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Economy of Austria vs Pakistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Austria has a GDP of $579B compared to $407B for Pakistan, ranking 29/197 and 41/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $466B in government debt (80.5% of GDP), compared to $297B (72.8% of GDP) in Pakistan.

Austria vs Pakistan GDP by year

Austria
Pakistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Pakistan
2025 $579,470,021,095 $407,307,214,476
2024 $534,790,720,467 $371,747,087,751
2023 $516,670,509,629 $336,686,348,609
2022 $473,221,298,968 $374,890,295,667
2021 $480,466,363,177 $348,516,647,445
2020 $434,397,601,558 $300,425,609,818
2019 $442,983,642,372 $320,909,472,771
2018 $452,582,294,973 $356,128,166,705
2017 $414,926,138,133 $339,205,534,861
2016 $393,687,359,770 $313,630,000,130
2015 $379,546,097,301 $299,963,590,535
2014 $438,556,021,078 $271,390,474,858
2013 $426,580,502,769 $258,657,231,672
2012 $406,750,487,604 $250,106,966,105
2011 $428,954,737,064 $230,586,581,060
2010 $389,827,789,218 $196,709,621,850
2009 $399,290,118,782 $187,337,783,856
2008 $429,234,399,096 $202,203,748,584
2007 $386,760,177,589 $184,140,869,997
2006 $333,905,979,332 $161,871,385,506
2005 $313,952,317,331 $145,208,562,961
2004 $299,210,411,455 $132,216,048,339
2003 $260,779,834,340 $112,371,913,741
2002 $212,837,224,023 $97,923,302,809
2001 $196,477,206,829 $97,145,618,480
2000 $196,181,599,831 $99,484,802,345
1999 $216,421,809,126 $62,973,857,069
1998 $217,068,085,816 $62,191,955,814
1997 $211,724,812,267 $62,433,340,468
1996 $235,952,581,232 $63,320,170,084
1995 $240,094,169,510 $60,636,071,684
1994 $202,738,023,130 $52,293,470,813
1993 $189,634,029,339 $51,809,999,353
1992 $194,314,032,056 $48,884,671,947
1991 $173,113,449,617 $45,625,336,680
1990 $165,811,372,383 $40,010,423,970
1989 $132,584,448,258 $40,171,106,279
1988 $132,817,124,707 $38,472,742,808
1987 $123,682,091,859 $33,351,529,275
1986 $98,648,254,169 $31,899,070,056
1985 $69,114,996,010 $31,144,920,844
1984 $67,719,055,773 $31,151,825,467
1983 $71,838,528,420 $28,691,889,764
1982 $70,996,111,963 $30,725,971,564
1981 $70,755,997,062 $28,100,606,061
1980 $81,737,498,405 $23,654,444,444
1979 $73,647,694,287 $19,688,383,838
1978 $61,809,208,756 $17,811,515,152
1977 $51,343,861,460 $15,126,060,606
1976 $42,791,707,448 $13,168,080,808
1975 $39,902,300,703 $11,230,606,061
1974 $35,051,468,640 $8,899,191,919
1973 $29,399,860,145 $6,383,429,490
1972 $21,973,207,929 $9,415,016,360
1971 $17,788,536,733 $10,665,896,682
1970 $15,312,791,744 $10,027,509,450
1969 $13,647,475,854 $8,683,116,338
1968 $12,499,863,917 $8,041,999,160
1967 $11,634,569,522 $7,464,510,710
1966 $10,939,526,219 $6,561,108,778
1965 $10,041,659,445 $5,929,231,415
1964 $9,213,648,656 $5,204,955,901
1963 $8,414,050,621 $4,630,827,383
1962 $7,793,042,529 $4,310,163,797
1961 $7,346,566,038 $4,118,647,627
1960 $6,624,086,313 $3,749,265,015

