Skip to content

Economy of Austria vs Botswana compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Austria has a GDP of $535B compared to $19.4B for Botswana, ranking 30/197 and 133/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $432B in government debt (80.8% of GDP), compared to $5.82B (30% of GDP) in Botswana.

Austria vs Botswana GDP by year

Austria
Botswana
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Botswana
2024 $534,790,720,467 $19,402,063,513
2023 $516,670,509,629 $19,411,266,967
2022 $473,221,298,968 $20,321,150,599
2021 $480,466,363,177 $18,750,182,236
2020 $434,397,601,558 $14,960,251,608
2019 $442,983,642,372 $16,725,908,149
2018 $452,582,294,973 $17,031,943,186
2017 $414,926,138,133 $16,105,155,857
2016 $393,687,359,770 $15,082,637,184
2015 $379,546,097,301 $13,530,748,845
2014 $438,556,021,078 $15,470,088,501
2013 $426,580,502,769 $14,271,738,933
2012 $406,750,487,604 $13,907,464,500
2011 $428,954,737,064 $15,110,643,612
2010 $389,827,789,218 $12,637,273,429
2009 $399,290,118,782 $10,118,459,242
2008 $429,234,399,096 $10,730,829,116
2007 $386,760,177,589 $10,567,270,656
2006 $333,905,979,332 $9,919,158,482
2005 $313,952,317,331 $9,918,907,108
2004 $299,210,411,455 $8,957,467,707
2003 $260,779,834,340 $7,511,582,173
2002 $212,837,224,023 $5,438,863,983
2001 $196,477,206,829 $5,489,608,300
2000 $196,181,599,831 $5,788,329,609
1999 $216,421,809,126 $5,484,263,347
1998 $217,068,085,816 $4,790,481,509
1997 $211,724,812,267 $5,020,265,627
1996 $235,952,581,232 $4,847,757,218
1995 $240,094,169,510 $4,730,599,122
1994 $202,738,023,130 $4,259,259,604
1993 $189,634,029,339 $4,160,129,175
1992 $194,314,032,056 $4,146,464,587
1991 $173,113,449,617 $3,942,876,703
1990 $165,811,372,383 $3,790,636,324
1989 $132,584,448,258 $3,083,822,112
1988 $132,817,124,707 $2,644,554,159
1987 $123,682,091,859 $1,965,226,890
1986 $98,648,254,169 $1,392,602,164
1985 $69,114,996,010 $1,114,783,343
1984 $67,719,055,773 $1,240,822,167
1983 $71,838,528,420 $1,172,230,397
1982 $70,996,111,963 $1,014,945,696
1981 $70,755,997,062 $1,073,812,830
1980 $81,737,498,405 $1,060,889,704
1979 $73,647,694,287 $819,870,259
1978 $61,809,208,756 $590,407,374
1977 $51,343,861,460 $451,624,780
1976 $42,791,707,448 $372,025,093
1975 $39,902,300,703 $355,168,572
1974 $35,051,468,640 $306,044,208
1973 $29,399,860,145 $244,124,164
1972 $21,973,207,929 $164,460,915
1971 $17,788,536,733 $127,448,614
1970 $15,312,791,744 $96,243,234
1969 $13,647,475,854 $77,361,547
1968 $12,499,863,917 $66,248,441
1967 $11,634,569,522 $58,642,354
1966 $10,939,526,219 $51,465,655
1965 $10,041,659,445 $45,788,696
1964 $9,213,648,656 $41,616,348
1963 $8,414,050,621 $38,091,843
1962 $7,793,042,529 $35,644,957
1961 $7,346,566,038 $32,902,613
1960 $6,624,086,313 $30,411,414

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/botswana | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Botswana by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Botswana
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Botswana
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $7,696 $20,538
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $7,826 $21,012
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $8,329 $19,977
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $7,808 $17,961
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $6,323 $15,292
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $7,172 $15,960
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $7,408 $15,786
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $7,105 $15,701
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $6,749 $16,228
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $6,141 $14,144
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $7,122 $15,003
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $6,667 $13,621
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $6,596 $12,737
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $7,287 $13,635
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $6,216 $12,753
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $5,083 $11,686
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $5,503 $13,810
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $5,529 $13,389
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $5,292 $12,563
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $5,391 $11,458
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $4,957 $10,818
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $4,230 $10,439
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $3,117 $9,958
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $3,206 $9,420
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $3,451 $9,380
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $3,340 $9,188
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $2,981 $8,441
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $3,194 $8,497
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $3,156 $7,890
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $3,156 $7,503
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $2,917 $7,049
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $2,929 $6,847
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $3,005 $6,753
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $2,939 $6,598
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $2,903 $6,104
1989 $17,401 - $2,428 -
1988 $17,510 - $2,141 -
1987 $16,329 - $1,639 -
1986 $13,032 - $1,200 -
1985 $9,136 - $994 -
1984 $8,956 - $1,145 -
1983 $9,500 - $1,121 -
1982 $9,373 - $1,006 -
1981 $9,348 - $1,107 -
1980 $10,827 - $1,132 -
1979 $9,755 - $909 -
1978 $8,173 - $695 -
1977 $6,784 - $565 -
1976 $5,656 - $490 -
1975 $5,265 - $493 -
1974 $4,613 - $446 -
1973 $3,875 - $374 -
1972 $2,913 - $264.2 -
1971 $2,372 - $212.2 -
1970 $2,051 - $163 -
1969 $1,834 - $131.8 -
1968 $1,686 - $113.4 -
1967 $1,577 - $100.9 -
1966 $1,494 - $89.1 -
1965 $1,381 - $79.7 -
1964 $1,275 - $73.5 -
1963 $1,173 - $68.9 -
1962 $1,093 - $66 -
1961 $1,037 - $62.3 -
1960 $940 - $58.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/botswana | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $58,269, ranking 16/197, compared to $7,696 in Botswana, ranking 97/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Botswana ranks 95th at $20,538.

