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Economy of Austria vs Ireland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Austria has a GDP of $535B compared to $609B for Ireland, ranking 30/197 and 25/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $432B in government debt (80.8% of GDP), compared to $236B (38.8% of GDP) in Ireland.

Austria vs Ireland GDP by year

Austria
Ireland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Ireland
2024 $534,790,720,467 $609,157,459,747
2023 $516,670,509,629 $567,372,737,459
2022 $473,221,298,968 $548,341,794,599
2021 $480,466,363,177 $530,394,123,830
2020 $434,397,601,558 $436,009,027,819
2019 $442,983,642,372 $407,211,793,801
2018 $452,582,294,973 $395,780,319,817
2017 $414,926,138,133 $348,355,212,569
2016 $393,687,359,770 $305,431,252,709
2015 $379,546,097,301 $302,101,388,556
2014 $438,556,021,078 $266,490,442,124
2013 $426,580,502,769 $242,924,245,719
2012 $406,750,487,604 $226,921,827,888
2011 $428,954,737,064 $240,975,871,047
2010 $389,827,789,218 $221,732,824,603
2009 $399,290,118,782 $236,443,115,854
2008 $429,234,399,096 $275,447,471,451
2007 $386,760,177,589 $270,079,279,420
2006 $333,905,979,332 $232,180,617,162
2005 $313,952,317,331 $211,876,989,656
2004 $299,210,411,455 $194,372,115,041
2003 $260,779,834,340 $164,670,771,260
2002 $212,837,224,023 $128,596,035,288
2001 $196,477,206,829 $109,346,669,230
2000 $196,181,599,831 $100,207,610,430
1999 $216,421,809,126 $98,893,958,263
1998 $217,068,085,816 $90,199,410,116
1997 $211,724,812,267 $82,856,648,758
1996 $235,952,581,232 $75,790,786,290
1995 $240,094,169,510 $69,139,823,232
1994 $202,738,023,130 $57,097,656,066
1993 $189,634,029,339 $52,417,477,614
1992 $194,314,032,056 $55,918,538,121
1991 $173,113,449,617 $49,787,501,584
1990 $165,811,372,383 $49,305,632,408
1989 $132,584,448,258 $39,238,392,678
1988 $132,817,124,707 $37,772,896,221
1987 $123,682,091,859 $33,920,518,493
1986 $98,648,254,169 $28,714,571,852
1985 $69,114,996,010 $21,270,013,326
1984 $67,719,055,773 $20,106,648,455
1983 $71,838,528,420 $20,766,047,764
1982 $70,996,111,963 $21,474,752,962
1981 $70,755,997,062 $20,670,190,138
1980 $81,737,498,405 $21,747,855,640
1979 $73,647,694,287 $18,319,334,300
1978 $61,809,208,756 $14,647,996,074
1977 $51,343,861,460 $11,248,340,431
1976 $42,791,707,448 $9,453,756,015
1975 $39,902,300,703 $9,483,808,362
1974 $35,051,468,640 $7,896,860,615
1973 $29,399,860,145 $7,481,173,066
1972 $21,973,207,929 $6,318,060,582
1971 $17,788,536,733 $5,098,250,287
1970 $15,312,791,744 $4,395,995,086
1969 $13,647,475,854 $3,902,721,632
1968 $12,499,863,917 $3,378,701,147
1967 $11,634,569,522 $3,445,739,915
1966 $10,939,526,219 $3,198,820,904
1965 $10,041,659,445 $3,035,655,794
1964 $9,213,648,656 $2,851,091,646
1963 $8,414,050,621 $2,505,073,358
1962 $7,793,042,529 $2,329,372,972
1961 $7,346,566,038 $2,151,772,980
1960 $6,624,086,313 $1,998,550,222

