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Economy of India vs Slovakia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

India has a GDP of $3.96T compared to $155B for Slovakia, ranking 6/197 and 60/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.33T in government debt (84.1% of GDP), compared to $95.3B (61.6% of GDP) in Slovakia.

India vs Slovakia GDP by year

India
Slovakia
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Slovakia
2025 $3,956,067,115,772 $154,530,066,507
2024 $3,760,813,470,501 $140,934,076,532
2023 $3,500,906,030,645 $133,578,518,424
2022 $3,249,938,492,013 $115,792,972,358
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $120,511,265,913
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $107,732,602,896
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $105,843,498,304
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $106,611,673,365
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $95,978,130,735
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $90,347,173,229
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $89,178,548,717
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $101,713,075,599
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $99,134,277,850
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $94,724,394,278
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $99,705,104,723
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $91,112,160,801
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $89,342,984,698
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $96,685,492,864
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $77,019,443,089
2006 $940,259,888,788 $57,111,148,619
2005 $820,383,763,511 $48,823,790,951
2004 $709,152,728,831 $42,960,730,480
2003 $607,700,687,237 $33,761,723,946
2002 $514,939,140,319 $24,768,142,566
2001 $485,440,139,204 $21,377,597,035
2000 $468,395,521,654 $20,626,538,612
1999 $458,821,052,616 $20,813,421,086
1998 $421,351,317,225 $22,911,708,405
1997 $415,867,563,593 $22,026,728,498
1996 $392,896,866,205 $21,864,845,214
1995 $360,281,909,643 $20,306,095,054
1994 $327,274,843,459 $16,187,735,322
1993 $279,295,648,983 $13,991,963,247
1992 $288,208,070,278 $12,932,972,789
1991 $270,105,341,879 $11,952,983,608
1990 $320,979,026,420 $17,068,924,602
1989 $296,042,052,945 -
1988 $296,589,670,896 -
1987 $279,033,584,092 -
1986 $248,985,994,041 -
1985 $232,511,554,840 -
1984 $212,157,645,178 -
1983 $218,262,146,413 -
1982 $200,715,624,831 -
1981 $193,491,368,446 -
1980 $186,328,579,302 -
1979 $152,995,442,498 -
1978 $137,302,319,829 -
1977 $121,486,641,441 -
1976 $102,716,451,980 -
1975 $98,473,832,017 -
1974 $99,526,597,934 -
1973 $85,517,673,173 -
1972 $71,464,700,667 -
1971 $67,351,404,352 -
1970 $62,422,483,055 -
1969 $58,447,995,017 -
1968 $53,085,455,871 -
1967 $50,134,942,204 -
1966 $45,581,230,504 -
1965 $59,556,105,229 -
1964 $56,480,289,941 -
1963 $48,421,923,459 -
1962 $42,161,481,858 -
1961 $39,232,435,784 -
1960 $37,029,883,876 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/slovakia | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Slovakia by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Slovakia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Slovakia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,702 - $28,544 -
2024 $2,592 $11,160 $25,993 $48,132
2023 $2,434 $10,323 $24,615 $45,974
2022 $2,280 $9,207 $21,318 $41,562
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $22,123 $38,346
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $19,735 $35,328
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $19,406 $33,986
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $19,573 $31,510
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $17,646 $30,246
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $16,636 $29,868
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $16,442 $30,148
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $18,771 $29,108
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $18,313 $28,075
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $17,517 $27,023
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $18,469 $26,202
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $16,899 $25,382
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $16,587 $23,077
2008 $993 $3,633 $17,974 $23,714
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $14,330 $21,232
2006 $802 $3,221 $10,629 $18,906
2005 $710 $2,937 $9,087 $16,570
2004 $624 $2,682 $7,997 $15,166
2003 $544 $2,461 $6,283 $14,088
2002 $469 $2,277 $4,606 $13,292
2001 $450 $2,200 $3,974 $12,367
2000 $443 $2,091 $3,828 $11,370
1999 $442 $2,006 $3,857 $10,726
1998 $414 $1,852 $4,250 $10,666
1997 $416 $1,759 $4,092 $10,137
1996 $401 $1,695 $4,069 $9,500
1995 $375 $1,579 $3,787 $8,812
1994 $348 $1,467 $3,028 $8,178
1993 $303 $1,374 $2,627 $7,569
1992 $319 $1,309 $2,438 $7,270
1991 $306 $1,239 $2,254 $7,623
1990 $371 $1,212 $3,221 $8,638
1989 $350 - - -
1988 $358 - - -
1987 $345 - - -
1986 $315 - - -
1985 $301 - - -
1984 $281 - - -
1983 $296 - - -
1982 $278.7 - - -
1981 $275 - - -
1980 $271.1 - - -
1979 $228 - - -
1978 $209.4 - - -
1977 $189.6 - - -
1976 $164.1 - - -
1975 $161.1 - - -
1974 $166.7 - - -
1973 $146.6 - - -
1972 $125.3 - - -
1971 $120.7 - - -
1970 $114.4 - - -
1969 $109.5 - - -
1968 $101.6 - - -
1967 $98 - - -
1966 $91 - - -
1965 $121.5 - - -
1964 $117.9 - - -
1963 $103.4 - - -
1962 $92.2 - - -
1961 $87.9 - - -
1960 $84.9 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/slovakia | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,702, ranking 149/197, compared to $28,544 in Slovakia, ranking 46/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Slovakia ranks 49th at $48,132.

