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Economy of Ireland vs Pakistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Ireland has a GDP of $722B compared to $407B for Pakistan, ranking 24/197 and 41/197 by economy size, respectively.

Ireland has $238B in government debt (32.9% of GDP), compared to $297B (72.8% of GDP) in Pakistan.

Ireland vs Pakistan GDP by year

Ireland
Pakistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Ireland Pakistan
2025 $721,701,359,046 $407,307,214,476
2024 $609,157,459,747 $371,747,087,751
2023 $567,372,737,459 $336,686,348,609
2022 $548,341,794,599 $374,890,295,667
2021 $530,394,123,830 $348,516,647,445
2020 $436,009,027,819 $300,425,609,818
2019 $407,211,793,801 $320,909,472,771
2018 $395,780,319,817 $356,128,166,705
2017 $348,355,212,569 $339,205,534,861
2016 $305,431,252,709 $313,630,000,130
2015 $302,101,388,556 $299,963,590,535
2014 $266,490,442,124 $271,390,474,858
2013 $242,924,245,719 $258,657,231,672
2012 $226,921,827,888 $250,106,966,105
2011 $240,975,871,047 $230,586,581,060
2010 $221,732,824,603 $196,709,621,850
2009 $236,443,115,854 $187,337,783,856
2008 $275,447,471,451 $202,203,748,584
2007 $270,079,279,420 $184,140,869,997
2006 $232,180,617,162 $161,871,385,506
2005 $211,876,989,656 $145,208,562,961
2004 $194,372,115,041 $132,216,048,339
2003 $164,670,771,260 $112,371,913,741
2002 $128,596,035,288 $97,923,302,809
2001 $109,346,669,230 $97,145,618,480
2000 $100,207,610,430 $99,484,802,345
1999 $98,893,958,263 $62,973,857,069
1998 $90,199,410,116 $62,191,955,814
1997 $82,856,648,758 $62,433,340,468
1996 $75,790,786,290 $63,320,170,084
1995 $69,139,823,232 $60,636,071,684
1994 $57,097,656,066 $52,293,470,813
1993 $52,417,477,614 $51,809,999,353
1992 $55,918,538,121 $48,884,671,947
1991 $49,787,501,584 $45,625,336,680
1990 $49,305,632,408 $40,010,423,970
1989 $39,238,392,678 $40,171,106,279
1988 $37,772,896,221 $38,472,742,808
1987 $33,920,518,493 $33,351,529,275
1986 $28,714,571,852 $31,899,070,056
1985 $21,270,013,326 $31,144,920,844
1984 $20,106,648,455 $31,151,825,467
1983 $20,766,047,764 $28,691,889,764
1982 $21,474,752,962 $30,725,971,564
1981 $20,670,190,138 $28,100,606,061
1980 $21,747,855,640 $23,654,444,444
1979 $18,319,334,300 $19,688,383,838
1978 $14,647,996,074 $17,811,515,152
1977 $11,248,340,431 $15,126,060,606
1976 $9,453,756,015 $13,168,080,808
1975 $9,483,808,362 $11,230,606,061
1974 $7,896,860,615 $8,899,191,919
1973 $7,481,173,066 $6,383,429,490
1972 $6,318,060,582 $9,415,016,360
1971 $5,098,250,287 $10,665,896,682
1970 $4,395,995,086 $10,027,509,450
1969 $3,902,721,632 $8,683,116,338
1968 $3,378,701,147 $8,041,999,160
1967 $3,445,739,915 $7,464,510,710
1966 $3,198,820,904 $6,561,108,778
1965 $3,035,655,794 $5,929,231,415
1964 $2,851,091,646 $5,204,955,901
1963 $2,505,073,358 $4,630,827,383
1962 $2,329,372,972 $4,310,163,797
1961 $2,151,772,980 $4,118,647,627
1960 $1,998,550,222 $3,749,265,015

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/pakistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Ireland vs Pakistan by year

Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Pakistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Ireland Pakistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $131,592 - $1,596 -
2024 $112,895 $133,437 $1,479 $6,252
2023 $106,819 $129,683 $1,360 $6,014
2022 $105,191 $138,523 $1,538 $5,920
2021 $103,783 $116,904 $1,455 $5,367
2020 $86,514 $97,800 $1,278 $5,048
2019 $81,828 $92,023 $1,390 $5,038
2018 $80,804 $86,299 $1,569 $4,979
2017 $72,161 $80,450 $1,519 $4,790
2016 $64,130 $73,013 $1,425 $4,631
2015 $64,250 $71,588 $1,380 $4,480
2014 $57,215 $52,641 $1,267 $4,313
2013 $52,538 $48,839 $1,225 $4,174
2012 $49,336 $46,726 $1,204 $4,047
2011 $52,614 $45,526 $1,132 $3,880
2010 $48,624 $43,212 $987 $3,786
2009 $52,133 $41,491 $964 $3,777
2008 $61,353 $44,169 $1,067 $3,721
2007 $61,396 $46,782 $998 $3,672
2006 $54,329 $44,223 $901 $3,515
2005 $50,933 $40,466 $828 $3,293
2004 $47,754 $38,729 $772 $3,048
2003 $41,204 $36,280 $672 $2,822
2002 $32,705 $35,222 $600 $2,688
2001 $28,282 $32,573 $610 $2,644
2000 $26,335 $30,216 $642 $2,565
1999 $26,338 $27,041 $418 $2,475
1998 $24,295 $25,094 $424 $2,419
1997 $22,551 $22,637 $438 $2,398
1996 $20,836 $20,482 $457 $2,401
1995 $19,158 $18,944 $451 $2,315
1994 $15,903 $17,011 $400 $2,224
1993 $14,657 $15,811 $408 $2,160
1992 $15,714 $15,116 $396 $2,132
1991 $14,087 $14,399 $380 $1,992
1990 $14,031 $13,743 $344 $1,895
1989 $11,176 - $358 -
1988 $10,716 - $354 -
1987 $9,582 - $317 -
1986 $8,112 - $314 -
1985 $6,012 - $317 -
1984 $5,692 - $327 -
1983 $5,915 - $311 -
1982 $6,161 - $345 -
1981 $5,986 - $328 -
1980 $6,372 - $287.4 -
1979 $5,430 - $249.2 -
1978 $4,400 - $233.4 -
1977 $3,427 - $204.7 -
1976 $2,920 - $183.9 -
1975 $2,973 - $161.7 -
1974 $2,517 - $132 -
1973 $2,424 - $97.5 -
1972 $2,080 - $148.1 -
1971 $1,704 - $172.5 -
1970 $1,487 - $166.7 -
1969 $1,331 - $148.5 -
1968 $1,159 - $141.6 -
1967 $1,187 - $135.2 -
1966 $1,107 - $122.2 -
1965 $1,055 - $113.6 -
1964 $995 - $102.5 -
1963 $878 - $93.7 -
1962 $821 - $89.5 -
1961 $762 - $87.8 -
1960 $707 - $82 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/pakistan | CC BY

Ireland's GDP per capita is $131,592, ranking 4/197, compared to $1,596 in Pakistan, ranking 164/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Ireland ranks 4th at $133,437, while Pakistan ranks 150th at $6,252.

Economic indicators

Ireland Pakistan
Gross domestic product
$722B
2025
$407B
2025
GDP rank
24/197
2025
41/197
2025
GDP growth
12.3%
2024-2025
3.7%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$131,592
2025
$1,596
2025
GDP per capita rank
4/197
2025
164/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$133,437
2024
$6,252
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
4/197
2024
150/197
2024
Government debt
$238B
2025
$297B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
32.9%
2025
72.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$43,334
2025
$1,162
2025
Government debt per person rank
14/185
2025
138/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$47,174
2026
$1,775
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$110B
2018
$70.3B
2025
Number of millionaires
192,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
11
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.1%
2023
27.7%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2023
3.4%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
21.6%
2025
21.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.21%
2024-2025
3.55%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
11.5%
2026
Unemployment rate
4.7%
2025
6.96%
2025
Population
5562212
261421997

