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Economy of France vs Ireland compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

France has a GDP of $3.16T compared to $609B for Ireland, ranking 7/197 and 25/197 by economy size, respectively.

France has $3.58T in government debt (113.1% of GDP), compared to $236B (38.8% of GDP) in Ireland.

France vs Ireland GDP by year

France
Ireland
1x
Year GDP, current $
France Ireland
2024 $3,160,442,622,465 $609,157,459,747
2023 $3,056,250,648,138 $567,372,737,459
2022 $2,794,788,137,067 $548,341,794,599
2021 $2,966,433,692,008 $530,394,123,830
2020 $2,647,926,055,110 $436,009,027,819
2019 $2,722,793,515,172 $407,211,793,801
2018 $2,781,576,320,884 $395,780,319,817
2017 $2,588,868,323,335 $348,355,212,569
2016 $2,470,407,619,777 $305,431,252,709
2015 $2,442,483,452,643 $302,101,388,556
2014 $2,861,236,112,552 $266,490,442,124
2013 $2,816,077,607,875 $242,924,245,719
2012 $2,683,007,095,787 $226,921,827,888
2011 $2,870,408,553,990 $240,975,871,047
2010 $2,646,230,027,988 $221,732,824,603
2009 $2,700,075,882,519 $236,443,115,854
2008 $2,926,802,941,586 $275,447,471,451
2007 $2,655,816,911,867 $270,079,279,420
2006 $2,317,861,544,691 $232,180,617,162
2005 $2,192,146,403,028 $211,876,989,656
2004 $2,109,792,297,237 $194,372,115,041
2003 $1,835,095,983,049 $164,670,771,260
2002 $1,492,427,756,382 $128,596,035,288
2001 $1,370,376,677,299 $109,346,669,230
2000 $1,360,959,069,477 $100,207,610,430
1999 $1,486,915,879,702 $98,893,958,263
1998 $1,496,906,382,032 $90,199,410,116
1997 $1,449,392,222,971 $82,856,648,758
1996 $1,598,889,216,566 $75,790,786,290
1995 $1,595,219,345,512 $69,139,823,232
1994 $1,385,822,778,828 $57,097,656,066
1993 $1,314,383,368,080 $52,417,477,614
1992 $1,389,663,073,110 $55,918,538,121
1991 $1,258,961,748,634 $49,787,501,584
1990 $1,257,649,439,827 $49,305,632,408
1989 $1,016,742,237,302 $39,238,392,678
1988 $1,010,827,662,152 $37,772,896,221
1987 $926,320,855,615 $33,920,518,493
1986 $764,946,585,851 $28,714,571,852
1985 $547,220,981,165 $21,270,013,326
1984 $525,033,325,828 $20,106,648,455
1983 $553,356,312,936 $20,766,047,764
1982 $578,152,310,610 $21,474,752,962
1981 $609,184,791,792 $20,670,190,138
1980 $694,529,183,483 $21,747,855,640
1979 $608,218,624,730 $18,319,334,300
1978 $501,724,418,605 $14,647,996,074
1977 $406,401,711,688 $11,248,340,431
1976 $368,363,152,144 $9,453,756,015
1975 $357,324,307,786 $9,483,808,362
1974 $282,739,225,314 $7,896,860,615
1973 $261,970,536,240 $7,481,173,066
1972 $201,738,881,664 $6,318,060,582
1971 $164,694,210,962 $5,098,250,287
1970 $147,312,861,698 $4,395,995,086
1969 $140,660,914,841 $3,902,721,632
1968 $128,710,572,572 $3,378,701,147
1967 $118,088,635,381 $3,445,739,915
1966 $109,306,730,313 $3,198,820,904
1965 $100,927,668,584 $3,035,655,794
1964 $93,424,179,943 $2,851,091,646
1963 $84,227,606,650 $2,505,073,358
1962 $75,196,980,365 $2,329,372,972
1961 $67,158,050,215 $2,151,772,980
1960 $61,959,085,885 $1,998,550,222

