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Economy of Austria vs Trinidad and Tobago compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Austria has a GDP of $535B compared to $25.6B for Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 30/197 and 115/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $432B in government debt (80.8% of GDP), compared to $16.5B (64.2% of GDP) in Trinidad and Tobago.

Austria vs Trinidad and Tobago GDP by year

Austria
Trinidad and Tobago
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Trinidad
2024 $534,790,720,467 $25,633,544,529
2023 $516,670,509,629 $25,036,993,423
2022 $473,221,298,968 $28,341,164,301
2021 $480,466,363,177 $24,222,963,263
2020 $434,397,601,558 $20,888,515,184
2019 $442,983,642,372 $23,477,745,792
2018 $452,582,294,973 $23,883,058,083
2017 $414,926,138,133 $23,830,750,901
2016 $393,687,359,770 $23,624,322,193
2015 $379,546,097,301 $26,841,141,793
2014 $438,556,021,078 $29,474,180,005
2013 $426,580,502,769 $28,560,537,057
2012 $406,750,487,604 $27,147,349,937
2011 $428,954,737,064 $25,433,007,437
2010 $389,827,789,218 $22,157,920,592
2009 $399,290,118,782 $19,172,165,226
2008 $429,234,399,096 $27,871,587,350
2007 $386,760,177,589 $21,641,620,050
2006 $333,905,979,332 $18,369,361,094
2005 $313,952,317,331 $15,982,389,018
2004 $299,210,411,455 $13,280,291,990
2003 $260,779,834,340 $11,305,459,802
2002 $212,837,224,023 $9,008,298,229
2001 $196,477,206,829 $8,824,849,191
2000 $196,181,599,831 $8,154,342,116
1999 $216,421,809,126 $6,808,982,521
1998 $217,068,085,816 $6,043,686,654
1997 $211,724,812,267 $5,737,771,523
1996 $235,952,581,232 $5,759,570,336
1995 $240,094,169,510 $5,329,217,747
1994 $202,738,023,130 $4,947,181,646
1993 $189,634,029,339 $4,669,491,134
1992 $194,314,032,056 $5,439,552,941
1991 $173,113,449,617 $5,307,905,882
1990 $165,811,372,383 $5,068,000,000
1989 $132,584,448,258 $4,323,058,824
1988 $132,817,124,707 $4,496,910,569
1987 $123,682,091,859 $4,797,777,778
1986 $98,648,254,169 $4,794,444,444
1985 $69,114,996,010 $7,375,918,367
1984 $67,719,055,773 $7,757,083,333
1983 $71,838,528,420 $7,763,750,000
1982 $70,996,111,963 $8,140,416,667
1981 $70,755,997,062 $6,992,083,333
1980 $81,737,498,405 $6,235,833,333
1979 $73,647,694,287 $4,602,416,625
1978 $61,809,208,756 $3,562,333,458
1977 $51,343,861,460 $3,138,666,667
1976 $42,791,707,448 $2,500,424,955
1975 $39,902,300,703 $2,442,669,825
1974 $35,051,468,640 $2,042,001,071
1973 $29,399,860,145 $1,308,785,431
1972 $21,973,207,929 $1,083,391,758
1971 $17,788,536,733 $896,765,215
1970 $15,312,791,744 $821,850,000
1969 $13,647,475,854 $779,200,000
1968 $12,499,863,917 $758,899,950
1967 $11,634,569,522 $761,981,912
1966 $10,939,526,219 $723,739,857
1965 $10,041,659,445 $736,573,159
1964 $9,213,648,656 $711,897,520
1963 $8,414,050,621 $678,239,329
1962 $7,793,042,529 $619,322,810
1961 $7,346,566,038 $584,964,621
1960 $6,624,086,313 $535,673,252

