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Economy of Austria vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Austria has a GDP of $579B compared to $3.96T for India, ranking 29/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $466B in government debt (80.5% of GDP), compared to $3.33T (84.1% of GDP) in India.

Austria vs India GDP by year

Austria
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria India
2025 $579,470,021,095 $3,956,067,115,772
2024 $534,790,720,467 $3,760,813,470,501
2023 $516,670,509,629 $3,500,906,030,645
2022 $473,221,298,968 $3,249,938,492,013
2021 $480,466,363,177 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $434,397,601,558 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $442,983,642,372 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $452,582,294,973 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $414,926,138,133 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $393,687,359,770 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $379,546,097,301 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $438,556,021,078 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $426,580,502,769 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $406,750,487,604 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $428,954,737,064 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $389,827,789,218 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $399,290,118,782 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $429,234,399,096 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $386,760,177,589 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $333,905,979,332 $940,259,888,788
2005 $313,952,317,331 $820,383,763,511
2004 $299,210,411,455 $709,152,728,831
2003 $260,779,834,340 $607,700,687,237
2002 $212,837,224,023 $514,939,140,319
2001 $196,477,206,829 $485,440,139,204
2000 $196,181,599,831 $468,395,521,654
1999 $216,421,809,126 $458,821,052,616
1998 $217,068,085,816 $421,351,317,225
1997 $211,724,812,267 $415,867,563,593
1996 $235,952,581,232 $392,896,866,205
1995 $240,094,169,510 $360,281,909,643
1994 $202,738,023,130 $327,274,843,459
1993 $189,634,029,339 $279,295,648,983
1992 $194,314,032,056 $288,208,070,278
1991 $173,113,449,617 $270,105,341,879
1990 $165,811,372,383 $320,979,026,420
1989 $132,584,448,258 $296,042,052,945
1988 $132,817,124,707 $296,589,670,896
1987 $123,682,091,859 $279,033,584,092
1986 $98,648,254,169 $248,985,994,041
1985 $69,114,996,010 $232,511,554,840
1984 $67,719,055,773 $212,157,645,178
1983 $71,838,528,420 $218,262,146,413
1982 $70,996,111,963 $200,715,624,831
1981 $70,755,997,062 $193,491,368,446
1980 $81,737,498,405 $186,328,579,302
1979 $73,647,694,287 $152,995,442,498
1978 $61,809,208,756 $137,302,319,829
1977 $51,343,861,460 $121,486,641,441
1976 $42,791,707,448 $102,716,451,980
1975 $39,902,300,703 $98,473,832,017
1974 $35,051,468,640 $99,526,597,934
1973 $29,399,860,145 $85,517,673,173
1972 $21,973,207,929 $71,464,700,667
1971 $17,788,536,733 $67,351,404,352
1970 $15,312,791,744 $62,422,483,055
1969 $13,647,475,854 $58,447,995,017
1968 $12,499,863,917 $53,085,455,871
1967 $11,634,569,522 $50,134,942,204
1966 $10,939,526,219 $45,581,230,504
1965 $10,041,659,445 $59,556,105,229
1964 $9,213,648,656 $56,480,289,941
1963 $8,414,050,621 $48,421,923,459
1962 $7,793,042,529 $42,161,481,858
1961 $7,346,566,038 $39,232,435,784
1960 $6,624,086,313 $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs India by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $62,930 - $2,702 -
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $2,592 $11,160
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $2,434 $10,323
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $2,280 $9,207
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $993 $3,633
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $802 $3,221
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $710 $2,937
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $624 $2,682
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $544 $2,461