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/pakistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Pakistan by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Pakistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Pakistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $62,930 - $1,596 -
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $1,479 $6,252
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $1,360 $6,014
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $1,538 $5,920
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $1,455 $5,367
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $1,278 $5,048
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $1,390 $5,038
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $1,569 $4,979
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $1,519 $4,790
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $1,425 $4,631
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $1,380 $4,480
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $1,267 $4,313
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $1,225 $4,174
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $1,204 $4,047
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $1,132 $3,880
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $987 $3,786
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $964 $3,777
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $1,067 $3,721
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $998 $3,672
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $901 $3,515
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $828 $3,293
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $772 $3,048
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $672 $2,822
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $600 $2,688
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $610 $2,644
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $642 $2,565
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $418 $2,475
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $424 $2,419
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $438 $2,398
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $457 $2,401
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $451 $2,315
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $400 $2,224
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $408 $2,160
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $396 $2,132
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $380 $1,992
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $344 $1,895
1989 $17,401 - $358 -
1988 $17,510 - $354 -
1987 $16,329 - $317 -
1986 $13,032 - $314 -
1985 $9,136 - $317 -
1984 $8,956 - $327 -
1983 $9,500 - $311 -
1982 $9,373 - $345 -
1981 $9,348 - $328 -
1980 $10,827 - $287.4 -
1979 $9,755 - $249.2 -
1978 $8,173 - $233.4 -
1977 $6,784 - $204.7 -
1976 $5,656 - $183.9 -
1975 $5,265 - $161.7 -
1974 $4,613 - $132 -
1973 $3,875 - $97.5 -
1972 $2,913 - $148.1 -
1971 $2,372 - $172.5 -
1970 $2,051 - $166.7 -
1969 $1,834 - $148.5 -
1968 $1,686 - $141.6 -
1967 $1,577 - $135.2 -
1966 $1,494 - $122.2 -
1965 $1,381 - $113.6 -
1964 $1,275 - $102.5 -
1963 $1,173 - $93.7 -
1962 $1,093 - $89.5 -
1961 $1,037 - $87.8 -
1960 $940 - $82 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/pakistan | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $62,930, ranking 16/197, compared to $1,596 in Pakistan, ranking 164/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Pakistan ranks 150th at $6,252.

Economic indicators

Austria Pakistan
Gross domestic product
$579B
2025
$407B
2025
GDP rank
29/197
2025
41/197
2025
GDP growth
0.62%
2024-2025
3.7%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$62,930
2025
$1,596
2025
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2025
164/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$6,252
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
150/197
2024
Government debt
$466B
2025
$297B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.5%
2025
72.8%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,654
2025
$1,162
2025
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2025
138/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,467
2026
$1,775
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$211B
2025
$70.3B
2025
Number of billionaires
9
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
27.7%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
3.4%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.2%
2025
21.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.53%
2024-2025
3.55%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
11.5%
2026
Unemployment rate
5.78%
2025
6.96%
2025
Population
9201502
261421997