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Trinidad and Tobago by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Trinidad and Tobago
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Trinidad
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $18,733 $36,329
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $18,308 $34,623
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $20,751 $32,979
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $17,713 $30,482
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $15,284 $26,731
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $17,213 $29,316
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $17,571 $28,673
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $17,566 $28,484
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $17,449 $28,232
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $19,887 $29,825
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $21,908 $32,027
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $21,305 $31,746
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $20,332 $31,883
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $19,151 $31,078
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $16,815 $30,778
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $14,634 $29,602
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $21,299 $30,807
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $16,607 $29,355
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $14,153 $27,393
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $12,346 $23,536
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $9,871 $20,674
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $8,445 $18,743
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $6,763 $16,141
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $6,657 $14,797
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $6,179 $13,953
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $5,179 $12,812
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $4,613 $11,735
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $4,394 $10,769
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $4,427 $9,883
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $4,115 $9,099
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $3,840 $8,631
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $3,647 $8,209
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $4,277 $8,129
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $4,205 $7,274
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $4,047 $6,878
1989 $17,401 - $3,482 -
1988 $17,510 - $3,656 -
1987 $16,329 - $3,941 -
1986 $13,032 - $3,985 -
1985 $9,136 - $6,212 -
1984 $8,956 - $6,613 -
1983 $9,500 - $6,690 -
1982 $9,373 - $7,091 -
1981 $9,348 - $6,160 -
1980 $10,827 - $5,559 -
1979 $9,755 - $4,155 -
1978 $8,173 - $3,258 -
1977 $6,784 - $2,907 -
1976 $5,656 - $2,345 -
1975 $5,265 - $2,319 -
1974 $4,613 - $1,962 -
1973 $3,875 - $1,273 -
1972 $2,913 - $1,067 -
1971 $2,372 - $894 -
1970 $2,051 - $829 -
1969 $1,834 - $795 -
1968 $1,686 - $783 -
1967 $1,577 - $797 -
1966 $1,494 - $768 -
1965 $1,381 - $793 -
1964 $1,275 - $780 -
1963 $1,173 - $756 -
1962 $1,093 - $704 -
1961 $1,037 - $678 -
1960 $940 - $634 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $58,269, ranking 16/197, compared to $18,733 in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 61/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Trinidad and Tobago ranks 62nd at $36,329.

Economic indicators

Austria Trinidad
Gross domestic product
$535B
2024
$25.6B
2024
GDP rank
30/197
2024
115/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.66%
2023-2024
2.51%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$58,269
2024
$18,733
2024
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2024
61/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$36,329
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
62/197
2024
Government debt
$432B
2024
$16.5B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.8%
2024
64.2%
2024
Government debt per person
$47,075
2024
$12,028
2024
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2024
45/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,736
2026
$11,007
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$121B
2024
$3.89B
2001
Number of billionaires
9
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
29.9%
1992
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
2.1%
1992
Government expenditure, % of GDP
56%
2024
32.3%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.94%
2023-2024
0.53%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.5%
2020
Unemployment rate
5.16%
2024
4.01%
2024
Population
9163419
1374840

