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Economy of Ireland vs Morocco compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Ireland has a GDP of $577B compared to $154B for Morocco, ranking 26/197 and 60/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ireland has $237B in government debt (36.7% of GDP), compared to $108B (68.9% of GDP) in Morocco.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Ireland
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Morocco
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Ireland Morocco
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $1,998,550,222 $24,135,304,212 $2,037,154,742 -
1961 $2,151,772,980 $25,345,971,888 $2,025,693,540 -
1962 $2,329,372,972 $26,161,210,989 $2,379,611,125 -
1963 $2,505,073,358 $27,402,464,757 $2,657,252,578 -
1964 $2,851,091,646 $28,439,911,537 $2,798,345,299 -
1965 $3,035,655,794 $28,989,783,007 $2,948,331,090 -
1966 $3,198,820,904 $29,248,688,585 $2,876,401,297 $11,518,527,478
1967 $3,445,739,915 $30,940,931,207 $3,046,345,314 $12,673,702,326
1968 $3,378,701,147 $33,491,679,547 $3,271,422,333 $13,927,351,921
1969 $3,902,721,632 $35,455,583,097 $3,651,622,669 $15,091,980,118
1970 $4,395,995,086 $36,398,889,273 $3,956,336,244 $15,803,334,621
1971 $5,098,250,287 $37,661,889,497 $4,356,669,034 $16,687,830,454
1972 $6,318,060,582 $40,106,073,853 $5,074,117,545 $17,094,552,490
1973 $7,481,173,066 $41,999,654,025 $6,242,145,880 $17,703,000,749
1974 $7,896,860,615 $43,788,935,191 $7,675,466,449 $18,693,669,512
1975 $9,483,808,362 $46,265,920,023 $8,984,853,005 $20,106,578,472
1976 $9,453,756,015 $46,911,240,716 $9,584,297,284 $22,280,658,838
1977 $11,248,340,431 $50,763,263,747 $11,049,783,872 $23,630,681,317
1978 $14,647,996,074 $54,411,482,150 $13,236,946,234 $24,158,274,887
1979 $18,319,334,300 $56,083,566,026 $15,911,994,817 $25,316,371,178
1980 $21,747,855,640 $57,810,564,161 $21,728,516,153 $26,238,435,141
1981 $20,670,190,138 $59,732,889,691 $17,788,185,479 $25,780,985,097
1982 $21,474,754,080 $61,096,872,066 $17,692,276,734 $28,090,283,844
1983 $20,766,047,764 $60,947,611,497 $16,251,408,128 $28,479,775,174
1984 $20,106,648,455 $63,601,496,993 $14,824,667,954 $30,307,717,168
1985 $21,270,013,326 $65,563,994,971 $14,991,283,216 $32,128,499,366
1986 $28,714,571,852 $65,283,164,433 $19,462,085,540 $35,107,166,524
1987 $33,920,518,493 $68,327,377,194 $21,765,195,948 $34,993,066,802
1988 $37,772,897,421 $71,892,299,777 $25,705,296,184 $39,148,576,061
1989 $39,238,392,678 $76,072,060,855 $26,314,313,191 $40,262,823,844
1990 $49,305,632,408 $82,512,722,627 $30,179,954,775 $41,636,515,790
1991 $49,787,502,852 $84,104,920,354 $32,285,573,574 $44,641,043,474
1992 $55,918,538,121 $86,916,779,429 $33,711,069,431 $43,704,591,005
1993 $52,417,477,614 $89,257,108,591 $31,655,473,664 $43,380,918,431
1994 $57,097,656,066 $94,394,592,358 $35,604,137,423 $47,974,090,255
1995 $69,139,823,232 $103,488,966,796 $39,030,285,468 $45,380,875,814
1996 $75,790,785,030 $111,126,062,335 $43,161,571,528 $50,995,795,429
1997 $82,856,648,758 $123,374,112,120 $39,147,844,526 $50,199,902,853
1998 $90,199,410,116 $134,189,242,521 $46,497,608,725 $53,833,649,265
1999 $98,893,958,263 $148,319,214,947 $46,266,428,648 $54,747,239,389
2000 $100,207,610,430 $162,266,448,874 $43,017,455,402 $56,160,912,156
2001 $109,346,669,230 $170,876,017,448 $43,831,480,208 $60,497,559,621
2002 $128,596,035,288 $180,956,619,890 $47,077,192,188 $62,754,238,002
2003 $164,670,771,260 $186,410,359,135 $58,029,363,354 $66,626,866,132
2004 $194,372,115,041 $199,064,153,315 $66,114,145,451 $69,672,633,475
2005 $211,876,989,656 $210,490,003,080 $68,852,658,069 $71,896,757,929
2006 $232,180,617,162 $220,988,938,813 $75,883,823,301 $77,498,104,933
2007 $270,079,279,420 $232,723,709,425 $86,947,913,287 $80,164,867,241
2008 $275,447,471,451 $222,288,216,395 $101,822,906,949 $84,721,870,675
2009 $236,443,117,248 $210,960,893,946 $101,154,952,241 $87,895,356,583
2010 $221,985,621,538 $214,511,307,293 $100,865,329,473 $90,971,304,769
2011 $241,337,364,610 $218,048,113,964 $110,080,631,332 $95,997,146,622
2012 $227,270,922,957 $217,178,188,158 $106,937,392,311 $98,936,909,179
2013 $243,301,556,085 $221,939,116,699 $115,739,287,305 $103,015,299,181
2014 $266,787,238,499 $242,659,427,540 $119,130,841,412 $105,816,536,606
2015 $302,391,428,540 $302,391,428,540 $110,413,823,842 $110,413,823,842
2016 $305,733,136,181 $306,088,582,543 $111,572,947,005 $110,989,284,688
2017 $348,532,394,024 $336,849,347,915 $118,540,573,368 $116,603,009,678
2018 $395,461,216,460 $362,262,415,223 $127,341,147,582 $120,177,639,735
2019 $407,124,824,065 $380,522,433,254 $128,920,266,409 $123,651,944,969
2020 $436,555,518,400 $407,759,843,938 $121,353,645,057 $114,775,951,852
2021 $531,306,516,908 $474,043,708,272 $142,022,058,447 $124,135,631,044
2022 $548,570,250,342 $514,903,922,090 $130,951,926,351 $126,031,434,845
2023 $551,394,889,340 $486,429,697,154 $144,417,103,250 $130,320,714,719
2024 $577,389,475,010 $492,370,629,886 $154,430,996,473 $134,538,562,551