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ireland | CC BY

GDP per capita in France vs Ireland by year

France
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Ireland
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
France Ireland
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $46,103 $62,557 $112,895 $133,437
2023 $44,700 $60,839 $106,819 $129,683
2022 $40,989 $57,043 $105,191 $138,523
2021 $43,725 $52,517 $103,783 $116,904
2020 $39,170 $49,482 $86,514 $97,800
2019 $40,408 $51,130 $81,828 $92,023
2018 $41,418 $46,381 $80,804 $86,299
2017 $38,687 $44,469 $72,161 $80,450
2016 $37,024 $42,880 $64,130 $73,013
2015 $36,702 $40,905 $64,250 $71,588
2014 $43,148 $40,218 $57,215 $52,641
2013 $42,669 $39,583 $52,538 $48,839
2012 $40,864 $37,671 $49,336 $46,726
2011 $43,930 $37,510 $52,614 $45,526
2010 $40,695 $35,908 $48,624 $43,212
2009 $41,728 $34,685 $52,133 $41,491
2008 $45,465 $35,053 $61,353 $44,169
2007 $41,486 $34,066 $61,396 $46,782
2006 $36,432 $32,424 $54,329 $44,223
2005 $34,696 $30,431 $50,933 $40,466
2004 $33,645 $28,921 $47,754 $38,729
2003 $29,480 $28,024 $41,204 $36,280
2002 $24,145 $28,350 $32,705 $35,222
2001 $22,332 $27,347 $28,282 $32,573
2000 $22,341 $26,007 $26,335 $30,216
1999 $24,576 $24,204 $26,338 $27,041
1998 $24,869 $23,263 $24,295 $25,094
1997 $24,169 $22,190 $22,551 $22,637
1996 $26,758 $21,268 $20,836 $20,482
1995 $26,792 $20,701 $19,158 $18,944
1994 $23,360 $19,892 $15,903 $17,011
1993 $22,239 $19,094 $14,657 $15,811
1992 $23,615 $18,801 $15,714 $15,116
1991 $21,501 $18,198 $14,087 $14,399
1990 $21,586 $17,475 $14,031 $13,743
1989 $17,547 - $11,176 -
1988 $17,550 - $10,716 -
1987 $16,176 - $9,582 -
1986 $13,430 - $8,112 -
1985 $9,657 - $6,012 -
1984 $9,312 - $5,692 -
1983 $9,862 - $5,915 -
1982 $10,360 - $6,161 -
1981 $10,956 - $5,986 -
1980 $12,565 - $6,372 -
1979 $11,063 - $5,430 -
1978 $9,167 - $4,400 -
1977 $7,459 - $3,427 -
1976 $6,792 - $2,920 -
1975 $6,617 - $2,973 -
1974 $5,261 - $2,517 -
1973 $4,907 - $2,424 -
1972 $3,809 - $2,080 -
1971 $3,137 - $1,704 -
1970 $2,833 - $1,487 -
1969 $2,729 - $1,331 -
1968 $2,518 - $1,159 -
1967 $2,328 - $1,187 -
1966 $2,173 - $1,107 -
1965 $2,024 - $1,055 -
1964 $1,891 - $995 -
1963 $1,723 - $878 -
1962 $1,554 - $821 -
1961 $1,402 - $762 -
1960 $1,307 - $707 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ireland | CC BY

France's GDP per capita is $46,103, ranking 27/197, compared to $112,895 in Ireland, ranking 4/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), France ranks 30th at $62,557, while Ireland ranks 4th at $133,437.

Economic indicators

France Ireland
Gross domestic product
$3.16T
2024
$609B
2024
GDP rank
7/197
2024
25/197
2024
GDP growth
1.19%
2023-2024
2.6%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$46,103
2024
$112,895
2024
GDP per capita rank
27/197
2024
4/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$62,557
2024
$133,437
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
30/197
2024
4/197
2024
Government debt
$3.58T
2024
$236B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
113.1%
2024
38.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$52,165
2024
$43,766
2024
Government debt per person rank
8/185
2024
11/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$35,669
2026
$47,851
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$2.37T
2018
$110B
2018
Number of millionaires
2,897,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
52
2025
11
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25%
2023
24.1%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3%
2023
3.7%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
57.2%
2024
22.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2%
2023-2024
2.11%
2023-2024
Unemployment rate
7.44%
2024
4.27%
2024
Population
68788006
5518360