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Trinidad and Tobago
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Trinidad
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 56% 80.8% 32.3% 64.2%
2023 52.7% 78.5% 33.5% 62.2%
2022 53% 78.4% 27.2% 51.3%
2021 56% 82.4% 30.3% 58.4%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 36.2% 62.5%
2019 49.1% 71% 31.2% 46.2%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 30.2% 41.5%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 30.7% 39.8%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 31.9% 35.4%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 35% 27.1%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 32.8% 23.5%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 31.3% 21.6%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 29.5% 21.8%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 29.4% 26.4%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 30.4% 16.8%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 37% 20.7%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 26.7% 13.5%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 25.7% 16.2%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 31.6% 16.9%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 26.7% 19.8%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 22.5% 24.2%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 22.2% 30.2%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 24.4% 37%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 24.8% 36.6%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 23.1% 38.9%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 24.1% 42.2%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 26.9% 42.8%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 27.2% 46.1%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 27.6% 47%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 26.2% 50.1%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 25.4% 52.6%
1993 54.3% 61% 26.9% 58.8%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 28.6% 49.2%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 29.6% 49.5%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 26.9% 47.7%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 30.9% 51.9%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 45.3% 65.3%
1987 54.5% 55.5% - -
1986 54.3% 52% - -
1985 53.5% 47.8% - -
1984 52.6% 46% - -
1983 52.4% 43.7% - -
1982 52% 39.7% - -
1981 51.5% 37.5% - -
1980 50% 35.6% - -
1979 49.8% 34.1% - -
1978 50.8% 32.2% - -
1977 47.6% 28.5% - -
1976 47.9% 26.2% - -
1975 46.1% 22.8% - -
1974 42% 16.8% - -
1973 41.5% 16.7% - -
1972 40.1% 16.7% - -
1971 40% 17.4% - -
1970 39.5% 18.6% - -
1969 40.7% 16.8% - -
1968 40.9% 16.8% - -
1967 40.7% 15.6% - -
1966 38.7% 14.1% - -
1965 38.3% 14.8% - -
1964 38.7% 15.5% - -
1963 38.6% 15.6% - -
1962 37.6% 15.5% - -
1961 35.7% 16% - -
1960 36.3% 17.7% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government spending was $300B, accounting for 56% of its GDP, while Trinidad and Tobago spent $8.28B, or 32.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.8% in Austria and 64.2% in Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 44/185 and 70/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Trinidad and Tobago
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Trinidad
2024 -4.64% -5.24%
2023 -2.62% -1.24%
2022 -3.31% 0.92%
2021 -5.69% -8.1%
2020 -8.2% -12.2%
2019 0.54% -3.74%
2018 0.2% -5.89%
2017 -0.78% -10.4%
2016 -1.45% -10.1%
2015 -0.48% -7.56%
2014 -1.92% -4.31%
2013 -1.99% -2.67%
2012 -2.18% -1.26%
2011 -2.48% -0.67%
2010 -4.46% 0.13%
2009 -5.38% -5.42%
2008 -1.57% 5.39%
2007 -1.56% 3.12%
2006 -2.61% 1.56%
2005 -2.59% 2.36%
2004 -4.94% 1.84%
2003 -1.84% 1.8%
2002 -1.43% -0.2%
2001 -0.71% 0.61%
2000 -2.07% 0.17%
1999 -2.63% -0.88%
1998 -2.68% -1.8%
1997 -2.38% 0.11%
1996 -4.38% -0.45%
1995 -6.17% 0.17%
1994 -5.04% -0.02%
1993 -4.57% 0.23%
1992 -2.15% -2.74%
1991 -2.96% -0.21%
1990 -2.58% -1.27%
1989 -3.07% -4.46%
1988 -3.43% -9.34%
1987 -4.33% -
1986 -3.84% -
1985 -2.71% -
1984 -2.67% -
1983 -4.22% -
1982 -3.29% -
1981 -1.79% -
1980 -1.62% -
1979 -2.3% -
1978 -2.67% -
1977 -2.11% -
1976 -3.61% -
1975 -2.41% -
1974 1.23% -
1973 1.24% -
1972 1.97% -
1971 1.46% -
1970 1.16% -
1969 -0.08% -
1968 -0.83% -
1967 -0.56% -
1966 1.73% -
1965 1.38% -
1964 0.48% -
1963 -0.5% -
1962 1.12% -
1961 1.68% -
1960 -0.49% -
1959 -2.16% -
1958 -3.52% -
1957 -0.7% -
1956 -0.78% -
1955 -0.5% -
1954 -0.35% -
1953 -0.24% -
1952 -0.73% -
1951 -1.57% -
1950 -7.72% -
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.8B, equivalent to 4.64% of GDP. This compares to Trinidad and Tobago's deficit of $1.34B, or 5.24% of GDP.