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Ireland
Spending

Debt
Pakistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Ireland Pakistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 21.6% 32.9% 21.2% 72.8%
2024 22.4% 38.3% 19.4% 70.2%
2023 22.2% 41.8% 19.3% 78.5%
2022 20.7% 42.9% 20% 77.3%
2021 23.5% 52.4% 18.5% 74.7%
2020 26.7% 56.9% 20.3% 80.8%
2019 23.9% 55.8% 19.1% 78.7%
2018 24.7% 61.3% 19.1% 66.3%
2017 25.3% 65.2% 19.1% 62.1%
2016 27.5% 72.7% 17.7% 62.1%
2015 28.1% 74% 17.8% 59.1%
2014 36.6% 101.4% 18.1% 58.8%
2013 39.8% 117.7% 19.5% 59.2%
2012 42.3% 118.9% 19.4% 58.4%
2011 46.9% 109.6% 17.9% 56.2%
2010 64.9% 86.2% 18.3% 56.7%
2009 46.9% 61.8% 17.3% 54.6%
2008 41.6% 42.5% 18% 49.5%
2007 35.6% 23.9% 16.1% 44.2%
2006 33.6% 23.7% 14.5% 46.2%
2005 33% 26.1% 13% 47.9%
2004 32.8% 28.1% 12.1% 50.6%
2003 32.7% 29.8% 12.9% 56.3%
2002 32.9% 30.9% 14.4% 60.5%
2001 32.2% 33.6% 12.9% 65.1%
2000 30.6% 36.4% 13.8% 61.7%
1999 32.5% 46.6% 13.2% 60.7%
1998 34.2% 51.4% 14.1% 53.8%
1997 36.1% 61.6% 13.7% 52.8%
1996 38.5% 69.8% 15% 52.5%
1995 40.3% 78.5% 14% 52.3%
1994 43.9% 88% 14.5% 58.5%
1993 44.6% 93.4% 17% 57.9%
1992 44.8% 90.6% 22.6% 53.3%
1991 44.4% 93.8% 21.4% 55.8%
1990 42.8% 92.7% 23.9% 48.3%
1989 42.5% 97.9% 26.1% 46.6%
1988 48.2% 106.5% 27.9% 45%
1987 51.4% 108.3% 29.5% 44.4%
1986 52.9% 107.2% 27.6% 43.1%
1985 53.2% 93% 28.3% 37%
1984 52.7% 90.2% 25.4% 33.4%
1983 55.6% 86.1% 24.8% 33.6%
1982 56.7% 73.5% 24.5% 33.8%
1981 54.1% 68.8% 21.6% 29.7%
1980 53.7% 64.6% 22% 33.3%
1979 48.7% 63.5% 25.3% 36.8%
1978 46.2% 50.6% 25.5% 36.1%
1977 44.6% 49.2% 20.4% 36.4%
1976 47.8% 51.7% 21% 35.8%
1975 48.2% 48.3% 20.4% 32.1%
1974 44.3% 43.5% 15.3% 38%
1973 40.3% 35.1% 13.9% 43.4%
1972 41.5% 37.3% 13.5% 88.7%
1971 45.3% 39.8% 22.1% 33.2%
1970 44.1% 41.7% 23.6% 31.6%
1969 42.5% 42.6% 15.6% 29.1%
1968 40% 44.7% 13.7% 27.5%
1967 39.3% 47.1% 12.9% 25.9%
1966 36.9% 47.7% 12.2% 25.1%
1965 35.8% 44.6% 11.2% 22.7%
1964 34.8% 43.1% 12.1% 21.3%
1963 33.6% 45.2% 14.7% 19.2%
1962 31.7% 44.5% 11.8% 16.6%
1961 31.4% 44.3% 10.6% 19.6%
1960 29.1% 44.9% 10% 19.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1993–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/pakistan | CC BY