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/ireland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Ireland by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Ireland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $112,895 $133,437
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $106,819 $129,683
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $105,191 $138,523
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $103,783 $116,904
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $86,514 $97,800
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $81,828 $92,023
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $80,804 $86,299
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $72,161 $80,450
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $64,130 $73,013
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $64,250 $71,588
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $57,215 $52,641
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $52,538 $48,839
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $49,336 $46,726
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $52,614 $45,526
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $48,624 $43,212
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $52,133 $41,491
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $61,353 $44,169
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $61,396 $46,782
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $54,329 $44,223
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $50,933 $40,466
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $47,754 $38,729
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $41,204 $36,280
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $32,705 $35,222
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $28,282 $32,573
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $26,335 $30,216
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $26,338 $27,041
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $24,295 $25,094
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $22,551 $22,637
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $20,836 $20,482
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $19,158 $18,944
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $15,903 $17,011
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $14,657 $15,811
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $15,714 $15,116
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $14,087 $14,399
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $14,031 $13,743
1989 $17,401 - $11,176 -
1988 $17,510 - $10,716 -
1987 $16,329 - $9,582 -
1986 $13,032 - $8,112 -
1985 $9,136 - $6,012 -
1984 $8,956 - $5,692 -
1983 $9,500 - $5,915 -
1982 $9,373 - $6,161 -
1981 $9,348 - $5,986 -
1980 $10,827 - $6,372 -
1979 $9,755 - $5,430 -
1978 $8,173 - $4,400 -
1977 $6,784 - $3,427 -
1976 $5,656 - $2,920 -
1975 $5,265 - $2,973 -
1974 $4,613 - $2,517 -
1973 $3,875 - $2,424 -
1972 $2,913 - $2,080 -
1971 $2,372 - $1,704 -
1970 $2,051 - $1,487 -
1969 $1,834 - $1,331 -
1968 $1,686 - $1,159 -
1967 $1,577 - $1,187 -
1966 $1,494 - $1,107 -
1965 $1,381 - $1,055 -
1964 $1,275 - $995 -
1963 $1,173 - $878 -
1962 $1,093 - $821 -
1961 $1,037 - $762 -
1960 $940 - $707 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/ireland | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $58,269, ranking 16/197, compared to $112,895 in Ireland, ranking 4/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Ireland ranks 4th at $133,437.

Economic indicators

Austria Ireland
Gross domestic product
$535B
2024
$609B
2024
GDP rank
30/197
2024
25/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.66%
2023-2024
2.6%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$58,269
2024
$112,895
2024
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2024
4/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$133,437
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
4/197
2024
Government debt
$432B
2024
$236B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.8%
2024
38.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$47,075
2024
$43,766
2024
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2024
11/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,736
2026
$47,851
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$121B
2024
$110B
2018
Number of billionaires
9
2025
11
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
24.1%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
56%
2024
22.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.94%
2023-2024
2.11%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
5.16%
2024
4.27%
2024
Population
9163419
5518360