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Pakistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Pakistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55.2% 80.5% 21.2% 72.8%
2024 55.2% 79.2% 19.4% 70.2%
2023 52.2% 77.8% 19.3% 78.5%
2022 53% 78.1% 20% 77.3%
2021 56% 82.4% 18.5% 74.7%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 20.3% 80.8%
2019 49.1% 71% 19.1% 78.7%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 19.1% 66.3%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 19.1% 62.1%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 17.7% 62.1%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 17.8% 59.1%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 18.1% 58.8%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 19.5% 59.2%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 19.4% 58.4%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 17.9% 56.2%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 18.3% 56.7%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 17.3% 54.6%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 18% 49.5%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 16.1% 44.2%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 14.5% 46.2%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 13% 47.9%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 12.1% 50.6%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 12.9% 56.3%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 14.4% 60.5%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 12.9% 65.1%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 13.8% 61.7%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 13.2% 60.7%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 14.1% 53.8%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 13.7% 52.8%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 15% 52.5%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 14% 52.3%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 14.5% 58.5%
1993 54.3% 61% 17% 57.9%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 22.6% 53.3%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 21.4% 55.8%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 23.9% 48.3%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 26.1% 46.6%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 27.9% 45%
1987 54.5% 55.5% 29.5% 44.4%
1986 54.3% 52% 27.6% 43.1%
1985 53.5% 47.8% 28.3% 37%
1984 52.6% 46% 25.4% 33.4%
1983 52.4% 43.7% 24.8% 33.6%
1982 52% 39.7% 24.5% 33.8%
1981 51.5% 37.5% 21.6% 29.7%
1980 50% 35.6% 22% 33.3%
1979 49.8% 34.1% 25.3% 36.8%
1978 50.8% 32.2% 25.5% 36.1%
1977 47.6% 28.5% 20.4% 36.4%
1976 47.9% 26.2% 21% 35.8%
1975 46.1% 22.8% 20.4% 32.1%
1974 42% 16.8% 15.3% 38%
1973 41.5% 16.7% 13.9% 43.4%
1972 40.1% 16.7% 13.5% 88.7%
1971 40% 17.4% 22.1% 33.2%
1970 39.5% 18.6% 23.6% 31.6%
1969 40.7% 16.8% 15.6% 29.1%
1968 40.9% 16.8% 13.7% 27.5%
1967 40.7% 15.6% 12.9% 25.9%
1966 38.7% 14.1% 12.2% 25.1%
1965 38.3% 14.8% 11.2% 22.7%
1964 38.7% 15.5% 12.1% 21.3%
1963 38.6% 15.6% 14.7% 19.2%
1962 37.6% 15.5% 11.8% 16.6%
1961 35.7% 16% 10.6% 19.6%
1960 36.3% 17.7% 10% 19.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1993, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/pakistan | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government spending was $320B, accounting for 55.2% of its GDP, while Pakistan spent $86.4B, or 21.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.5% in Austria and 72.8% in Pakistan, ranking 42/185 and 53/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Pakistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Pakistan
2025 -4.52% -5.37%
2024 -4.68% -6.79%
2023 -2.59% -7.76%
2022 -3.41% -7.84%
2021 -5.69% -6.04%
2020 -8.2% -7.03%
2019 0.54% -7.79%
2018 0.2% -5.67%
2017 -0.78% -5.17%
2016 -1.45% -3.92%
2015 -0.48% -4.74%
2014 -1.92% -4.37%
2013 -1.99% -7.48%
2012 -2.18% -7.74%
2011 -2.48% -6.23%
2010 -4.46% -5.42%
2009 -5.38% -4.53%
2008 -1.57% -5.94%
2007 -1.56% -4.23%
2006 -2.61% -2.79%
2005 -2.59% -2.29%
2004 -4.94% -1.29%
2003 -1.84% -0.12%
2002 -1.43% -2.64%
2001 -0.71% -2.45%
2000 -2.07% -3.21%
1999 -2.63% -3.07%
1998 -2.68% -4.46%
1997 -2.38% -3.87%
1996 -4.38% -4.33%
1995 -6.17% -3.9%
1994 -5.04% -3.63%
1993 -4.57% -5.53%
1992 -2.15% -11.3%
1991 -2.96% -10.8%
1990 -2.58% -11.9%
1989 -3.07% -7.01%
1988 -3.43% -9.35%
1987 -4.33% -11.7%
1986 -3.84% -9.79%
1985 -2.71% -10.6%
1984 -2.67% -8.9%
1983 -4.22% -7.55%
1982 -3.29% -8.24%
1981 -1.79% -5.83%
1980 -1.62% -5.32%
1979 -2.3% -11.6%
1978 -2.67% -12.4%
1977 -2.11% -8.74%
1976 -3.61% -9.05%
1975 -2.41% -8.97%
1974 1.23% -4.45%
1973 1.24% -3.99%
1972 1.97% -3.16%
1971 1.46% -7.45%
1970 1.16% -10.8%
1969 -0.08% -7.08%
1968 -0.83% -5.56%
1967 -0.56% -4.27%
1966 1.73% -4.48%
1965 1.38% -3.28%
1964 0.48% -4.89%
1963 -0.5% -6.55%
1962 1.12% -3.39%
1961 1.68% -4.6%
1960 -0.49% -3.83%
1959 -2.16% -3.71%
1958 -3.52% -4.2%
1957 -0.7% -2.21%
1956 -0.78% -2.36%
1955 -0.5% -2%
1954 -0.35% -3.18%
1953 -0.24% -2.66%
1952 -0.73% -0.73%
1951 -1.57% 0.63%
1950 -7.72% -1.24%
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/pakistan | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 4.52% of GDP. This compares to Pakistan's deficit of $21.9B, or 5.37% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 54 of those years, while Pakistan ran a deficit in 66 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.08% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.13% of GDP for Pakistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Pakistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Pakistan
2025 3.53% 3.55%
2024 2.94% 12.6%
2023 7.81% 30.8%
2022 8.55% 19.9%
2021 2.77% 9.5%
2020 1.38% 9.74%
2019 1.53% 10.6%
2018 2% 5.08%
2017 2.08% 4.09%
2016 0.89% 3.77%
2015 0.9% 2.53%
2014 1.61% 7.19%
2013 2% 7.69%
2012 2.49% 9.68%
2011 3.29% 11.9%
2010 1.81% 12.9%
2009 0.51% 13.6%
2008 3.22% 20.3%
2007 2.17% 7.6%
2006 1.44% 7.92%
2005 2.3% 9.06%
2004 2.06% 7.44%
2003 1.36% 2.91%
2002 1.81% 3.29%
2001 2.65% 3.15%
2000 2.34% 4.37%
1999 0.57% 4.14%
1998 0.92% 6.23%
1997 1.31% 11.4%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/pakistan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 9.07% in Pakistan. In 2025, inflation was 3.53% in Austria and 3.55% in Pakistan.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $61.1M
Textiles & consumer goods $19.6M
Wood & paper products $8.36M
Chemicals & pharma $6.68M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.78M
Metals $3.91M
Animal & marine products $1.96M
Raw materials & minerals $1.75M
Miscellaneous $86K
Weapons & explosives $31K
Pakistan
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $11.8M
Animal & marine products $2.15M
Machinery & equipment $2.08M
Raw materials & minerals $1.43M
Raw agricultural goods $1.16M
Chemicals & pharma $203K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $42K
Metals $25K
Precious metals & jewellery $14K
Wood & paper products $12K