In 2025, Ireland's government spending was $156B, accounting for 21.6% of its GDP, while Pakistan spent $86.4B, or 21.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 32.9% in Ireland and 72.8% in Pakistan, ranking 149/185 and 53/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Ireland

Pakistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Ireland Pakistan
2025 1.54% -5.37%
2024 4.02% -6.79%
2023 1.36% -7.76%
2022 1.58% -7.84%
2021 -1.31% -6.04%
2020 -4.87% -7.03%
2019 0.41% -7.79%
2018 0.09% -5.67%
2017 -0.3% -5.17%
2016 -0.76% -3.92%
2015 -1.97% -4.74%
2014 -3.52% -4.37%
2013 -6.28% -7.48%
2012 -8.42% -7.74%
2011 -13.5% -6.23%
2010 -32.1% -5.42%
2009 -13.9% -4.53%
2008 -7.03% -5.94%
2007 0.27% -4.23%
2006 2.78% -2.79%
2005 1.57% -2.29%
2004 1.3% -1.29%
2003 0.35% -0.12%
2002 -0.52% -2.64%
2001 0.96% -2.45%
2000 4.86% -3.21%
1999 3.54% -3.07%
1998 2.07% -4.46%
1997 1.37% -3.87%
1996 -0.2% -4.33%
1995 -2.07% -3.9%
1994 -1.98% -3.63%
1993 -2.7% -5.53%
1992 -2.92% -11.3%
1991 -2.82% -10.8%
1990 -2.77% -11.9%
1989 -2.64% -7.01%
1988 -4.62% -9.35%
1987 -8.47% -11.7%
1986 -10.5% -9.79%
1985 -10.7% -10.6%
1984 -9.43% -8.9%
1983 -11.5% -7.55%
1982 -13.1% -8.24%
1981 -12.1% -5.83%
1980 -11.1% -5.32%
1979 -10% -11.6%
1978 -8.27% -12.4%
1977 -6.44% -8.74%
1976 -7.34% -9.05%
1975 -11.1% -8.97%
1974 -6.96% -4.45%
1973 -3.84% -3.99%
1972 -3.23% -3.16%
1971 -3.5% -7.45%
1970 -3.64% -10.8%
1969 -3.4% -7.08%
1968 -2.72% -5.56%
1967 -2.69% -4.27%
1966 -2.26% -4.48%
1965 -3.5% -3.28%
1964 -3.35% -4.89%
1963 -2.92% -6.55%
1962 -2.91% -3.39%
1961 -2.6% -4.6%
1960 -1.97% -3.83%
1959 -2.16% -3.71%
1958 -4.3% -4.2%
1957 -5.19% -2.21%
1956 -3.23% -2.36%
1955 -5.06% -2%
1954 -5.28% -3.18%
1953 -5.77% -2.66%
1952 -7.84% -0.73%
1951 -4.62% 0.63%
1950 -5.21% -1.24%
1949 -2.17% -
1948 -1.29% -
1947 -1.8% -
1946 -0.43% -
1945 -0.43% -
1944 0.39% -
1943 -1.18% -
1942 -2.48% -
1941 -1.42% -
1940 -0.15% -
1939 -7.31% -
1938 -0.92% -
1937 -0.77% -
1936 -0.19% -
1935 - -
1934 - -
1933 2.97% -
1932 - -
1931 -1.63% -
1930 - -
1929 -3.41% -
1928 - -
1927 - -
1926 -1.95% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1926–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/pakistan | CC BY

In 2025, Ireland's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $11.2B, equivalent to 1.54% of GDP. This compares to Pakistan's deficit of $21.9B, or 5.37% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Ireland recorded a fiscal deficit in 50 of those years, while Pakistan ran a deficit in 66 years. On average, Ireland posted an annual deficit equal to 4.07% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.13% of GDP for Pakistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Ireland

Pakistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Ireland Pakistan
2025 2.21% 3.55%
2024 2.11% 12.6%
2023 6.3% 30.8%
2022 7.83% 19.9%
2021 2.34% 9.5%
2020 -0.33% 9.74%
2019 0.94% 10.6%
2018 0.47% 5.08%
2017 0.36% 4.09%
2016 0.02% 3.77%
2015 -0.33% 2.53%
2014 0.19% 7.19%
2013 0.52% 7.69%
2012 1.69% 9.68%
2011 2.55% 11.9%
2010 -0.92% 12.9%
2009 -4.45% 13.6%
2008 4.04% 20.3%
2007 4.89% 7.6%
2006 3.94% 7.92%
2005 2.46% 9.06%
2004 2.18% 7.44%
2003 3.49% 2.91%
2002 4.63% 3.29%
2001 4.85% 3.15%
2000 5.58% 4.37%
1999 1.63% 4.14%
1998 2.41% 6.23%
1997 1.54% 11.4%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/pakistan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Ireland has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.18%, compared with 9.07% in Pakistan. In 2025, inflation was 2.21% in Ireland and 3.55% in Pakistan.

Top exports between countries

Ireland
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $24.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10.9M
Machinery & equipment $4.25M
Metals $1.91M
Animal & marine products $1.65M
Textiles & consumer goods $464K
Raw agricultural goods $180K
Miscellaneous $148K
Raw materials & minerals $87K
Wood & paper products $55K
Pakistan
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $89.5M
Raw agricultural goods $3.25M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.08M
Machinery & equipment $1.67M
Raw materials & minerals $934K
Metals $605K
Precious metals & jewellery $476K
Animal & marine products $191K
Chemicals & pharma $115K
Wood & paper products $87K

Balance of trade

Ireland Pakistan
Current account balance
$106B
2024
-$448M
2025
Current account balance ranking
7/190
2024
102/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+17.4%
2024
-0.11%
2025
Goods imports
$165B
2024
$62.6B
2025
Goods exports
$356B
2024
$31.5B
2025
Service imports
$467B
2024
$12B
2025
Service exports
$526B
2024
$9.09B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
99.9%
2025
17.2%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
140.1%
2025
9.99%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Ireland Pakistan
Economic freedom 83.3 48.9
Economic freedom ranking 3/197 168/197
Property rights 94.4 25.7
Government integrity 84 26.3
Judicial effectiveness 95.4 27.6
Tax burden 77.7 78.2
Government spending 85.9 88.5
Fiscal health 97 10.1
Business freedom 85.5 54.4
Labor freedom 61.3 51.7
Monetary freedom 79.3 54.1
Trade freedom 79.4 70.4
Investment freedom 90 60
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Ireland
Pakistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Ireland Pakistan
2026 83.3 48.9
2025 83.1 49.1
2024 82.6 49.5
2023 82 49.4
2022 82 48.8
2021 81.4 51.7
2020 80.9 54.8
2019 80.5 55
2018 80.4 54.4
2017 76.7 52.8
2016 77.3 55.9
2015 76.6 55.6
2014 76.2 55.2
2013 75.7 55.1
2012 76.9 54.7
2011 78.7 55.1
2010 81.3 55.2
2009 82.2 57
2008 82.5 55.6
2007 82.6 57.2
2006 82.2 57.9
2005 80.8 53.3
2004 80.3 54.9
2003 80.9 55
2002 80.5 55.8
2001 81.2 56
2000 76.1 56.4
1999 74.6 53
1998 73.7 53.2
1997 72.6 56
1996 68.5 58.4
1995 68.5 57.6

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/pakistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Ireland is 83.3, ranking 3/197, compared to 48.9 for Pakistan, ranking 168/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Ireland Pakistan
Services, % of GDP
56.7%
2025
50.9%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
37.8%
2025
20.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.06%
2025
23%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$479B
2025
$382B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$106,310
2025
$6,430
2025
Total reserves including gold
$13.7B
2025
$26.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
73/177
2025
62/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$62.3B
2024
-$1.58B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.82B
2024
$2.66B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$67.1B
2024
$84M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.5%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14%
2021
21.9%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
22.9%
2025
14.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/ireland/pakistan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1926–1994, retrieved 2026-07-08)
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.