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $469 $2,277
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $450 $2,200
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $443 $2,091
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $442 $2,006
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $414 $1,852
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $416 $1,759
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $401 $1,695
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $375 $1,579
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $348 $1,467
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $303 $1,374
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $319 $1,309
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $306 $1,239
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $371 $1,212
1989 $17,401 - $350 -
1988 $17,510 - $358 -
1987 $16,329 - $345 -
1986 $13,032 - $315 -
1985 $9,136 - $301 -
1984 $8,956 - $281 -
1983 $9,500 - $296 -
1982 $9,373 - $278.7 -
1981 $9,348 - $275 -
1980 $10,827 - $271.1 -
1979 $9,755 - $228 -
1978 $8,173 - $209.4 -
1977 $6,784 - $189.6 -
1976 $5,656 - $164.1 -
1975 $5,265 - $161.1 -
1974 $4,613 - $166.7 -
1973 $3,875 - $146.6 -
1972 $2,913 - $125.3 -
1971 $2,372 - $120.7 -
1970 $2,051 - $114.4 -
1969 $1,834 - $109.5 -
1968 $1,686 - $101.6 -
1967 $1,577 - $98 -
1966 $1,494 - $91 -
1965 $1,381 - $121.5 -
1964 $1,275 - $117.9 -
1963 $1,173 - $103.4 -
1962 $1,093 - $92.2 -
1961 $1,037 - $87.9 -
1960 $940 - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/india | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $62,930, ranking 16/197, compared to $2,702 in India, ranking 149/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Austria India
Gross domestic product
$579B
2025
$3.96T
2025
GDP rank
29/197
2025
6/197
2025
GDP growth
0.62%
2024-2025
7.57%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$62,930
2025
$2,702
2025
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2025
149/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$466B
2025
$3.33T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.5%
2025
84.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,654
2025
$2,272
2025
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2025
116/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,467
2026
$2,974
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$211B
2025
$10.6T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
944,000
2026
Number of billionaires
9
2026
229
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.2%
2025
28.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.53%
2024-2025
2.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.78%
2025
4.51%
2025
Population
9201502
1483314140

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55.2% 80.5% 28.5% 84.1%
2024 55.2% 79.2% 29.3% 84.8%
2023 52.2% 77.8% 29.7% 85%
2022 53% 78.1% 30% 84.6%
2021 56% 82.4% 30.7% 85.7%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 31.8% 90.6%
2019 49.1% 71% 27.4% 76.7%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 26.8% 71.7%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 26.6% 70.8%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 27.6% 69.8%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 27.3% 69.8%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 26.2% 67.6%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 26.5% 68%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 27.2% 68.1%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 27.3% 68.7%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 27.7% 67.7%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 28.1% 72.7%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 28.3% 74.3%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 26.1% 75.4%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 25.6% 77.9%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 26% 82.4%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 26% 69.3%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 25.2% 69%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 24.4% 67.1%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 25% 70.9%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 26.2% 74.8%
