Skip to content

Economy of Indonesia vs Ireland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Indonesia has a GDP of $1.4T compared to $609B for Ireland, ranking 16/197 and 25/197 by economy size, respectively.

Indonesia has $561B in government debt (40.2% of GDP), compared to $236B (38.8% of GDP) in Ireland.

Indonesia vs Ireland GDP by year

Indonesia
Ireland
1x
Year GDP, current $
Indonesia Ireland
2024 $1,396,300,098,191 $609,157,459,747
2023 $1,371,169,301,564 $567,372,737,459
2022 $1,319,101,183,380 $548,341,794,599
2021 $1,186,509,691,087 $530,394,123,830
2020 $1,059,054,842,698 $436,009,027,819
2019 $1,119,099,871,350 $407,211,793,801
2018 $1,042,271,532,989 $395,780,319,817
2017 $1,015,618,744,160 $348,355,212,569
2016 $931,877,364,038 $305,431,252,709
2015 $860,854,232,686 $302,101,388,556
2014 $890,814,755,534 $266,490,442,124
2013 $912,524,136,718 $242,924,245,719
2012 $917,869,913,333 $226,921,827,888
2011 $892,969,104,563 $240,975,871,047
2010 $755,094,157,622 $221,732,824,603
2009 $539,580,085,612 $236,443,115,854
2008 $510,228,634,992 $275,447,471,451
2007 $432,216,737,775 $270,079,279,420
2006 $364,570,515,618 $232,180,617,162
2005 $285,868,619,196 $211,876,989,656
2004 $256,836,875,295 $194,372,115,041
2003 $234,772,463,824 $164,670,771,260
2002 $195,660,611,165 $128,596,035,288
2001 $160,446,947,785 $109,346,669,230
2000 $165,021,012,078 $100,207,610,430
1999 $140,001,351,215 $98,893,958,263
1998 $95,445,547,873 $90,199,410,116
1997 $215,748,998,610 $82,856,648,758
1996 $227,369,679,375 $75,790,786,290
1995 $202,132,028,723 $69,139,823,232
1994 $176,892,143,932 $57,097,656,066
1993 $158,006,700,302 $52,417,477,614
1992 $128,026,966,580 $55,918,538,121
1991 $116,621,996,217 $49,787,501,584
1990 $106,140,727,334 $49,305,632,408
1989 $94,451,427,877 $39,238,392,678
1988 $84,300,174,486 $37,772,896,221
1987 $75,929,617,558 $33,920,518,493
1986 $79,954,072,545 $28,714,571,852
1985 $85,289,488,375 $21,270,013,326
1984 $84,853,700,028 $20,106,648,455
1983 $81,052,283,384 $20,766,047,764
1982 $90,158,449,295 $21,474,752,962
1981 $85,518,233,419 $20,670,190,138
1980 $72,482,337,397 $21,747,855,640
1979 $51,400,186,343 $18,319,334,300
1978 $51,455,719,076 $14,647,996,074
1977 $45,808,915,663 $11,248,340,431
1976 $37,269,156,627 $9,453,756,015
1975 $30,463,855,422 $9,483,808,362
1974 $25,802,409,639 $7,896,860,615
1973 $16,273,253,012 $7,481,173,066
1972 $10,997,590,361 $6,318,060,582
1971 $9,333,536,370 $5,098,250,287
1970 $9,150,684,932 $4,395,995,086
1969 $8,337,423,313 $3,902,721,632
1968 $7,076,465,300 $3,378,701,147
1967 $5,667,756,628 $3,445,739,915
1966 - $3,198,820,904
1965 - $3,035,655,794
1964 - $2,851,091,646
1963 - $2,505,073,358
1962 - $2,329,372,972
1961 - $2,151,772,980
1960 - $1,998,550,222