Economic indicators

Ireland Morocco
Gross domestic product
$577B
2024
$154B
2024
GDP rank
26/197
2024
60/197
2024
GDP growth
4.71%
2023-2024
6.93%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$107,316
2024
$4,055
2024
GDP per capita rank
4/197
2024
128/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$131,175
2024
$10,305
2024
Government debt
$237B
2024
$108B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
36.7%
2025
68.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$44,121
2024
$2,840
2024
Government debt per person rank
11/185
2024
105/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$44,579
2025
$5,043
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$110B
2018
$74.5B
2024
Number of billionaires
11
2025
3
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2023
31.9%
2013
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
2.7%
2013
Government expenditure, % of GDP
23.9%
2025
34.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.11%
2023-2024
0.99%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
2.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.27%
2024
11.8%
2022
Population
5474763
38697192

GDP per capita in Ireland vs Morocco

Ireland's GDP per capita is $107,316, ranking 4/197, compared to $4,055 in Morocco, ranking 128/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ireland ranks 4th at $131,175, while Morocco ranks 132nd at $10,305.

Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Morocco
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Ireland Morocco
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $707 - $175.2 -
1961 $762 - $169.8 -
1962 $821 - $194.2 -
1963 $878 - $211.3 -
1964 $995 - $216.9 -
1965 $1,055 - $222.7 -
1966 $1,107 - $211.5 -
1967 $1,187 - $218.1 -
1968 $1,159 - $228 -
1969 $1,331 - $247.8 -
1970 $1,487 - $261.5 -
1971 $1,704 - $280.6 -
1972 $2,080 - $319 -
1973 $2,424 - $382 -
1974 $2,517 - $459 -
1975 $2,973 - $524 -
1976 $2,920 - $545 -
1977 $3,427 - $613 -
1978 $4,400 - $716 -
1979 $5,430 - $839 -
1980 $6,372 - $1,117 -
1981 $5,986 - $890 -
1982 $6,161 - $862 -
1983 $5,915 - $772 -
1984 $5,692 - $687 -
1985 $6,012 - $678 -
1986 $8,112 - $861 -
1987 $9,582 - $944 -
1988 $10,716 - $1,094 -
1989 $11,176 - $1,099 -
1990 $14,031 $13,734 $1,238 $2,777
1991 $14,087 $14,389 $1,302 $3,025
1992 $15,714 $15,106 $1,337 $2,979
1993 $14,657 $15,801 $1,236 $2,979
1994 $15,903 $17,000 $1,369 $3,315
1995 $19,158 $18,932 $1,478 $3,152
1996 $20,836 $20,474 $1,610 $3,551
1997 $22,551 $22,632 $1,439 $3,502
1998 $24,295 $25,092 $1,683 $3,740
1999 $26,338 $27,041 $1,651 $3,801
2000 $26,335 $30,209 $1,513 $3,930
2001 $28,282 $32,577 $1,521 $4,269
2002 $32,705 $35,222 $1,612 $4,436
2003 $41,204 $36,285 $1,962 $4,741
2004 $47,754 $38,734 $2,207 $5,025
2005 $50,933 $40,466 $2,268 $5,275
2006 $54,329 $44,232 $2,466 $5,781
2007 $61,396 $46,784 $2,788 $6,058
2008 $61,353 $44,169 $3,222 $6,437
2009 $52,133 $41,470 $3,158 $6,629
2010 $48,679 $43,217 $3,107 $6,849
2011 $52,693 $45,526 $3,345 $7,274
2012 $49,412 $46,726 $3,206 $7,308
