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Economy of Colombia vs Ireland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Colombia has a GDP of $457B compared to $722B for Ireland, ranking 37/197 and 24/197 by economy size, respectively.

Colombia has $274B in government debt (59.9% of GDP), compared to $238B (32.9% of GDP) in Ireland.

Colombia vs Ireland GDP by year

Colombia
Ireland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Colombia Ireland
2025 $457,410,034,203 $721,701,359,046
2024 $420,504,033,143 $609,157,459,747
2023 $366,901,643,683 $567,372,737,459
2022 $345,632,492,851 $548,341,794,599
2021 $318,524,633,225 $530,394,123,830
2020 $270,348,342,541 $436,009,027,819
2019 $323,031,701,193 $407,211,793,801
2018 $334,198,218,098 $395,780,319,817
2017 $311,866,875,157 $348,355,212,569
2016 $282,720,100,286 $305,431,252,709
2015 $293,492,370,193 $302,101,388,556
2014 $381,240,864,422 $266,490,442,124
2013 $382,093,697,078 $242,924,245,719
2012 $370,691,143,018 $226,921,827,888
2011 $334,966,134,805 $240,975,871,047
2010 $286,498,534,095 $221,732,824,603
2009 $232,468,663,110 $236,443,115,854
2008 $242,504,150,473 $275,447,471,451
2007 $206,229,540,926 $270,079,279,420
2006 $161,792,958,905 $232,180,617,162
2005 $145,600,529,606 $211,876,989,656
2004 $117,092,416,666 $194,372,115,041
2003 $94,644,969,157 $164,670,771,260
2002 $97,945,812,803 $128,596,035,288
2001 $98,200,641,203 $109,346,669,230
2000 $99,875,074,951 $100,207,610,430
1999 $86,186,158,685 $98,893,958,263
1998 $98,443,739,941 $90,199,410,116
1997 $106,659,508,271 $82,856,648,758
1996 $97,160,109,278 $75,790,786,290
1995 $92,507,279,383 $69,139,823,232
1994 $81,703,500,846 $57,097,656,066
1993 $66,446,804,803 $52,417,477,614
1992 $58,418,985,443 $55,918,538,121
1991 $49,175,565,911 $49,787,501,584
1990 $47,844,090,710 $49,305,632,408
1989 $39,540,080,200 $39,238,392,678
1988 $39,212,550,050 $37,772,896,221
1987 $36,373,307,085 $33,920,518,493
1986 $34,942,489,684 $28,714,571,852
1985 $34,894,411,352 $21,270,013,326
1984 $38,253,120,738 $20,106,648,455
1983 $38,729,822,782 $20,766,047,764
1982 $38,968,039,722 $21,474,752,962
1981 $36,388,366,869 $20,670,190,138
1980 $33,400,735,644 $21,747,855,640
1979 $27,940,411,250 $18,319,334,300
1978 $23,263,511,958 $14,647,996,074
1977 $19,470,960,619 $11,248,340,431
1976 $15,341,403,660 $9,453,756,015
1975 $13,098,633,902 $9,483,808,362
1974 $12,370,029,584 $7,896,860,615
1973 $10,315,760,000 $7,481,173,066
1972 $8,671,358,733 $6,318,060,582
1971 $7,820,380,971 $5,098,250,287
1970 $7,198,360,460 $4,395,995,086
1969 $6,450,175,214 $3,902,721,632
1968 $5,960,212,869 $3,378,701,147
1967 $5,825,170,438 $3,445,739,915
1966 $5,428,518,519 $3,198,820,904
1965 $5,760,761,905 $3,035,655,794
1964 $5,973,366,667 $2,851,091,646
1963 $4,836,166,667 $2,505,073,358
1962 $4,955,543,963 $2,329,372,972
1961 $4,540,447,761 $2,151,772,980
1960 $4,031,152,977 $1,998,550,222

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/ireland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Colombia vs Ireland by year