Economic indicators

India Slovakia
Gross domestic product
$3.96T
2025
$155B
2025
GDP rank
6/197
2025
60/197
2025
GDP growth
7.57%
2024-2025
0.81%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,702
2025
$28,544
2025
GDP per capita rank
149/197
2025
46/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$48,132
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
49/197
2024
Government debt
$3.33T
2025
$95.3B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.1%
2025
61.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,272
2025
$17,597
2025
Government debt per person rank
116/185
2025
36/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,974
2026
$17,518
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$10.6T
2025
$5.38B
2014
Number of millionaires
944,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
229
2026
2
2026
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
18.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
3.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
48.7%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.4%
2024-2025
4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.51%
2025
5.4%
2025
Population
1483314140
5376239

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Slovakia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Slovakia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 28.5% 84.1% 48.7% 61.6%
2024 29.3% 84.8% 47.5% 59.7%
2023 29.7% 85% 48.2% 55.8%
2022 30% 84.6% 43.1% 57.8%
2021 30.7% 85.7% 44.8% 60.2%
2020 31.8% 90.6% 44.5% 58.4%
2019 27.4% 76.7% 40.6% 48%
2018 26.8% 71.7% 39.7% 49.3%
2017 26.6% 70.8% 39.8% 51.4%
2016 27.6% 69.8% 40.9% 52.1%
2015 27.3% 69.8% 44.1% 51.6%
2014 26.2% 67.6% 42% 53.4%
2013 26.5% 68% 41.1% 54.6%
2012 27.2% 68.1% 40% 51.7%
2011 27.3% 68.7% 40.8% 43.3%
2010 27.7% 67.7% 41% 40.7%
2009 28.1% 72.7% 43.2% 36.4%
2008 28.3% 74.3% 36.5% 28.6%
2007 26.1% 75.4% 35.9% 30.4%
2006 25.6% 77.9% 38.2% 31.5%
2005 26% 82.4% 39.1% 35%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 38.4% 42%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 40% 43.6%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 46% 45.6%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 46.2% 51.4%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 53.2% 50.6%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 48.4% 47.1%
1998 26% 69.3% 46.2% 33.9%
1997 25.2% 69% 48.6% 32.8%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 52.8% 30.3%
1995 25% 70.9% 47.8% 21.3%
1994 26.2% 74.8% - -
1993 26.2% 78.3% - -
1992 26.7% 78.8% - -
1991 26.8% 76.7% - -
1990 25.4% 50.8% - -
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/slovakia | CC BY

In 2025, India's government spending was $1.13T, accounting for 28.5% of its GDP, while Slovakia spent $75.3B, or 48.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.1% in India and 61.6% in Slovakia, ranking 38/185 and 74/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Slovakia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Slovakia
2025 -7.44% -5.02%
2024 -7.85% -5.5%
2023 -8.37% -5.3%
2022 -9.23% -1.56%
2021 -9.7% -5.09%
2020 -13.2% -5.3%
2019 -7.86% -1.21%
2018 -6.46% -1.01%
2017 -6.33% -0.98%
2016 -7.21% -2.59%
2015 -7.28% -2.78%
2014 -6.9% -3.25%
2013 -6.78% -2.86%
2012 -7.32% -4.37%
2011 -8.03% -4.36%
2010 -8.53% -7.44%
2009 -9.26% -8.18%
2008 -8.15% -2.54%
2007 -3.73% -2.26%
2006 -5.11% -3.57%
2005 -6.64% -2.86%
2004 -9.22% -2.36%
2003 -11.4% -2.28%
2002 -11.1% -8.35%
2001 -11% -7.74%
2000 -8.41% -12.7%
1999 -8.7% -7.25%
1998 -9.74% -5.37%
1997 -8.28% -6.24%
1996 -6.71% -9.72%
1995 -6.81% -3.43%
1994 -8% -
1993 -8.57% -
1992 -7.89% -
1991 -7.44% -
1990 -7.63% -
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/slovakia | CC BY