Balance of trade

Austria Pakistan
Current account balance
$10.4B
2025
-$448M
2025
Current account balance ranking
24/190
2025
102/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.79%
2025
-0.11%
2025
Goods imports
$208B
2025
$62.6B
2025
Goods exports
$214B
2025
$31.5B
2025
Service imports
$98.3B
2025
$12B
2025
Service exports
$105B
2025
$9.09B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
17.2%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.7%
2025
9.99%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Pakistan
Economic freedom 69.8 48.9
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 168/197
Property rights 95.7 25.7
Government integrity 75 26.3
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 27.6
Tax burden 45.7 78.2
Government spending 12.8 88.5
Fiscal health 67.1 10.1
Business freedom 78.7 54.4
Labor freedom 81.6 51.7
Monetary freedom 76.4 54.1
Trade freedom 79.4 70.4
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Pakistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Pakistan
2026 69.8 48.9
2025 69.7 49.1
2024 68.4 49.5
2023 71.1 49.4
2022 73.8 48.8
2021 73.9 51.7
2020 73.3 54.8
2019 72 55
2018 71.8 54.4
2017 72.3 52.8
2016 71.7 55.9
2015 71.2 55.6
2014 72.4 55.2
2013 71.8 55.1
2012 70.3 54.7
2011 71.9 55.1
2010 71.6 55.2
2009 71.2 57
2008 71.4 55.6
2007 71.6 57.2
2006 71.1 57.9
2005 68.8 53.3
2004 67.6 54.9
2003 67.6 55
2002 67.4 55.8
2001 68.1 56
2000 68.4 56.4
1999 64 53
1998 65.4 53.2
1997 65.2 56
1996 68.9 58.4
1995 70 57.6

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/pakistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 48.9 for Pakistan, ranking 168/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Pakistan
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2025
50.9%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2025
20.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.26%
2025
23%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$556B
2025
$382B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$77,010
2025
$6,430
2025
Total reserves including gold
$53.4B
2025
$26.5B
2025
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2025
62/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$5.61B
2025
-$1.58B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$2.66B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$84M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.5%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
21.9%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2025
14.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/pakistan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1993, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.