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Ireland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Ireland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 56% 80.8% 22.3% 38.8%
2023 52.7% 78.5% 22.1% 42.1%
2022 53% 78.4% 20.6% 43.2%
2021 56% 82.4% 23.6% 52.7%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 26.7% 57.1%
2019 49.1% 71% 23.9% 55.9%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 24.7% 61.4%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 25.3% 65.3%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 27.5% 72.7%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 28.1% 74%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 36.6% 101.4%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 39.8% 117.7%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 42.3% 118.9%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 46.9% 109.6%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 64.9% 86.2%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 46.9% 61.8%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 41.6% 42.5%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 35.6% 23.9%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 33.6% 23.7%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 33% 26.1%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 32.8% 28.1%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 32.7% 29.8%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 32.9% 30.9%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 32.2% 33.6%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 30.6% 36.4%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 32.5% 46.6%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 34.2% 51.4%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 36.1% 61.6%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 38.5% 69.8%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 40.3% 78.5%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 44.2% 88%
1993 54.3% 61% 44.6% 93.4%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 46.8% 90.6%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 46.1% 93.8%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 44.6% 92.7%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 42.5% 97.9%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 48.2% 106.5%
1987 54.5% 55.5% 51.4% 108.3%
1986 54.3% 52% 52.9% 107.2%
1985 53.5% 47.8% 53.2% 93%
1984 52.6% 46% 52.7% 90.2%
1983 52.4% 43.7% 55.6% 86.1%
1982 52% 39.7% 56.7% 73.5%
1981 51.5% 37.5% 54.1% 68.8%
1980 50% 35.6% 53.7% 64.6%
1979 49.8% 34.1% 48.7% 63.5%
1978 50.8% 32.2% 46.2% 50.6%
1977 47.6% 28.5% 44.6% 49.2%
1976 47.9% 26.2% 47.8% 51.7%
1975 46.1% 22.8% 48.2% 48.3%
1974 42% 16.8% 44.3% 43.5%
1973 41.5% 16.7% 40.3% 35.1%
1972 40.1% 16.7% 41.5% 37.3%
1971 40% 17.4% 45.3% 39.8%
1970 39.5% 18.6% 44.1% 41.7%
1969 40.7% 16.8% 42.5% 42.6%
1968 40.9% 16.8% 40% 44.7%
1967 40.7% 15.6% 39.3% 47.1%
1966 38.7% 14.1% 36.9% 47.7%
1965 38.3% 14.8% 35.8% 44.6%
1964 38.7% 15.5% 34.8% 43.1%
1963 38.6% 15.6% 33.6% 45.2%
1962 37.6% 15.5% 31.7% 44.5%
1961 35.7% 16% 31.4% 44.3%
1960 36.3% 17.7% 29.1% 44.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/ireland | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government spending was $300B, accounting for 56% of its GDP, while Ireland spent $136B, or 22.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.8% in Austria and 38.8% in Ireland, ranking 44/185 and 138/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Ireland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Ireland
2024 -4.64% 4.09%
2023 -2.62% 1.52%
2022 -3.31% 1.67%
2021 -5.69% -1.37%
2020 -8.2% -4.87%
2019 0.54% 0.41%
2018 0.2% 0.09%
2017 -0.78% -0.3%
2016 -1.45% -0.76%
2015 -0.48% -1.97%
2014 -1.92% -3.52%
2013 -1.99% -6.28%
2012 -2.18% -8.42%
2011 -2.48% -13.5%
2010 -4.46% -32.1%
2009 -5.38% -13.9%
2008 -1.57% -7.03%
2007 -1.56% 0.27%
2006 -2.61% 2.78%
2005 -2.59% 1.57%
2004 -4.94% 1.3%
2003 -1.84% 0.35%
2002 -1.43% -0.52%
2001 -0.71% 0.96%
2000 -2.07% 4.86%
1999 -2.63% 3.54%
1998 -2.68% 2.07%
1997 -2.38% 1.37%
1996 -4.38% -0.2%
1995 -6.17% -2.07%
1994 -5.04% -1.82%
1993 -4.57% -2.62%
1992 -2.15% -2.84%
1991 -2.96% -2.8%
1990 -2.58% -2.69%
1989 -3.07% -2.64%
1988 -3.43% -4.62%
1987 -4.33% -8.47%
1986 -3.84% -10.5%
1985 -2.71% -10.7%
1984 -2.67% -9.43%
1983 -4.22% -11.5%
1982 -3.29% -13.1%
1981 -1.79% -12.1%
1980 -1.62% -11.1%
1979 -2.3% -10%
1978 -2.67% -8.27%
1977 -2.11% -6.44%
1976 -3.61% -7.34%
1975 -2.41% -11.1%
1974 1.23% -6.96%
1973 1.24% -3.84%
1972 1.97% -3.23%
1971 1.46% -3.5%
1970 1.16% -3.64%
1969 -0.08% -3.4%
1968 -0.83% -2.72%
1967 -0.56% -2.69%
1966 1.73% -2.26%
1965 1.38% -3.5%
1964 0.48% -3.35%
1963 -0.5% -2.92%
1962 1.12% -2.91%
1961 1.68% -2.6%
1960 -0.49% -1.97%
1959 -2.16% -2.16%
1958 -3.52% -4.3%
1957 -0.7% -5.19%
1956 -0.78% -3.23%
1955 -0.5% -5.06%
1954 -0.35% -5.28%
1953 -0.24% -5.77%
1952 -0.73% -7.84%
1951 -1.57% -4.62%
1950 -7.72% -5.21%
1949 -9.23% -2.17%
1948 -9.3% -1.29%
1947 - -1.8%
1946 - -0.43%
1945 - -0.43%
1944 - 0.39%
1943 - -1.18%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -1.42%
1940 - -0.15%
1939 - -7.31%
1938 - -0.92%
1937 -2.84% -0.77%
1936 -3.91% -0.19%
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% 2.97%
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -1.63%
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -3.41%
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -1.95%
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/ireland | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.8B, equivalent to 4.64% of GDP. This compares to Ireland's surplus of $24.9B, or 4.09% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 53 of those years, while Ireland ran a deficit in 50 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.15% of GDP for Ireland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Ireland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Ireland
2024 2.94% 2.11%
2023 7.81% 6.3%
2022 8.55% 7.83%
2021 2.77% 2.34%
2020 1.38% -0.33%
2019 1.53% 0.94%
2018 2% 0.47%
2017 2.08% 0.36%
2016 0.89% 0.02%
2015 0.9% -0.33%
2014 1.61% 0.19%
2013 2% 0.52%
2012 2.49% 1.69%
2011 3.29% 2.55%
2010 1.81% -0.92%
2009 0.51% -4.45%
2008 3.22% 4.04%
2007 2.17% 4.89%
2006 1.44% 3.94%
2005 2.3% 2.46%
2004 2.06% 2.18%
2003 1.36% 3.49%
2002 1.81% 4.63%
2001 2.65% 4.85%
2000 2.34% 5.58%
1999 0.57% 1.63%
1998 0.92% 2.41%
1997 1.31% 1.54%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/ireland | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 2.18% in Ireland. In 2024, inflation was 2.94% in Austria and 2.11% in Ireland.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Business & finance services $598M
IT & IP services $416M
Chemicals & pharma $353M
Machinery & equipment $209M
Transport & tourism services $127M
Manufacturing & construction services $66.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $55.2M
Metals $51.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $25.6M
Wood & paper products $20.3M
Ireland
Export category Export value
IT & IP services $1.52B
Chemicals & pharma $373M
Transport & tourism services $166M
Machinery & equipment $125M
Business & finance services $108M
Manufacturing & construction services $21.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $21.5M
Animal & marine products $16.2M
Metals $10.9M
Raw materials & minerals $8.36M