2013 $52,619 $48,839 $3,425 $7,542
2014 $57,278 $52,641 $3,483 $7,237
2015 $64,312 $71,607 $3,190 $7,799
2016 $64,193 $73,013 $3,186 $7,853
2017 $72,198 $80,450 $3,344 $8,115
2018 $80,739 $86,299 $3,553 $7,801
2019 $81,810 $92,023 $3,560 $8,046
2020 $86,623 $97,800 $3,317 $7,705
2021 $103,962 $116,904 $3,843 $8,623
2022 $105,235 $136,104 $3,508 $9,284
2023 $103,888 $124,901 $3,829 $9,843
2024 $107,316 $131,175 $4,055 $10,305

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Ireland's government spending was $135B, accounting for 23.9% of its GDP, while Morocco's spent $52.8B, or 34.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 36.7% in Ireland and 68.9% in Morocco, ranking 143/185 and 58/185, respectively.

Ireland
Government spending

Government debt
Morocco
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Ireland Morocco
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 29.1% 44.9% - -
1961 31.4% 44.3% - -
1962 31.7% 44.5% - -
1963 33.6% 45.2% - -
1964 34.8% 43.1% - -
1965 35.8% 44.6% - -
1966 36.9% 47.7% - -
1967 39.3% 47.1% - -
1968 40% 44.7% - -
1969 42.5% 42.6% - -
1970 44.1% 41.7% - -
1971 45.3% 39.8% - -
1972 41.5% 37.3% - -
1973 40.3% 35.1% - -
1974 44.3% 43.5% - -
1975 48.2% 48.3% - -
1976 47.8% 51.7% - -
1977 44.6% 49.2% - -
1978 46.2% 50.6% - -
1979 48.7% 63.5% - -
1980 53.7% 64.6% - -
1981 54.1% 68.8% - -
1982 56.7% 73.5% - -
1983 55.6% 86.1% - -
1984 52.7% 90.2% - -
1985 53.2% 93% - -
1986 52.9% 107.2% - -
1987 51.4% 108.3% - -
1988 48.2% 106.5% - -
1989 42.5% 97.9% - -
1990 44.6% 92.7% 22.6% 70.5%
1991 46.1% 93.8% 20.8% 59.1%
1992 46.8% 90.6% 22.3% 67%
1993 44.6% 93.4% 23.1% 74.7%
1994 44.2% 88% 21.7% 69.3%
1995 40.3% 78.5% 21.3% 72.2%
1996 38.5% 69.8% 17.6% 65.3%
1997 36.1% 61.6% 18.6% 68%
1998 34.2% 51.4% 18.7% 64.5%
1999 32.5% 46.6% 18.4% 63.4%
2000 30.6% 36.4% 22.8% 64.9%
2001 32.2% 33.6% 23.7% 60.4%
2002 32.9% 30.9% 25.8% 59.4%
2003 32.7% 29.8% 24.1% 56.9%
2004 32.8% 28.1% 24.5% 54.4%
2005 33% 26.1% 28.6% 54.8%
2006 33.6% 23.7% 26% 50.6%
2007 35.6% 23.9% 26.4% 47.1%
2008 41.6% 42.5% 28.3% 42%
2009 46.9% 61.8% 28.1% 42.6%
2010 64.9% 86.1% 28.7% 45.3%
2011 46.8% 109.4% 31.2% 48.6%
2012 42.2% 118.7% 32.5% 52.3%
2013 39.8% 117.5% 30.4% 57.1%
2014 36.5% 101.3% 30.7% 58.6%
2015 28% 74% 28.5% 58.4%
2016 27.5% 72.6% 28.6% 60.1%
2017 25.3% 65.2% 27.9% 60.3%
2018 24.8% 61.5% 27.8% 60.5%
2019 23.9% 55.9% 27.7% 60.3%
2020 26.7% 57% 34.1% 72.2%
2021 23.6% 52.6% 31% 69.4%
2022 20.6% 43.1% 33.8% 71.5%
2023 22.7% 43.3% 32.3% 69.5%
2024 23.4% 41.1% 34.2% 70%
2025 23.9% 36.7% 34.3% 68.9%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Ireland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $25.3B, equivalent to 4.38% of GDP. This compares to Morocco's deficit of -$6.26B, or -4.06% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Ireland recorded a fiscal deficit in 20 of those years, while Morocco ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Ireland posted an annual deficit equal to -2.36% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.93% of GDP for Morocco.