Spending and national debt comparison by year

France
Spending

Debt
Ireland
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
France Ireland
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 57.2% 113.1% 22.3% 38.8%
2023 56.8% 109.6% 22.1% 42.1%
2022 58.4% 111.4% 20.6% 43.2%
2021 59.5% 112.8% 23.6% 52.7%
2020 61.7% 114.9% 26.7% 57.1%
2019 55.3% 98.1% 23.9% 55.9%
2018 56.4% 98.5% 24.7% 61.4%
2017 57.7% 98.7% 25.3% 65.3%
2016 57.4% 98.1% 27.5% 72.7%
2015 57.6% 96.9% 28.1% 74%
2014 58.4% 96.1% 36.6% 101.4%
2013 58.6% 94.5% 39.8% 117.7%
2012 57.9% 91.7% 42.3% 118.9%
2011 57% 88.7% 46.9% 109.6%
2010 57.7% 86.3% 64.9% 86.2%
2009 58% 84.1% 46.9% 61.8%
2008 54.3% 69.8% 41.6% 42.5%
2007 53.6% 65.5% 35.6% 23.9%
2006 53.7% 65.4% 33.6% 23.7%
2005 54.3% 68.2% 33% 26.1%
2004 54% 66.9% 32.8% 28.1%
2003 54.4% 65.4% 32.7% 29.8%
2002 53.9% 61.3% 32.9% 30.9%
2001 52.8% 59.3% 32.2% 33.6%
2000 52.6% 59.7% 30.6% 36.4%
1999 53.7% 61.4% 32.5% 46.6%
1998 54% 62.1% 34.2% 51.4%
1997 55.6% 62% 36.1% 61.6%
1996 56% 60.6% 38.5% 69.8%
1995 56% 57.8% 40.3% 78.5%
1994 55.9% 51.6% 44.2% 88%
1993 56.5% 48.2% 44.6% 93.4%
1992 54% 41.7% 46.8% 90.6%
1991 52.7% 37.8% 46.1% 93.8%
1990 51.6% 36.8% 44.6% 92.7%
1989 48.9% 34% 42.5% 97.9%
1988 50.1% 33.3% 48.2% 106.5%
1987 50.7% 33.4% 51.4% 108.3%
1986 51.3% 31.1% 52.9% 107.2%
1985 51.9% 30.6% 53.2% 93%
1984 51.2% 29% 52.7% 90.2%
1983 50.2% 26.6% 55.6% 86.1%
1982 49.9% 25.3% 56.7% 73.5%
1981 48.5% 22% 54.1% 68.8%
1980 46% 20.7% 53.7% 64.6%
1979 44.9% 21.1% 48.7% 63.5%
1978 44.7% 21.2% 46.2% 50.6%
1977 21.4% 15% 44.6% 49.2%
1976 21.7% 15.1% 47.8% 51.7%
1975 22% 16.1% 48.2% 48.3%
1974 19.9% 15.4% 44.3% 43.5%
1973 19.7% 15.8% 40.3% 35.1%
1972 19.8% 17.7% 41.5% 37.3%
1971 20% 20.1% 45.3% 39.8%
1970 20.5% 21% 44.1% 41.7%
1969 21.5% 14.4% 42.5% 42.6%
1968 22.7% 15.8% 40% 44.7%
1967 21.4% 16.1% 39.3% 47.1%
1966 21.4% 15.3% 36.9% 47.7%
1965 21.1% 17.6% 35.8% 44.6%
1964 21% 19.6% 34.8% 43.1%
1963 22.6% 22.2% 33.6% 45.2%
1962 21.7% 23.6% 31.7% 44.5%
1961 21.9% 26.3% 31.4% 44.3%
1960 22.2% 28.5% 29.1% 44.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ireland | CC BY

In 2024, France's government spending was $1.81T, accounting for 57.2% of its GDP, while Ireland spent $136B, or 22.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 113.1% in France and 38.8% in Ireland, ranking 14/185 and 138/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
France