1993 54.3% 61% 26.2% 78.3%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 26.7% 78.8%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 26.8% 76.7%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 25.4% 50.8%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 25.7% 50.5%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 24.9% 48.9%
1987 54.5% 55.5% 22.5% 48.9%
1986 54.3% 52% 23.2% 47.9%
1985 53.5% 47.8% 21.6% 44.3%
1984 52.6% 46% 19.8% 41.6%
1983 52.4% 43.7% 17.8% 39.6%
1982 52% 39.7% 17.8% 41.7%
1981 51.5% 37.5% 16.6% 37.2%
1980 50% 35.6% 17.5% 38%
1979 49.8% 34.1% 15.6% 32.2%
1978 50.8% 32.2% 15% 30.8%
1977 47.6% 28.5% 13.9% 29.9%
1976 47.9% 26.2% 14.4% 31.3%
1975 46.1% 22.8% 12.7% 29.5%
1974 42% 16.8% 11.3% 29%
1973 41.5% 16.7% 12.9% 34.1%
1972 40.1% 16.7% 13.5% 37.2%
1971 40% 17.4% 12.4% 37.6%
1970 39.5% 18.6% 11.7% 38.1%
1969 40.7% 16.8% 11.5% 38.8%
1968 40.9% 16.8% 12.6% 40.3%
1967 40.7% 15.6% 13.8% 38.5%
1966 38.7% 14.1% 13.8% 36.2%
1965 38.3% 14.8% 13.7% 36.8%
1964 38.7% 15.5% 13.2% 33.8%
1963 38.6% 15.6% 12.3% 35.5%
1962 37.6% 15.5% 11.5% 36.2%
1961 35.7% 16% 11.8% 38.7%
1960 36.3% 17.7% 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/india | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government spending was $320B, accounting for 55.2% of its GDP, while India spent $1.13T, or 28.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.5% in Austria and 84.1% in India, ranking 42/185 and 38/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria India
2025 -4.52% -7.44%
2024 -4.68% -7.85%
2023 -2.59% -8.37%
2022 -3.41% -9.23%
2021 -5.69% -9.7%
2020 -8.2% -13.2%
2019 0.54% -7.86%
2018 0.2% -6.46%
2017 -0.78% -6.33%
2016 -1.45% -7.21%
2015 -0.48% -7.28%
2014 -1.92% -6.9%
2013 -1.99% -6.78%
2012 -2.18% -7.32%
2011 -2.48% -8.03%
2010 -4.46% -8.53%
2009 -5.38% -9.26%
2008 -1.57% -8.15%
2007 -1.56% -3.73%
2006 -2.61% -5.11%
2005 -2.59% -6.64%
2004 -4.94% -9.22%
2003 -1.84% -11.4%
2002 -1.43% -11.1%
2001 -0.71% -11%
2000 -2.07% -8.41%
1999 -2.63% -8.7%
1998 -2.68% -9.74%
1997 -2.38% -8.28%
1996 -4.38% -6.71%
1995 -6.17% -6.81%
1994 -5.04% -8%
1993 -4.57% -8.57%
1992 -2.15% -7.89%
1991 -2.96% -7.44%
1990 -2.58% -7.63%
1989 -3.07% -7.68%
1988 -3.43% -7.01%
1987 -4.33% -9.53%
1986 -3.84% -10.6%
1985 -2.71% -9.58%
1984 -2.67% -8.54%
1983 -4.22% -7.28%
1982 -3.29% -6.78%
1981 -1.79% -6.07%
1980 -1.62% -7.27%
1979 -2.3% -4.87%
1978 -2.67% -4.45%
1977 -2.11% -4.1%
1976 -3.61% -4.1%
1975 -2.41% -3.11%
1974 1.23% -2.3%
1973 1.24% -3.53%
1972 1.97% -3.14%
1971 1.46% -2.9%
1970 1.16% -2.35%
1969 -0.08% -2.66%
1968 -0.83% -3.98%
1967 -0.56% -4.97%
1966 1.73% -4.18%
1965 1.38% -4.49%
1964 0.48% -4.41%
1963 -0.5% -4.16%
1962 1.12% -3.3%
1961 1.68% -4.1%
1960 -0.49% -4.05%
1959 -2.16% -5.29%
1958 -3.52% -5.08%
1957 -0.7% -3.35%
1956 -0.78% -2.93%
1955 -0.5% -2.77%
1954 -0.35% -2.61%
1953 -0.24% -1.83%
1952 -0.73% 0.03%
1951 -1.57% -0.5%
1950 -7.72% -1.01%
1949 -9.23% -0.73%
1948 -9.3% -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 - -0.32%
1938 - -0.16%
1937 -2.84% -0.1%
1936 -3.91% -0.45%
1935 -5.46% -0.4%
1934 -5.28% -0.09%
1933 -3.55% 0%
1932 -9.16% 0.03%
1931 -11.5% -0.68%
1930 -9.68% -1.02%
1929 -6.83% -0.91%
1928 -7.63% -0.87%
1927 -7.3% -0.98%
1926 -6.18% -0.88%
1925 -4.96% -0.67%
1924 -5.69% -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 -0.69% -0.58%
1911 0.03% -0.42%
1910 -0.42% -0.85%
1909 -5.51% -0.7%
1908 -1.24% -1.25%
1907 -2.73% -1.22%
1906 -0.05% -0.8%
1905 -0.71% -2%
1904 -1.12% -0.53%
1903 -0.97% -0.56%
1902 -0.75% -0.56%
1901 -0.56% -0.27%
1900 -0.05% -1.06%
1899 -0.08% -0.56%
1898 -0.17% -0.49%
1897 0.1% -1.02%
1896 0.03% -1%
1895 0.36% -0.41%
1894 -1.16% -0.5%
1893 -1.31% -0.59%
1892 -0.86% -0.56%
1891 -4.01% -0.64%
1890 -0.26% -0.8%
1889 -1.61% -0.45%
1888 -0.97% -1.94%
1887 -1.09% -1.28%
1886 -0.43% -0.75%
1885 -0.57% -1.48%
1884 -6.43% -1.22%
1883 -0.69% -0.81%
1882 -1.06% -0.77%
1881 -3.91% -0.05%