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/ireland | CC BY

GDP per capita in Indonesia vs Ireland by year

Indonesia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Indonesia Ireland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $4,925 $16,448 $112,895 $133,437
2023 $4,876 $15,416 $106,819 $129,683
2022 $4,731 $14,285 $105,191 $138,523
2021 $4,287 $12,757 $103,783 $116,904
2020 $3,854 $11,729 $86,514 $97,800
2019 $4,107 $11,986 $81,828 $92,023
2018 $3,861 $11,372 $80,804 $86,299
2017 $3,799 $10,688 $72,161 $80,450
2016 $3,521 $10,263 $64,130 $73,013
2015 $3,288 $10,028 $64,250 $71,588
2014 $3,441 $10,065 $57,215 $52,641
2013 $3,567 $9,866 $52,538 $48,839
2012 $3,632 $9,530 $49,336 $46,726
2011 $3,579 $8,937 $52,614 $45,526
2010 $3,066 $8,353 $48,624 $43,212
2009 $2,218 $7,868 $52,133 $41,491
2008 $2,125 $7,569 $61,353 $44,169
2007 $1,823 $7,096 $61,396 $46,782
2006 $1,558 $6,583 $54,329 $44,223
2005 $1,238 $6,134 $50,933 $40,466
2004 $1,127 $5,700 $47,754 $38,729
2003 $1,043 $5,353 $41,204 $36,280
2002 $881 $5,076 $32,705 $35,222
2001 $732 $4,849 $28,282 $32,573
2000 $764 $4,639 $26,335 $30,216
1999 $657 $4,386 $26,338 $27,041
1998 $455 $4,356 $24,295 $25,094
1997 $1,045 $5,037 $22,551 $22,637
1996 $1,119 $4,807 $20,836 $20,482
1995 $1,011 $4,451 $19,158 $18,944
1994 $900 $4,096 $15,903 $17,011
1993 $817 $3,793 $14,657 $15,811
1992 $674 $3,538 $15,714 $15,116
1991 $624 $3,305 $14,087 $14,399
1990 $578 $3,044 $14,031 $13,743
1989 $524 - $11,176 -
1988 $477 - $10,716 -
1987 $438 - $9,582 -
1986 $470 - $8,112 -
1985 $511 - $6,012 -
1984 $520 - $5,692 -
1983 $508 - $5,915 -
1982 $578 - $6,161 -
1981 $561 - $5,986 -
1980 $487 - $6,372 -
1979 $353 - $5,430 -
1978 $362 - $4,400 -
1977 $331 - $3,427 -
1976 $275.7 - $2,920 -
1975 $231.1 - $2,973 -
1974 $200.7 - $2,517 -
1973 $129.9 - $2,424 -
1972 $90.1 - $2,080 -
1971 $78.5 - $1,704 -
1970 $79.1 - $1,487 -
1969 $74.1 - $1,331 -
1968 $64.7 - $1,159 -
1967 $53.2 - $1,187 -
1966 - - $1,107 -
1965 - - $1,055 -
1964 - - $995 -
1963 - - $878 -
1962 - - $821 -
1961 - - $762 -
1960 - - $707 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/ireland | CC BY

Indonesia's GDP per capita is $4,925, ranking 121/197, compared to $112,895 in Ireland, ranking 4/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Indonesia ranks 107th at $16,448, while Ireland ranks 4th at $133,437.

Economic indicators

Indonesia Ireland
Gross domestic product
$1.4T
2024
$609B
2024
GDP rank
16/197
2024
25/197
2024
GDP growth
5.03%
2023-2024
2.6%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$4,925
2024
$112,895
2024
GDP per capita rank
121/197
2024
4/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$16,448
2024
$133,437
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
107/197
2024
4/197
2024
Government debt
$561B
2024
$236B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
40.2%
2024
38.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$1,978
2024
$43,766
2024
Government debt per person rank
120/185
2024
11/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,371
2026
$47,851
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$758B
2023
$110B
2018
Number of millionaires
178,605
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
33
2025
11
2025
Income share by richest 10%
28.8%
2024
24.1%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.5%
2024
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
16.8%
2024
22.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.18%
2023-2024
2.11%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
4.75%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
3.31%
2023
4.27%
2024
Population
288551776
5518360