Colombia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Colombia Ireland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $8,562 - $131,592 -
2024 $7,951 $22,349 $112,895 $133,437
2023 $7,012 $21,246 $106,819 $129,683
2022 $6,680 $20,854 $105,191 $138,523
2021 $6,223 $17,383 $103,783 $116,904
2020 $5,340 $15,519 $86,514 $97,800
2019 $6,473 $16,182 $81,828 $92,023
2018 $6,817 $15,239 $80,804 $86,299
2017 $6,480 $14,401 $72,161 $80,450
2016 $5,960 $14,027 $64,130 $73,013
2015 $6,249 $13,332 $64,250 $71,588
2014 $8,187 $13,355 $57,215 $52,641
2013 $8,279 $12,780 $52,538 $48,839
2012 $8,109 $12,093 $49,336 $46,726
2011 $7,401 $11,707 $52,614 $45,526
2010 $6,398 $10,841 $48,624 $43,212
2009 $5,251 $10,367 $52,133 $41,491
2008 $5,542 $10,307 $61,353 $44,169
2007 $4,770 $9,909 $61,396 $46,782
2006 $3,790 $9,154 $54,329 $44,223
2005 $3,456 $8,432 $50,933 $40,466
2004 $2,819 $7,909 $47,754 $38,729
2003 $2,312 $7,420 $41,204 $36,280
2002 $2,429 $7,109 $32,705 $35,222
2001 $2,473 $6,935 $28,282 $32,573
2000 $2,555 $6,776 $26,335 $30,216
1999 $2,241 $6,544 $26,338 $27,041
1998 $2,605 $6,854 $24,295 $25,094
1997 $2,873 $6,861 $22,551 $22,637
1996 $2,665 $6,639 $20,836 $20,482
1995 $2,584 $6,506 $19,158 $18,944
1994 $2,326 $6,174 $15,903 $17,011
1993 $1,929 $5,826 $14,657 $15,811
1992 $1,730 $5,509 $15,714 $15,116
1991 $1,486 $5,281 $14,087 $14,399
1990 $1,475 $5,109 $14,031 $13,743
1989 $1,244 - $11,176 -
1988 $1,260 - $10,716 -
1987 $1,193 - $9,582 -
1986 $1,169 - $8,112 -
1985 $1,192 - $6,012 -
1984 $1,336 - $5,692 -
1983 $1,384 - $5,915 -
1982 $1,425 - $6,161 -
1981 $1,362 - $5,986 -
1980 $1,280 - $6,372 -
1979 $1,095 - $5,430 -
1978 $932 - $4,400 -
1977 $798 - $3,427 -
1976 $643 - $2,920 -
1975 $561 - $2,973 -
1974 $542 - $2,517 -
1973 $462 - $2,424 -
1972 $397 - $2,080 -
1971 $367 - $1,704 -
1970 $346 - $1,487 -
1969 $318 - $1,331 -
1968 $302 - $1,159 -
1967 $303 - $1,187 -
1966 $290.3 - $1,107 -
1965 $317 - $1,055 -
1964 $339 - $995 -
1963 $282.6 - $878 -
1962 $298.5 - $821 -
1961 $282.1 - $762 -
1960 $258.3 - $707 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/ireland | CC BY

Colombia's GDP per capita is $8,562, ranking 94/197, compared to $131,592 in Ireland, ranking 4/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Colombia ranks 87th at $22,349, while Ireland ranks 4th at $133,437.

Economic indicators

Colombia Ireland
Gross domestic product
$457B
2025
$722B
2025
GDP rank
37/197
2025
24/197
2025
GDP growth
2.64%
2024-2025
12.3%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$8,562
2025
$131,592
2025
GDP per capita rank
94/197
2025
4/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$22,349
2024
$133,437
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
87/197
2024
4/197
2024
Government debt
$274B
2025
$238B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
59.9%
2025
32.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$5,126
2025
$43,334
2025
Government debt per person rank
85/185
2025
14/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$6,463
2026
$47,174
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$133B
2025
$110B
2018
Number of millionaires n/a
192,000
2026
Number of billionaires
4
2026
11
2026
Income share by richest 10%
42.7%
2024
24.1%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
1%
2024
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
33.2%
2025
21.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
5.14%
2024-2025
2.21%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
11.3%
2026
n/a
Unemployment rate
8.43%
2025
4.7%
2025
Population
54209462
5562212