Deficit/surplus
Ireland

Morocco
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ireland Morocco
1926 -1.95% -
1927 -1.95% -
1928 -1.95% -
1929 -3.41% -
1930 -3.41% -
1931 -1.63% -
1932 -1.63% -
1933 2.97% -
1934 2.97% -
1935 2.97% -
1936 -0.19% -
1937 -0.77% -
1938 -0.92% -
1939 -7.31% -
1940 -0.15% -
1941 -1.42% -
1942 -2.48% -
1943 -1.18% -
1944 0.39% -
1945 -0.43% -
1946 -0.43% -
1947 -1.8% -
1948 -1.29% -
1949 -2.17% -
1950 -5.21% -
1951 -4.62% -
1952 -7.84% -
1953 -5.77% -
1954 -5.28% -
1955 -5.06% -
1956 -3.23% -
1957 -5.19% -
1958 -4.3% -
1959 -2.16% -
1960 -1.97% -
1961 -2.6% -
1962 -2.91% -
1963 -2.92% -
1964 -3.35% -
1965 -3.5% -
1966 -2.26% -
1967 -2.69% -
1968 -2.72% -
1969 -3.4% -
1970 -3.64% -
1971 -3.5% -
1972 -3.23% -
1973 -3.84% -
1974 -6.96% -
1975 -11.1% -
1976 -7.34% -
1977 -6.44% -
1978 -8.27% -
1979 -10% -
1980 -11.1% -
1981 -12.1% -
1982 -13.1% -
1983 -11.5% -
1984 -9.43% -
1985 -10.7% -
1986 -10.5% -
1987 -8.47% -
1988 -4.62% -
1989 -2.64% -
1990 -2.69% -1.32%
1991 -2.8% -0.9%
1992 -2.84% -1.84%
1993 -2.62% -2%
1994 -1.82% -2.51%
1995 -2.07% -2.54%
1996 -0.2% 0.87%
1997 1.37% 1.5%
1998 2.07% 1.47%
1999 3.54% 3.21%
2000 4.86% -1.97%
2001 0.96% -3.79%
2002 -0.52% -4.37%
2003 0.35% -3.74%
2004 1.3% -3.31%
2005 1.57% -5.46%
2006 2.78% -1.8%
2007 0.27% -0.12%
2008 -7.03% 0.63%
2009 -13.9% -1.63%
2010 -32.1% -3.93%
2011 -13.5% -6.08%
2012 -8.4% -6.63%
2013 -6.27% -4.7%
2014 -3.51% -4.78%
2015 -1.97% -4.59%
2016 -0.76% -4.49%
2017 -0.3% -3.3%
2018 0.09% -3.52%
2019 0.41% -3.88%
2020 -4.88% -7.15%
2021 -1.4% -5.92%
2022 1.65% -5.38%
2023 1.48% -4.46%
2024 4.38% -4.06%
2025 1.69% -3.89%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Ireland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.16%, compared with 1.86% in Morocco. In 2024, inflation was 2.11% in Ireland and 0.99% in Morocco.