1880 -1.4% -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/india | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 4.52% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $294B, or 7.44% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 54 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 66 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.08% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.78% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria India
2025 3.53% 2.4%
2024 2.94% 4.95%
2023 7.81% 5.65%
2022 8.55% 6.7%
2021 2.77% 5.13%
2020 1.38% 6.62%
2019 1.53% 3.73%
2018 2% 3.94%
2017 2.08% 3.33%
2016 0.89% 4.95%
2015 0.9% 4.91%
2014 1.61% 6.67%
2013 2% 10%
2012 2.49% 9.48%
2011 3.29% 8.91%
2010 1.81% 12%
2009 0.51% 10.9%
2008 3.22% 8.35%
2007 2.17% 6.37%
2006 1.44% 5.8%
2005 2.3% 4.25%
2004 2.06% 3.77%
2003 1.36% 3.81%
2002 1.81% 4.3%
2001 2.65% 3.78%
2000 2.34% 4.01%
1999 0.57% 4.67%
1998 0.92% 13.2%
1997 1.31% 7.16%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/india | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 6.2% in India. In 2025, inflation was 3.53% in Austria and 2.4% in India.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $934M
Chemicals & pharma $218M
Metals $202M
Textiles & consumer goods $167M
Transport & tourism services $89.9M
Business & finance services $88.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $71M
IT & IP services $47.6M
Wood & paper products $40.8M
Raw materials & minerals $35.7M
India
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.16B
Chemicals & pharma $81.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $79.5M
Metals $25.6M
Raw materials & minerals $24.1M
Precious metals & jewellery $7.06M
Raw agricultural goods $3.6M
Animal & marine products $3.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $778K
Wood & paper products $593K

Balance of trade

Austria India
Current account balance
$10.4B
2025
-$16.5B
2025
Current account balance ranking
24/190
2025
182/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.79%
2025
-0.42%
2025
Goods imports
$208B
2025
$761B
2025
Goods exports
$214B
2025
$450B
2025
Service imports
$98.3B
2025
$203B
2025
Service exports
$105B
2025
$412B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
24%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.7%
2025
22.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria India
Economic freedom 69.8 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 146/197
Property rights 95.7 48.3
Government integrity 75 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 52.6
Tax burden 45.7 71.2
Government spending 12.8 75.7
Fiscal health 67.1 6.7
Business freedom 78.7 67.4
Labor freedom 81.6 59
Monetary freedom 76.4 70.9
Trade freedom 79.4 61
Investment freedom 60 40
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria India
2026 69.8 52.5
2025 69.7 53
2024 68.4 52.9
2023 71.1 52.9
2022 73.8 53.9
2021 73.9 56.5
2020 73.3 56.5
2019 72 55.2
2018 71.8 54.5
2017 72.3 52.6
2016 71.7 56.2
2015 71.2 54.6
2014 72.4 55.7
2013 71.8 55.2
2012 70.3 54.6
2011 71.9 54.6
2010 71.6 53.8
2009 71.2 54.4
2008 71.4 54.1
2007 71.6 53.9
2006 71.1 52.2
2005 68.8 54.2
2004 67.6 51.5
2003 67.6 51.2
2002 67.4 51.2
2001 68.1 49
2000 68.4 47.4
1999 64 50.2
1998 65.4 49.7
1997 65.2 49.7
1996 68.9 47.4
1995 70 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria India
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2025
49.3%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2025
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.26%
2025
16.2%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$556B
2025
$4.04T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$77,010
2025
$11,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$53.4B
2025
$700B
2025
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2025
5/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$5.61B
2025
-$3.41B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.47%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2025
34.6%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/india | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.