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Indonesia
Spending

Debt
Ireland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Indonesia Ireland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 16.8% 40.2% 22.3% 38.8%
2023 16.6% 39.6% 22.1% 42.1%
2022 17.3% 40.1% 20.6% 43.2%
2021 18.1% 41.1% 23.6% 52.7%
2020 18.4% 39.7% 26.7% 57.1%
2019 16.4% 30.6% 23.9% 55.9%
2018 16.6% 30.4% 24.7% 61.4%
2017 16.4% 29.4% 25.3% 65.3%
2016 16.9% 28% 27.5% 72.7%
2015 17.6% 27% 28.1% 74%
2014 18.4% 24.6% 36.6% 101.4%
2013 18.8% 24.9% 39.8% 117.7%
2012 18.8% 23% 42.3% 118.9%
2011 17.7% 23.1% 46.9% 109.6%
2010 16.9% 26.4% 64.9% 86.2%
2009 17% 26.5% 46.9% 61.8%
2008 19.4% 30.3% 41.6% 42.5%
2007 18.7% 38.1% 35.6% 23.9%
2006 18.4% 35.8% 33.6% 23.7%
2005 17.4% 42.6% 33% 26.1%
2004 17.8% 51.3% 32.8% 28.1%
2003 18.2% 55.6% 32.7% 29.8%
2002 16.9% 62.3% 32.9% 30.9%
2001 19.5% 73.7% 32.2% 33.6%
2000 15.3% 87.4% 30.6% 36.4%
1999 15.1% 95.9% 32.5% 46.6%
1998 15.1% 72.5% 34.2% 51.4%
1997 15.2% 26.4% 36.1% 61.6%
1996 11.5% 27.5% 38.5% 69.8%
1995 11.9% 32% 40.3% 78.5%
1994 13.5% 37% 44.2% 88%
1993 14.1% 40.4% 44.6% 93.4%
1992 16.8% 42.6% 46.8% 90.6%
1991 15% 39.2% 46.1% 93.8%
1990 15.8% 40.8% 44.6% 92.7%
1989 16.5% 42.5% 42.5% 97.9%
1988 17.3% 45.6% 48.2% 106.5%
1987 18% 49.7% 51.4% 108.3%
1986 20.9% 38.3% 52.9% 107.2%
1985 18.5% 28% 53.2% 93%
1984 16.1% 23.5% 52.7% 90.2%
1983 18.2% 23.1% 55.6% 86.1%
1982 18.8% 18.6% 56.7% 73.5%
1981 24.4% 16.4% 54.1% 68.8%
1980 22.1% 17.3% 53.7% 64.6%
1979 20.9% 22% 48.7% 63.5%
1978 20.1% 30.3% 46.2% 50.6%
1977 19.5% 27.7% 44.6% 49.2%
1976 21.8% 38.1% 47.8% 51.7%
1975 20.5% 36.7% 48.2% 48.3%
1974 17.3% 34.4% 44.3% 43.5%
1973 16.3% 43.1% 40.3% 35.1%
1972 15.7% 51.2% 41.5% 37.3%
1971 14.5% 50.5% 45.3% 39.8%
1970 13.8% 46.7% 44.1% 41.7%
1969 12.8% - 42.5% 42.6%
1968 8.82% - 40% 44.7%
1967 10.4% - 39.3% 47.1%
1966 9.18% - 36.9% 47.7%
1965 10.7% - 35.8% 44.6%
1964 9.55% - 34.8% 43.1%
1963 10.3% - 33.6% 45.2%
1962 7.89% - 31.7% 44.5%
1961 15.1% - 31.4% 44.3%
1960 14.4% - 29.1% 44.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/ireland | CC BY

In 2024, Indonesia's government spending was $235B, accounting for 16.8% of its GDP, while Ireland spent $136B, or 22.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 40.2% in Indonesia and 38.8% in Ireland, ranking 132/185 and 138/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Indonesia