Balance of trade

Austria Ireland
Current account balance
$8.19B
2024
$106B
2024
Current account balance ranking
25/190
2024
6/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.53%
2024
+17.4%
2024
Goods imports
$195B
2024
$165B
2024
Goods exports
$201B
2024
$356B
2024
Service imports
$90.5B
2024
$467B
2024
Service exports
$96.6B
2024
$526B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.1%
2024
102.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.7%
2024
144%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Ireland
Economic freedom 69.8 83.3
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 3/197
Property rights 95.7 94.4
Government integrity 75 84
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 95.4
Tax burden 45.7 77.7
Government spending 12.8 85.9
Fiscal health 67.1 97
Business freedom 78.7 85.5
Labor freedom 81.6 61.3
Monetary freedom 76.4 79.3
Trade freedom 79.4 79.4
Investment freedom 60 90
Financial freedom 70 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Ireland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Ireland
2026 69.8 83.3
2025 69.7 83.1
2024 68.4 82.6
2023 71.1 82
2022 73.8 82
2021 73.9 81.4
2020 73.3 80.9
2019 72 80.5
2018 71.8 80.4
2017 72.3 76.7
2016 71.7 77.3
2015 71.2 76.6
2014 72.4 76.2
2013 71.8 75.7
2012 70.3 76.9
2011 71.9 78.7
2010 71.6 81.3
2009 71.2 82.2
2008 71.4 82.5
2007 71.6 82.6
2006 71.1 82.2
2005 68.8 80.8
2004 67.6 80.3
2003 67.6 80.9
2002 67.4 80.5
2001 68.1 81.2
2000 68.4 76.1
1999 64 74.6
1998 65.4 73.7
1997 65.2 72.6
1996 68.9 68.5
1995 70 68.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/ireland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 83.3 for Ireland, ranking 3/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Ireland
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
60.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
33.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.22%
2024
1.02%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$503B
2024
$435B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$74,160
2024
$101,180
2024
Total reserves including gold
$35.4B
2024
$12.7B
2024
Total reserves ranking
53/177
2024
73/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$135M
2024
$62.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$4.82B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$67.1B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
14%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
18.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.