of GDP. This compares to Trinidad and Tobago's deficit of -$1.57B, or -5.92% of GDP.

Over the past 37 years, Ireland recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while Trinidad and Tobago ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Ireland posted an annual deficit equal to -2.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.22% of GDP for Trinidad and Tobago.

Deficit/surplus
Ireland

Trinidad and Tobago
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ireland Trinidad
1926 -1.95% -
1927 -1.95% -
1928 -1.95% -
1929 -3.41% -
1930 -3.41% -
1931 -1.63% -
1932 -1.63% -
1933 2.97% -
1934 2.97% -
1935 2.97% -
1936 -0.19% -
1937 -0.77% -
1938 -0.92% -
1939 -7.31% -
1940 -0.15% -
1941 -1.42% -
1942 -2.48% -
1943 -1.18% -
1944 0.39% -
1945 -0.43% -
1946 -0.43% -
1947 -1.8% -
1948 -1.29% -
1949 -2.17% -
1950 -5.21% -
1951 -4.62% -
1952 -7.84% -
1953 -5.77% -
1954 -5.28% -
1955 -5.06% -
1956 -3.23% -
1957 -5.19% -
1958 -4.3% -
1959 -2.16% -
1960 -1.97% -
1961 -2.6% -
1962 -2.91% -
1963 -2.92% -
1964 -3.35% -
1965 -3.5% -
1966 -2.26% -
1967 -2.69% -
1968 -2.72% -
1969 -3.4% -
1970 -3.64% -
1971 -3.5% -
1972 -3.23% -
1973 -3.84% -
1974 -6.96% -
1975 -11.1% -
1976 -7.34% -
1977 -6.44% -
1978 -8.27% -
1979 -10% -
1980 -11.1% -
1981 -12.1% -
1982 -13.1% -
1983 -11.5% -
1984 -9.43% -
1985 -10.7% -
1986 -10.5% -
1987 -8.47% -
1988 -4.62% -9.34%
1989 -2.64% -4.46%
1990 -2.69% -1.27%
1991 -2.8% -0.21%
1992 -2.84% -2.74%
1993 -2.62% 0.23%
1994 -1.82% -0.02%
1995 -2.07% 0.17%
1996 -0.2% -0.45%
1997 1.37% 0.11%
1998 2.07% -1.8%
1999 3.54% -0.88%
2000 4.86% 0.17%
2001 0.96% 0.61%
2002 -0.52% -0.2%
2003 0.35% 1.8%
2004 1.3% 1.84%
2005 1.57% 2.36%
2006 2.78% 1.56%
2007 0.27% 3.12%
2008 -7.03% 5.39%
2009 -13.9% -5.42%
2010 -32.1% 0.13%
2011 -13.5% -0.67%
2012 -8.4% -1.26%
2013 -6.27% -2.67%
2014 -3.51% -4.31%
2015 -1.97% -7.56%
2016 -0.76% -10.1%
2017 -0.3% -10.4%
2018 0.09% -5.89%
2019 0.41% -3.72%
2020 -4.88% -12.1%
2021 -1.4% -8.1%
2022 1.65% 0.92%
2023 1.48% -1.19%
2024 4.38% -5.92%
2025 1.69% -3.39%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Ireland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.16%, compared with 4.83% in Trinidad and Tobago. In 2024, inflation was 2.11% in Ireland and 0.53% in Trinidad and Tobago.

Inflation
Ireland

Trinidad and Tobago
Year Inflation
Ireland Trinidad Ireland Trinidad
1996 1.76% 3.4%
1997 1.54% 3.63%
1998 2.41% 5.61%
1999 1.63% 3.44%
2000 5.58% 3.56%
2001 4.85% 5.54%
2002 4.63% 4.15%
2003 3.49% 3.81%
2004 2.18% 3.72%
2005 2.46% 6.87%
2006 3.94% 8.33%
2007 4.89% 7.89%
2008 4.04% 12%
2009 -4.45% 6.98%
2010 -0.92% 10.5%
2011 2.55% 5.11%
2012 1.69% 9.26%
2013 0.52% 5.2%
2014 0.19% 5.68%
2015 -0.33% 4.66%
2016 0.02% 3.07%
2017 0.36% 1.88%
2018 0.47% 1.02%
2019 0.94% 1%
2020 -0.33% 0.6%
2021 2.34% 2.06%
2022 7.83% 5.83%
2023 6.3% 4.63%
2024 2.11% 0.53%

Top exports between countries

Ireland
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $16.7M
Machinery & equipment $7.32M
Chemicals & pharma $2.37M
Metals $753K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $299K
Textiles & consumer goods $18K
Miscellaneous $11K
Wood & paper products $1K
Trinidad
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $3.48M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $808K
Raw materials & minerals $542K
Machinery & equipment $13K
Metals $9K
Miscellaneous $7K
Textiles & consumer goods $3K

Balance of trade

Ireland Trinidad
Current account balance
$44.7B
2023
$1.23B
2024
Current account balance ranking
14/189
2023
52/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+8.11%
2023
+4.67%
2024
Goods imports
$162B
2023
$7.54B
2024
Goods exports
$330B
2023
$10B
2024
Service imports
$419B
2023
$2.71B
2024
Service exports
$431B
2023
$1.26B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
105.4%
2024
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
147.6%
2024
45%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ireland Trinidad
Economic freedom 83.1 63.6
Economic freedom ranking 3/197 76/197
Property rights 94.1 58.3
Government integrity 84 44.7
Judicial effectiveness 95.5 58.5
Tax burden 77.6 79.5
Government spending 85.1 74.5
Fiscal health 95.8 80.9
Business freedom 88.1 72.6
Labor freedom 62.4 60.4
Monetary freedom 75 76.3
Trade freedom 79.6 67.6
Investment freedom 90 50
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Ireland is 83.1, ranking 3/197, compared to 63.6 for Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 76/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Ireland
Trinidad and Tobago
Year Economic freedom index
Ireland Trinidad
1995 68.5 -
1996 68.5 69.2
1997 72.6 71.3
1998 73.7 72
1999 74.6 72.4
2000 76.1 74.5
2001 81.2 71.8
2002 80.5 70.1
2003 80.9 68.8
2004 80.3 71.3
2005 80.8 71.5
2006 82.2 70.4
2007 82.6 70.6
2008 82.5 69.5
2009 82.2 68
2010 81.3 65.7
2011 78.7 66.5
2012 76.9 64.4
2013 75.7 62.3
2014 76.2 62.7
2015 76.6 64.1
2016 77.3 62.9
2017 76.7 61.2
2018 80.4 57.7
2019 80.5 57
2020 80.9 58.3
2021 81.4 59
2022 82 58.8
2023 82 59.5
2024 82.6 60.4
2025 83.1 63.6

More economic indicators

Ireland Trinidad
Services, % of GDP
61.8%
2024
59.9%
2023
Industry, % of GDP
30.8%
2024
35%
2023
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.05%
2024
0.82%
2023
GNI, Atlas method
$419B
2024
$27.4B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$99,470
2024
$36,280
2024
Total reserves including gold
$12.7B
2024
$5.6B
2024
Total reserves ranking
73/177
2024
94/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$12.9B
2023
$1.57B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$38.9B
2024
-$1.04B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.9B
2024
$527M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14%
2021
20%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.4%
2024
20.1%
2021

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.