Ireland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Indonesia Ireland
2024 -2.3% 4.09%
2023 -1.64% 1.52%
2022 -2.31% 1.67%
2021 -4.4% -1.37%
2020 -6.07% -4.87%
2019 -2.09% 0.41%
2018 -1.69% 0.09%
2017 -2.26% -0.3%
2016 -2.56% -0.76%
2015 -2.72% -1.97%
2014 -1.8% -3.52%
2013 -1.96% -6.28%
2012 -1.59% -8.42%
2011 -0.7% -13.5%
2010 -1.24% -32.1%
2009 -1.64% -13.9%
2008 0.05% -7.03%
2007 -0.95% 0.27%
2006 0.45% 2.78%
2005 0.46% 1.57%
2004 -0.26% 1.3%
2003 -1.08% 0.35%
2002 -0.58% -0.52%
2001 -1.76% 0.96%
2000 -1.87% 4.86%
1999 -0.96% 3.54%
1998 -1.89% 2.07%
1997 -1.03% 1.37%
1996 0.96% -0.2%
1995 0.64% -2.07%
1994 0.005% -1.82%
1993 -0.59% -2.62%
1992 -2.95% -2.84%
1991 -0.87% -2.8%
1990 -0.55% -2.69%
1989 -1.72% -2.64%
1988 -2.68% -4.62%
1987 -0.9% -8.47%
1986 -2.94% -10.5%
1985 -0.45% -10.7%
1984 1.83% -9.43%
1983 -1% -11.5%
1982 -1.11% -13.1%
1981 -0.69% -12.1%
1980 -0.82% -11.1%
1979 -0.67% -10%
1978 -2.03% -8.27%
1977 -0.38% -6.44%
1976 -2.63% -7.34%
1975 -2.33% -11.1%
1974 -0.35% -6.96%
1973 -1.33% -3.84%
1972 -1.82% -3.23%
1971 -2.51% -3.5%
1970 -3.02% -3.64%
1969 -2.8% -3.4%
1968 0% -2.72%
1967 -0.35% -2.69%
1966 -5.06% -2.26%
1965 -6.62% -3.5%
1964 -5.58% -3.35%
1963 -5.24% -2.92%
1962 -3.1% -2.91%
1961 -4.57% -2.6%
1960 -1.65% -1.97%
1959 -4.06% -2.16%
1958 -6.67% -4.3%
1957 -2.92% -5.19%
1956 -1.38% -3.23%
1955 -1.6% -5.06%
1954 -3.16% -5.28%
1953 -2.33% -5.77%
1952 -3.66% -7.84%
1951 1.52% -4.62%
1950 - -5.21%
1949 - -2.17%
1948 - -1.29%
1947 - -1.8%
1946 - -0.43%
1945 - -0.43%
1944 - 0.39%
1943 - -1.18%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -1.42%
1940 - -0.15%
1939 - -7.31%
1938 - -0.92%
1937 - -0.77%
1936 - -0.19%
1935 - -
1934 - -
1933 - 2.97%
1932 - -
1931 - -1.63%
1930 - -
1929 - -3.41%
1928 - -
1927 - -
1926 - -1.95%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1926–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/ireland | CC BY

In 2024, Indonesia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $32.1B, equivalent to 2.3% of GDP. This compares to Ireland's surplus of $24.9B, or 4.09% of GDP.