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Colombia
Spending

Debt
Ireland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Colombia Ireland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 33.2% 59.9% 21.6% 32.9%
2024 34.4% 61% 22.4% 38.3%
2023 35.1% 55.4% 22.2% 41.8%
2022 34.1% 61.3% 20.7% 42.9%
2021 34.5% 64.4% 23.5% 52.4%
2020 33.7% 65.3% 26.7% 56.9%
2019 32.9% 51% 23.9% 55.8%
2018 34.7% 51.8% 24.7% 61.3%
2017 29.3% 49.4% 25.3% 65.2%
2016 30% 49.9% 27.5% 72.7%
2015 31.3% 50.4% 28.1% 74%
2014 31.3% 43.3% 36.6% 101.4%
2013 30% 37.6% 39.8% 117.7%
2012 29.1% 34% 42.3% 118.9%
2011 30.2% 35.8% 46.9% 109.6%
2010 30.4% 36.5% 64.9% 86.2%
2009 30.9% 35.4% 46.9% 61.8%
2008 28.4% 32.4% 41.6% 42.5%
2007 28.2% 32.7% 35.6% 23.9%
2006 28.4% 36% 33.6% 23.7%
2005 25.9% 38.5% 33% 26.1%
2004 26.6% 41.5% 32.8% 28.1%
2003 28% 45% 32.7% 29.8%
2002 28.1% 47.5% 32.9% 30.9%
2001 27.5% 41.1% 32.2% 33.6%
2000 26.6% 38% 30.6% 36.4%
1999 28.3% 34% 32.5% 46.6%
1998 26.3% 27.5% 34.2% 51.4%
1997 26.2% 25.3% 36.1% 61.6%
1996 25.1% 23.3% 38.5% 69.8%
1995 22.2% 13.8% 40.3% 78.5%
1994 20.6% 12.5% 43.9% 88%
1993 20% 14.2% 44.6% 93.4%
1992 18.4% 16.1% 44.8% 90.6%
1991 17.7% 14.5% 44.4% 93.8%
1990 17.4% 16.7% 42.8% 92.7%
1989 10.3% 17.3% 42.5% 97.9%
1988 10.3% 17.9% 48.2% 106.5%
1987 9.7% 18.9% 51.4% 108.3%
1986 9.8% 20.2% 52.9% 107.2%
1985 10.5% 19.3% 53.2% 93%
1984 10.3% 15.5% 52.7% 90.2%
1983 10.2% 10.8% 55.6% 86.1%
1982 10.6% 8.8% 56.7% 73.5%
1981 9.9% 8.5% 54.1% 68.8%
1980 9.6% 8% 53.7% 64.6%
1979 8.6% 7.7% 48.7% 63.5%
1978 8.1% 7.6% 46.2% 50.6%
1977 7.7% 9.2% 44.6% 49.2%
1976 8% 12.2% 47.8% 51.7%
1975 9.4% 14.6% 48.2% 48.3%
1974 8.8% 15.9% 44.3% 43.5%
1973 9.4% 16.3% 40.3% 35.1%
1972 10.3% 16.9% 41.5% 37.3%
1971 10.3% 16.2% 45.3% 39.8%
1970 10% 16.7% 44.1% 41.7%
1969 9.2% 17% 42.5% 42.6%
1968 8.9% 16.2% 40% 44.7%
1967 8.2% 15.8% 39.3% 47.1%
1966 8% 15.3% 36.9% 47.7%
1965 7% 15.2% 35.8% 44.6%
1964 8.1% 13.1% 34.8% 43.1%
1963 8.6% 13.9% 33.6% 45.2%
1962 7.8% 14.8% 31.7% 44.5%
1961 8.6% 8.7% 31.4% 44.3%
1960 6.7% 7.2% 29.1% 44.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1995, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/ireland | CC BY

In 2025, Colombia's government spending was $152B, accounting for 33.2% of its GDP, while Ireland spent $156B, or 21.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 59.9% in Colombia and 32.9% in Ireland, ranking 78/185 and 149/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Colombia