In 2025, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $294B, equivalent to 7.44% of GDP. This compares to Slovakia's deficit of $7.75B, or 5.02% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Slovakia ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.15% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.63% of GDP for Slovakia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Slovakia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Slovakia
2025 2.4% 4%
2024 4.95% 2.76%
2023 5.65% 10.5%
2022 6.7% 12.8%
2021 5.13% 3.15%
2020 6.62% 1.94%
2019 3.73% 2.66%
2018 3.94% 2.51%
2017 3.33% 1.31%
2016 4.95% -0.52%
2015 4.91% -0.33%
2014 6.67% -0.08%
2013 10% 1.4%
2012 9.48% 3.61%
2011 8.91% 3.92%
2010 12% 0.96%
2009 10.9% 1.62%
2008 8.35% 4.6%
2007 6.37% 2.76%
2006 5.8% 4.48%
2005 4.25% 2.71%
2004 3.77% 7.55%
2003 3.81% 8.55%
2002 4.3% 3.13%
2001 3.78% 7.33%
2000 4.01% 12%
1999 4.67% 10.6%
1998 13.2% 6.67%
1997 7.16% 6.14%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/slovakia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.2%, compared with 4.44% in Slovakia. In 2025, inflation was 2.4% in India and 4% in Slovakia.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $208M
Textiles & consumer goods $20.3M
Raw materials & minerals $19.8M
Metals $16.4M
Chemicals & pharma $15.6M
Weapons & explosives $13.2M
Precious metals & jewellery $3.79M
Raw agricultural goods $1.58M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $465K
Miscellaneous $454K
Slovakia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $260M
Chemicals & pharma $10.4M
Business & finance services $5.2M
Transport & tourism services $4.66M
Metals $4.64M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.59M
IT & IP services $3.25M
Raw materials & minerals $2.16M
Wood & paper products $1.38M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.03M

Balance of trade

India Slovakia
Current account balance
-$16.5B
2025
-$5.6B
2025
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2025
165/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.42%
2025
-3.63%
2025
Goods imports
$761B
2025
$117B
2025
Goods exports
$450B
2025
$117B
2025
Service imports
$203B
2025
$14.3B
2025
Service exports
$412B
2025
$14.7B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
24%
2025
85.2%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.3%
2025
85.1%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Slovakia
Economic freedom 52.5 67.7
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 54/197
Property rights 48.3 82.6
Government integrity 37.8 57.2
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 70.5
Tax burden 71.2 75.4
Government spending 75.7 36.4
Fiscal health 6.7 69.6
Business freedom 67.4 71.1
Labor freedom 59 55.1
Monetary freedom 70.9 69.7
Trade freedom 61 79.4
Investment freedom 40 75
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Slovakia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Slovakia
2026 52.5 67.7
2025 53 68.4
2024 52.9 68.1
2023 52.9 69
2022 53.9 69.7
2021 56.5 66.3
2020 56.5 66.8
2019 55.2 65
2018 54.5 65.3
2017 52.6 65.7
2016 56.2 66.6
2015 54.6 67.2
2014 55.7 66.4
2013 55.2 68.7
2012 54.6 67
2011 54.6 69.5
2010 53.8 69.7
2009 54.4 69.4
2008 54.1 70
2007 53.9 69.6
2006 52.2 69.8
2005 54.2 66.8
2004 51.5 64.6
2003 51.2 59
2002 51.2 59.8
2001 49 58.5
2000 47.4 53.8
1999 50.2 54.2
1998 49.7 57.5
1997 49.7 55.5
1996 47.4 57.6
1995 45.1 60.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/slovakia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 67.7 for Slovakia, ranking 54/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Slovakia
Services, % of GDP
49.3%
2025
59.8%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
28.1%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.2%
2025
1.59%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$4.04T
2025
$143B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,600
2025
$47,920
2025
Total reserves including gold
$700B
2025
$18.2B
2025
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2025
69/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.41B
2025
-$198M
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$5.01B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$2.24B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.47%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
13.7%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
34.6%
2025
20.1%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/slovakia | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.