Ireland
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
France Ireland
2024 -5.77% 4.09%
2023 -5.44% 1.52%
2022 -4.74% 1.67%
2021 -6.58% -1.37%
2020 -8.93% -4.87%
2019 -2.39% 0.41%
2018 -2.32% 0.09%
2017 -3.36% -0.3%
2016 -3.76% -0.76%
2015 -3.89% -1.97%
2014 -4.57% -3.52%
2013 -4.94% -6.28%
2012 -5.17% -8.42%
2011 -5.3% -13.5%
2010 -7.16% -32.1%
2009 -7.38% -13.9%
2008 -3.5% -7.03%
2007 -2.99% 0.27%
2006 -2.66% 2.78%
2005 -3.5% 1.57%
2004 -3.55% 1.3%
2003 -4.09% 0.35%
2002 -3.18% -0.52%
2001 -1.42% 0.96%
2000 -1.32% 4.86%
1999 -1.55% 3.54%
1998 -2.39% 2.07%
1997 -3.71% 1.37%
1996 -3.89% -0.2%
1995 -5.11% -2.07%
1994 -5.46% -1.82%
1993 -6.4% -2.62%
1992 -4.64% -2.84%
1991 -2.89% -2.8%
1990 -2.45% -2.69%
1989 -1.9% -2.64%
1988 -2.7% -4.62%
1987 -2.13% -8.47%
1986 -3.3% -10.5%
1985 -3.08% -10.7%
1984 -2.8% -9.43%
1983 -2.58% -11.5%
1982 -2.91% -13.1%
1981 -2.39% -12.1%
1980 -0.27% -11.1%
1979 -0.36% -10%
1978 -1.73% -8.27%
1977 0.9% -6.44%
1976 1.01% -7.34%
1975 -0.28% -11.1%
1974 3.05% -6.96%
1973 1.97% -3.84%
1972 1.94% -3.23%
1971 -0.13% -3.5%
1970 0.02% -3.64%
1969 -0.49% -3.4%
1968 -2.54% -2.72%
1967 -0.8% -2.69%
1966 -0.57% -2.26%
1965 -0.07% -3.5%
1964 -0.25% -3.35%
1963 -2.24% -2.92%
1962 -1.53% -2.91%
1961 -1.36% -2.6%
1960 -1.95% -1.97%
1959 0.56% -2.16%
1958 0.08% -4.3%
1957 -1.99% -5.19%
1956 -2.62% -3.23%
1955 -1.04% -5.06%
1954 -0.78% -5.28%
1953 -4.79% -5.77%
1952 -6.82% -7.84%
1951 -4.42% -4.62%
1950 -5.56% -5.21%
1949 -7.31% -2.17%
1948 -9.11% -1.29%
1947 -7.6% -1.8%
1946 -8.1% -0.43%
1945 - -0.43%
1944 - 0.39%
1943 - -1.18%
1942 - -2.48%
1941 - -1.42%
1940 - -0.15%
1939 - -7.31%
1938 - -0.92%
1937 -6.89% -0.77%
1936 -4.76% -0.19%
1935 -4.22% -
1934 -4.31% -
1933 -4.96% 2.97%
1932 -1.86% -
1931 -2.06% -1.63%
1930 -1.65% -
1929 1.48% -3.41%
1928 1.13% -
1927 -0.04% -
1926 -0.02% -1.95%
1925 -0.87% -
1924 - -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 0.05% -
1912 0.23% -
1911 0.31% -
1910 -0.12% -
1909 -0.11% -
1908 -0.15% -
1907 0.23% -
1906 -0.04% -
1905 0.18% -
1904 0.3% -
1903 0.21% -
1902 -0.37% -
1901 -0.39% -
1900 0.21% -
1899 0.21% -
1898 0.29% -
1897 0.01% -
1896 -0.03% -
1895 -0.07% -
1894 -0.08% -
1893 -0.3% -
1892 -0.03% -
1891 0.36% -
1890 0.31% -
1889 0.09% -
1888 0.18% -
1887 -0.07% -
1886 -0.5% -
1885 -0.59% -
1884 -0.35% -
1883 -0.23% -
1882 -0.15% -
1881 0.64% -
1880 0.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ireland | CC BY

In 2024, France's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $182B, equivalent to 5.77% of GDP. This compares to Ireland's surplus of $24.9B, or 4.09% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, France recorded a fiscal deficit in 59 of those years, while Ireland ran a deficit in 50 years. On average, France posted an annual deficit equal to 2.71% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.15% of GDP for Ireland.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
France