Over the past 58 years, Indonesia recorded a fiscal deficit in 50 of those years, while Ireland ran a deficit in 43 years. On average, Indonesia posted an annual deficit equal to 1.39% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.31% of GDP for Ireland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Indonesia

Ireland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Indonesia Ireland
2024 2.18% 2.11%
2023 3.67% 6.3%
2022 4.21% 7.83%
2021 1.56% 2.34%
2020 1.92% -0.33%
2019 3.03% 0.94%
2018 3.2% 0.47%
2017 3.81% 0.36%
2016 3.53% 0.02%
2015 6.36% -0.33%
2014 6.39% 0.19%
2013 6.41% 0.52%
2012 4.28% 1.69%
2011 5.36% 2.55%
2010 5.13% -0.92%
2009 4.39% -4.45%
2008 10.2% 4.04%
2007 6.41% 4.89%
2006 13.1% 3.94%
2005 10.5% 2.46%
2004 6.06% 2.18%
2003 6.76% 3.49%
2002 11.9% 4.63%
2001 11.5% 4.85%
2000 3.69% 5.58%
1999 20.5% 1.63%
1998 58.5% 2.41%
1997 6.23% 1.54%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/ireland | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Indonesia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 8.24%, compared with 2.18% in Ireland. In 2024, inflation was 2.18% in Indonesia and 2.11% in Ireland.

Top exports between countries

Indonesia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $32M
Wood & paper products $14.3M
Chemicals & pharma $11.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $9.69M
Animal & marine products $2.16M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.47M
Metals $1.11M
Raw agricultural goods $1.08M
Raw materials & minerals $932K
Precious metals & jewellery $92K
Ireland
Export category Export value
Business & finance services $339M
Machinery & equipment $53.7M
Chemicals & pharma $20.6M
Animal & marine products $14.7M
IT & IP services $9.04M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $6.17M
Precious metals & jewellery $5.04M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.72M
Wood & paper products $1.48M
Metals $520K

Balance of trade

Indonesia Ireland
Current account balance
-$8.72B
2024
$106B
2024
Current account balance ranking
174/190
2024
6/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.62%
2024
+17.4%
2024
Goods imports
$223B
2024
$165B
2024
Goods exports
$263B
2024
$356B
2024
Service imports
$57.6B
2024
$467B
2024
Service exports
$39B
2024
$526B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
102.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.2%
2024
144%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Indonesia Ireland
Economic freedom 65.1 83.3
Economic freedom ranking 67/197 3/197
Property rights 39.7 94.4
Government integrity 42 84
Judicial effectiveness 43.1 95.4
Tax burden 81.5 77.7
Government spending 91.4 85.9
Fiscal health 89.8 97
Business freedom 69.2 85.5
Labor freedom 56.8 61.3
Monetary freedom 79.4 79.3
Trade freedom 78.6 79.4
Investment freedom 50 90
Financial freedom 60 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Indonesia
Ireland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Indonesia Ireland
2026 65.1 83.3
2025 65.2 83.1
2024 63.5 82.6
2023 63.5 82
2022 64.4 82
2021 66.9 81.4
2020 67.2 80.9
2019 65.8 80.5
2018 64.2 80.4
2017 61.9 76.7
2016 59.4 77.3
2015 58.1 76.6
2014 58.5 76.2
2013 56.9 75.7
2012 56.4 76.9
2011 56 78.7
2010 55.5 81.3
2009 53.4 82.2
2008 53.2 82.5
2007 53.2 82.6
2006 51.9 82.2
2005 52.9 80.8
2004 52.1 80.3
2003 55.8 80.9
2002 54.8 80.5
2001 52.5 81.2
2000 55.2 76.1
1999 61.5 74.6
1998 63.4 73.7
1997 62 72.6
1996 61 68.5
1995 54.9 68.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/ireland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Indonesia is 65.1, ranking 67/197, compared to 83.3 for Ireland, ranking 3/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Indonesia Ireland
Services, % of GDP
43.8%
2024
60.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
39.3%
2024
33.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
12.6%
2024
1.02%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$1.39T
2024
$435B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$16,010
2024
$101,180
2024
Total reserves including gold
$156B
2024
$12.7B
2024
Total reserves ranking
20/177
2024
73/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$15.9B
2024
$62.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$4.82B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$8.39B
2024
$67.1B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.65%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
9%
2024
14%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.4%
2024
18.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/indonesia/ireland | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1926–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2017–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.