Over the past 37 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 35 of those years, while Trinidad and Tobago ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.87% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.21% of GDP for Trinidad and Tobago.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Trinidad and Tobago
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Trinidad
2024 2.94% 0.53%
2023 7.81% 4.63%
2022 8.55% 5.83%
2021 2.77% 2.06%
2020 1.38% 0.6%
2019 1.53% 1%
2018 2% 1.02%
2017 2.08% 1.88%
2016 0.89% 3.07%
2015 0.9% 4.66%
2014 1.61% 5.68%
2013 2% 5.2%
2012 2.49% 9.26%
2011 3.29% 5.11%
2010 1.81% 10.5%
2009 0.51% 6.98%
2008 3.22% 12%
2007 2.17% 7.89%
2006 1.44% 8.33%
2005 2.3% 6.87%
2004 2.06% 3.72%
2003 1.36% 3.81%
2002 1.81% 4.15%
2001 2.65% 5.54%
2000 2.34% 3.56%
1999 0.57% 3.44%
1998 0.92% 5.61%
1997 1.31% 3.63%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 4.88% in Trinidad and Tobago. In 2024, inflation was 2.94% in Austria and 0.53% in Trinidad and Tobago.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $4.4M
Chemicals & pharma $1.12M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $826K
Precious metals & jewellery $186K
Weapons & explosives $147K
Textiles & consumer goods $78K
Metals $74K
Animal & marine products $72K
Miscellaneous $52K
Raw materials & minerals $27K
Trinidad
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $130K
Machinery & equipment $12K
Metals $6K
Miscellaneous $6K
Textiles & consumer goods $1K

Balance of trade

Austria Trinidad
Current account balance
$8.19B
2024
$645M
2024
Current account balance ranking
25/190
2024
58/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.53%
2024
+2.52%
2024
Goods imports
$195B
2024
$7.54B
2024
Goods exports
$201B
2024
$10B
2024
Service imports
$90.5B
2024
$2.71B
2024
Service exports
$96.6B
2024
$1.26B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.1%
2024
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.7%
2024
45%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Trinidad
Economic freedom 69.8 62.4
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 87/197
Property rights 95.7 47.3
Government integrity 75 45.5
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 58.8
Tax burden 45.7 76.1
Government spending 12.8 71.1
Fiscal health 67.1 86.3
Business freedom 78.7 67.1
Labor freedom 81.6 57.2
Monetary freedom 76.4 81
Trade freedom 79.4 68.8
Investment freedom 60 50
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Trinidad and Tobago
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Trinidad
2026 69.8 62.4
2025 69.7 63.6
2024 68.4 60.4
2023 71.1 59.5
2022 73.8 58.8
2021 73.9 59
2020 73.3 58.3
2019 72 57
2018 71.8 57.7
2017 72.3 61.2
2016 71.7 62.9
2015 71.2 64.1
2014 72.4 62.7
2013 71.8 62.3
2012 70.3 64.4
2011 71.9 66.5
2010 71.6 65.7
2009 71.2 68
2008 71.4 69.5
2007 71.6 70.6
2006 71.1 70.4
2005 68.8 71.5
2004 67.6 71.3
2003 67.6 68.8
2002 67.4 70.1
2001 68.1 71.8
2000 68.4 74.5
1999 64 72.4
1998 65.4 72
1997 65.2 71.3
1996 68.9 69.2
1995 70 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 62.4 for Trinidad and Tobago, ranking 87/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Trinidad
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
59.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
34.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.22%
2024
0.78%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$503B
2024
$27B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$74,160
2024
$36,580
2024
Total reserves including gold
$35.4B
2024
$5.6B
2024
Total reserves ranking
53/177
2024
94/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$135M
2024
$980M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
-$453M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$527M
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
20%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
19%
2023

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/trinidad-and-tobago | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.