Inflation
Ireland

Morocco
Year Inflation
Ireland Morocco Ireland Morocco
1996 1.76% 2.99%
1997 1.54% 1.04%
1998 2.41% 2.75%
1999 1.63% 0.68%
2000 5.58% 1.89%
2001 4.85% 0.62%
2002 4.63% 2.8%
2003 3.49% 1.17%
2004 2.18% 1.49%
2005 2.46% 0.98%
2006 3.94% 3.28%
2007 4.89% 2.04%
2008 4.04% 3.71%
2009 -4.45% 0.97%
2010 -0.92% 0.99%
2011 2.55% 0.91%
2012 1.69% 1.29%
2013 0.52% 1.88%
2014 0.19% 0.44%
2015 -0.33% 1.56%
2016 0.02% 1.64%
2017 0.36% 0.75%
2018 0.47% 1.8%
2019 0.94% 0.3%
2020 -0.33% 0.71%
2021 2.34% 1.4%
2022 7.83% 6.66%
2023 6.3% 6.09%
2024 2.11% 0.99%

Top exports between countries

Ireland
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $83.7M
Chemicals & pharma $73.8M
Machinery & equipment $36.8M
Business & finance services $16.5M
Raw materials & minerals $8.18M
Metals $4.25M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.24M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.89M
Wood & paper products $1.63M
IT & IP services $1.11M
Morocco
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $39M
Machinery & equipment $33.3M
Raw agricultural goods $7.91M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.61M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.55M
Chemicals & pharma $82K
Metals $41K
Wood & paper products $18K
Precious metals & jewellery $8K
Animal & marine products $1K

Balance of trade

Ireland Morocco
Current account balance
$44.7B
2023
-$1.87B
2024
Current account balance ranking
14/189
2023
139/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+8.11%
2023
-1.21%
2024
Goods imports
$162B
2023
$66.5B
2024
Goods exports
$330B
2023
$39.3B
2024
Service imports
$419B
2023
$14.3B
2024
Service exports
$431B
2023
$28.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
105.4%
2024
52.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
147.6%
2024
43.3%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ireland Morocco
Economic freedom 83.1 60.3
Economic freedom ranking 3/197 94/197
Property rights 94.1 58.6
Government integrity 84 36.9
Judicial effectiveness 95.5 32.7
Tax burden 77.6 71.4
Government spending 85.1 67.9
Fiscal health 95.8 46.2
Business freedom 88.1 68.9
Labor freedom 62.4 48.5
Monetary freedom 75 74.7
Trade freedom 79.6 67.2
Investment freedom 90 75
Financial freedom 70 75

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Ireland is 83.1, ranking 3/197, compared to 60.3 for Morocco, ranking 94/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Ireland
Morocco
Year Economic freedom index
Ireland Morocco
1995 68.5 62.8
1996 68.5 64.3
1997 72.6 64.7
1998 73.7 61.1
1999 74.6 63.8
2000 76.1 63.2
2001 81.2 63.9
2002 80.5 59
2003 80.9 57.8
2004 80.3 56.7
2005 80.8 52.2
2006 82.2 51.5
2007 82.6 56.4
2008 82.5 55.6
2009 82.2 57.7
2010 81.3 59.2
2011 78.7 59.6
2012 76.9 60.2
2013 75.7 59.6
2014 76.2 58.3
2015 76.6 60.1
2016 77.3 61.3
2017 76.7 61.5
2018 80.4 61.9
2019 80.5 62.9
2020 80.9 63.3
2021 81.4 63.3
2022 82 59.2
2023 82 58.4
2024 82.6 56.8
2025 83.1 60.3

More economic indicators

Ireland Morocco
Services, % of GDP
61.8%
2024
54.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
30.8%
2024
24.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.05%
2024
10.1%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$419B
2024
$145B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$99,470
2024
$10,150
2024
Total reserves including gold
$12.7B
2024
$37.1B
2024
Total reserves ranking
73/177
2024
52/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$12.9B
2023
-$948M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$38.9B
2024
$1.64B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.9B
2024
$691M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
4.07%
2023
Poverty at national poverty lines
14%
2021
3.9%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.4%
2024
29.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.