Ireland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Colombia Ireland
2025 -5.75% 1.54%
2024 -6.04% 4.02%
2023 -2.92% 1.36%
2022 -6.36% 1.58%
2021 -7.28% -1.31%
2020 -7.12% -4.87%
2019 -3.48% 0.41%
2018 -4.67% 0.09%
2017 -2.5% -0.3%
2016 -2.27% -0.76%
2015 -3.52% -1.97%
2014 -1.74% -3.52%
2013 -1.02% -6.28%
2012 0.15% -8.42%
2011 -1.99% -13.5%
2010 -3.3% -32.1%
2009 -2.67% -13.9%
2008 0.04% -7.03%
2007 -0.82% 0.27%
2006 -0.99% 2.78%
2005 -0.02% 1.57%
2004 -1.31% 1.3%
2003 -2.7% 0.35%
2002 -3.45% -0.52%
2001 -2.71% 0.96%
2000 -2.94% 4.86%
1999 -5.37% 3.54%
1998 -3.86% 2.07%
1997 -3.23% 1.37%
1996 -2.49% -0.2%
1995 -1% -2.07%
1994 -0.14% -1.98%
1993 -0.24% -2.7%
1992 -0.07% -2.92%
1991 0.35% -2.82%
1990 -0.41% -2.77%
1989 -1.4% -2.64%
1988 -1.3% -4.62%
1987 -0.4% -8.47%
1986 -1.4% -10.5%
1985 -2.4% -10.7%
1984 -3.3% -9.43%
1983 -3.1% -11.5%
1982 -3.6% -13.1%
1981 -2.8% -12.1%
1980 -2.2% -11.1%
1979 -0.7% -10%
1978 0.3% -8.27%
1977 0.5% -6.44%
1976 0.6% -7.34%
1975 -0.5% -11.1%
1974 -1.2% -6.96%
1973 -1.1% -3.84%
1972 -1.7% -3.23%
1971 -1% -3.5%
1970 -0.7% -3.64%
1969 -0.5% -3.4%
1968 0% -2.72%
1967 -0.2% -2.69%
1966 0.1% -2.26%
1965 -0.6% -3.5%
1964 -1.1% -3.35%
1963 -1.7% -2.92%
1962 -1.6% -2.91%
1961 -1.5% -2.6%
1960 1.2% -1.97%
1959 2% -2.16%
1958 1.7% -4.3%
1957 1.4% -5.19%
1956 -0.2% -3.23%
1955 0.7% -5.06%
1954 1.3% -5.28%
1953 1.3% -5.77%
1952 1.6% -7.84%
1951 2.1% -4.62%
1950 0.9% -5.21%
1949 0.5% -2.17%
1948 -0.1% -1.29%
1947 0.2% -1.8%
1946 -0.5% -0.43%
1945 0.1% -0.43%
1944 -0.2% 0.39%
1943 -0.7% -1.18%
1942 -1.5% -2.48%
1941 0% -1.42%
1940 -1.5% -0.15%
1939 0.8% -7.31%
1938 0.5% -0.92%
1937 1.4% -0.77%
1936 1.1% -0.19%
1935 1.3% -
1934 0.2% -
1933 -0.4% 2.97%
1932 -0.8% -
1931 -0.2% -1.63%
1930 0.3% -
1929 0.4% -3.41%
1928 -0.4% -
1927 -0.6% -
1926 0% -1.95%
1925 1% -
1924 0.5% -
1923 0.3% -
1922 -0.7% -
1921 -1.6% -
1920 0.4% -
1919 -0.8% -
1918 -2.1% -
1917 -0.5% -
1916 0.2% -
1915 -0.2% -
1914 -0.5% -
1913 0.5% -
1912 -0.3% -
1911 -0.1% -
1910 -0.3% -
1909 -3.3% -
1908 -2.7% -
1907 -2.7% -
1906 0.2% -
1905 -0.9% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1905–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/ireland | CC BY

In 2025, Colombia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.3B, equivalent to 5.75% of GDP. This compares to Ireland's surplus of $11.2B, or 1.54% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Colombia recorded a fiscal deficit in 57 of those years, while Ireland ran a deficit in 50 years. On average, Colombia posted an annual deficit equal to 1.93% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.07% of GDP for Ireland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Colombia