Ireland
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
France Ireland
2024 2% 2.11%
2023 4.88% 6.3%
2022 5.22% 7.83%
2021 1.64% 2.34%
2020 0.48% -0.33%
2019 1.11% 0.94%
2018 1.85% 0.47%
2017 1.03% 0.36%
2016 0.18% 0.02%
2015 0.04% -0.33%
2014 0.51% 0.19%
2013 0.86% 0.52%
2012 1.95% 1.69%
2011 2.11% 2.55%
2010 1.53% -0.92%
2009 0.09% -4.45%
2008 2.81% 4.04%
2007 1.49% 4.89%
2006 1.68% 3.94%
2005 1.75% 2.46%
2004 2.14% 2.18%
2003 2.1% 3.49%
2002 1.92% 4.63%
2001 1.63% 4.85%
2000 1.68% 5.58%
1999 0.54% 1.63%
1998 0.65% 2.41%
1997 1.2% 1.54%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ireland | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, France has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.61%, compared with 2.18% in Ireland. In 2024, inflation was 2% in France and 2.11% in Ireland.

Top exports between countries

France
Export category Export value
Business & finance services $9.76B
IT & IP services $3.2B
Chemicals & pharma $2.46B
Machinery & equipment $1.96B
Transport & tourism services $1.16B
Manufacturing & construction services $1.05B
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $557M
Textiles & consumer goods $227M
Raw materials & minerals $194M
Raw agricultural goods $192M
Ireland
Export category Export value
IT & IP services $7.87B
Business & finance services $3.91B
Chemicals & pharma $3.33B
Machinery & equipment $1.9B
Animal & marine products $998M
Transport & tourism services $897M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $279M
Raw materials & minerals $278M
Precious metals & jewellery $53.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $47.6M

Balance of trade

France Ireland
Current account balance
$2.69B
2024
$106B
2024
Current account balance ranking
42/190
2024
6/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.09%
2024
+17.4%
2024
Goods imports
$733B
2024
$165B
2024
Goods exports
$668B
2024
$356B
2024
Service imports
$341B
2024
$467B
2024
Service exports
$403B
2024
$526B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
34.2%
2024
102.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
33.9%
2024
144%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

France Ireland
Economic freedom 64.6 83.3
Economic freedom ranking 72/197 3/197
Property rights 91.2 94.4
Government integrity 73.4 84
Judicial effectiveness 84.7 95.4
Tax burden 54.6 77.7
Government spending 0.9 85.9
Fiscal health 34.8 97
Business freedom 78.4 85.5
Labor freedom 59.1 61.3
Monetary freedom 73.2 79.3
Trade freedom 79.4 79.4
Investment freedom 75 90
Financial freedom 70 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

France
Ireland
1x
Year Economic freedom index
France Ireland
2026 64.6 83.3
2025 64.4 83.1
2024 62.5 82.6
2023 63.6 82
2022 65.9 82
2021 65.7 81.4
2020 66 80.9
2019 63.8 80.5
2018 63.9 80.4
2017 63.3 76.7
2016 62.3 77.3
2015 62.5 76.6
2014 63.5 76.2
2013 64.1 75.7
2012 63.2 76.9
2011 64.6 78.7
2010 64.2 81.3
2009 63.3 82.2
2008 64.7 82.5
2007 62.1 82.6
2006 61.1 82.2
2005 60.5 80.8
2004 60.9 80.3
2003 59.2 80.9
2002 58 80.5
2001 58 81.2
2000 57.4 76.1
1999 59.1 74.6
1998 58.9 73.7
1997 59.1 72.6
1996 63.7 68.5
1995 64.4 68.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ireland | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for France is 64.6, ranking 72/197, compared to 83.3 for Ireland, ranking 3/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

France Ireland
Services, % of GDP
70.9%
2024
60.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
17.2%
2024
33.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.3%
2024
1.02%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.1T
2024
$435B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$63,880
2024
$101,180
2024
Total reserves including gold
$283B
2024
$12.7B
2024
Total reserves ranking
13/177
2024
73/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$10.3B
2024
$62.3B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$52.1B
2024
$4.82B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$41.7B
2024
$67.1B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
15.6%
2021
14%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.5%
2024
18.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/france/ireland | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.