Ireland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Colombia Ireland
2025 5.14% 2.21%
2024 6.61% 2.11%
2023 11.7% 6.3%
2022 10.2% 7.83%
2021 3.5% 2.34%
2020 2.53% -0.33%
2019 3.52% 0.94%
2018 3.24% 0.47%
2017 4.31% 0.36%
2016 7.51% 0.02%
2015 4.99% -0.33%
2014 2.9% 0.19%
2013 2.02% 0.52%
2012 3.17% 1.69%
2011 3.42% 2.55%
2010 2.27% -0.92%
2009 4.2% -4.45%
2008 7% 4.04%
2007 5.54% 4.89%
2006 4.29% 3.94%
2005 5.05% 2.46%
2004 5.9% 2.18%
2003 7.13% 3.49%
2002 6.35% 4.63%
2001 7.97% 4.85%
2000 9.23% 5.58%
1999 10.9% 1.63%
1998 18.7% 2.41%
1997 18.5% 1.54%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/ireland | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Colombia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.47%, compared with 2.18% in Ireland. In 2025, inflation was 5.14% in Colombia and 2.21% in Ireland.

Top exports between countries

Colombia
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $15M
Raw materials & minerals $1.13M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $580K
Machinery & equipment $535K
Chemicals & pharma $414K
Metals $388K
Textiles & consumer goods $68K
Wood & paper products $24K
Animal & marine products $20K
Miscellaneous $16K
Ireland
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $86.3M
Machinery & equipment $33.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.22M
Animal & marine products $4.37M
Wood & paper products $4.3M
Raw materials & minerals $364K
Raw agricultural goods $233K
Textiles & consumer goods $219K
Metals $160K
Precious metals & jewellery $88K

Balance of trade

Colombia Ireland
Current account balance
-$10.9B
2025
$106B
2024
Current account balance ranking
176/190
2025
7/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.38%
2025
+17.4%
2024
Goods imports
$66.3B
2025
$165B
2024
Goods exports
$51.5B
2025
$356B
2024
Service imports
$19.6B
2025
$467B
2024
Service exports
$19.6B
2025
$526B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.4%
2025
99.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
15%
2025
140.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Colombia Ireland
Economic freedom 59.8 83.3
Economic freedom ranking 101/197 3/197
Property rights 43.1 94.4
Government integrity 41.6 84
Judicial effectiveness 57.4 95.4
Tax burden 68.6 77.7
Government spending 64 85.9
Fiscal health 49.8 97
Business freedom 71.2 85.5
Labor freedom 59.1 61.3
Monetary freedom 71.9 79.3
Trade freedom 71.4 79.4
Investment freedom 60 90
Financial freedom 60 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Colombia
Ireland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Colombia Ireland
2026 59.8 83.3
2025 59.8 83.1
2024 59.2 82.6
2023 63.1 82
2022 65.1 82
2021 68.1 81.4
2020 69.2 80.9
2019 67.3 80.5
2018 68.9 80.4
2017 69.7 76.7
2016 70.8 77.3
2015 71.7 76.6
2014 70.7 76.2
2013 69.6 75.7
2012 68 76.9
2011 68 78.7
2010 65.5 81.3
2009 62.3 82.2
2008 62.2 82.5
2007 59.9 82.6
2006 60.4 82.2
2005 59.6 80.8
2004 61.2 80.3
2003 64.2 80.9
2002 64.2 80.5
2001 65.6 81.2
2000 63.3 76.1
1999 65.3 74.6
1998 65.5 73.7
1997 66.4 72.6
1996 64.3 68.5
1995 64.5 68.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/colombia/ireland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Colombia is 59.8, ranking 101/197, compared to 83.3 for Ireland, ranking 3/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Colombia Ireland
Services, % of GDP
58.5%
2025
56.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
21.8%
2025
37.8%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
9.95%
2025
1.06%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$422B
2025
$479B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$22,250
2025
$106,310
2025
Total reserves including gold
$65.8B
2025
$13.7B
2025
Total reserves ranking
41/177
2025
73/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$7.31B
2025
$62.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$4.82B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$4.51B
2024
$67.1B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
8.17%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
31.8%
2024
14%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
16.7%
2025
22.9%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1905–1995, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.