Economic indicators

Austria Botswana
Gross domestic product
$535B
2024
$19.4B
2024
GDP rank
30/197
2024
133/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.66%
2023-2024
-2.99%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$58,269
2024
$7,696
2024
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2024
97/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$20,538
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
95/197
2024
Government debt
$432B
2024
$5.82B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.8%
2024
30%
2024
Government debt per person
$47,075
2024
$2,310
2024
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2024
114/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,736
2026
$5,271
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$121B
2024
$3.59B
2023
Number of billionaires
9
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
42.9%
2015
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
1.4%
2015
Government expenditure, % of GDP
56%
2024
33.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.94%
2023-2024
2.82%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
1.9%
2024
Unemployment rate
5.16%
2024
24.4%
2024
Population
9163419
2615162

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Botswana
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Botswana
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 56% 80.8% 33.8% 30%
2023 52.7% 78.5% 32.4% 22.5%
2022 53% 78.4% 29.5% 21.3%
2021 56% 82.4% 33% 23.4%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 38.5% 24.8%
2019 49.1% 71% 36.4% 21.3%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 35.9% 19.8%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 35% 19.8%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 34.2% 22.4%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 39.7% 25.7%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 36.4% 23.9%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 34.8% 24.7%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 38.3% 27.3%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 37.4% 28.1%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 44.7% 27.9%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 54.5% 23.5%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 48% 7.77%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 38.3% 6.12%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 34.1% 6.32%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 35% 7.74%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 42% 11.3%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 44% 7.29%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 46% 8.55%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 42.9% 7.61%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 39.8% 8.37%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 41.7% 9.68%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 44.3% 12%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 40% -
1996 55.9% 68.2% 37.2% -
1995 56.1% 68.2% 38.1% -
1994 54.3% 64.1% 39.2% -
1993 54.3% 61% 44.2% -
1992 49.3% 56.3% 43.4% -
1991 47.9% 56.4% 42.3% -
1990 46.8% 56.2% 40.5% -
1989 51.6% 56.6% - -
1988 53.1% 57.7% - -
1987 54.5% 55.5% - -
1986 54.3% 52% - -
1985 53.5% 47.8% - -
1984 52.6% 46% - -
1983 52.4% 43.7% - -
1982 52% 39.7% - -
1981 51.5% 37.5% - -
1980 50% 35.6% - -
1979 49.8% 34.1% - -
1978 50.8% 32.2% - -
1977 47.6% 28.5% - -
1976 47.9% 26.2% - -
1975 46.1% 22.8% - -
1974 42% 16.8% - -
1973 41.5% 16.7% - -
1972 40.1% 16.7% - -
1971 40% 17.4% - -
1970 39.5% 18.6% - -
1969 40.7% 16.8% - -
1968 40.9% 16.8% - -
1967 40.7% 15.6% - -
1966 38.7% 14.1% - -
1965 38.3% 14.8% - -
1964 38.7% 15.5% - -
1963 38.6% 15.6% - -
1962 37.6% 15.5% - -
1961 35.7% 16% - -
1960 36.3% 17.7% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/botswana | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government spending was $300B, accounting for 56% of its GDP, while Botswana spent $6.55B, or 33.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.8% in Austria and 30% in Botswana, ranking 44/185 and 158/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Botswana
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Botswana
2024 -4.64% -7.82%
2023 -2.62% -4.25%
2022 -3.31% -0.006%
2021 -5.69% -2.46%
2020 -8.2% -11.5%
2019 0.54% -8.43%
2018 0.2% -5.07%
2017 -0.78% -1.16%
2016 -1.45% 0.72%
2015 -0.48% -5.06%
2014 -1.92% 3.88%
2013 -1.99% 6.07%
2012 -2.18% 0.92%
2011 -2.48% -0.12%
2010 -4.46% -8.36%
2009 -5.38% -14.4%
2008 -1.57% -7.59%
2007 -1.56% 5.92%
2006 -2.61% 13.7%
2005 -2.59% 10.7%
2004 -4.94% 1.42%
2003 -1.84% -0.18%
2002 -1.43% -4.02%
2001 -0.71% -2.96%
2000 -2.07% 8.95%
1999 -2.63% 6.18%
1998 -2.68% -
1997 -2.38% -
1996 -4.38% -
1995 -6.17% -
1994 -5.04% -
1993 -4.57% -
1992 -2.15% -
1991 -2.96% -
1990 -2.58% -
1989 -3.07% -
1988 -3.43% -
1987 -4.33% -
1986 -3.84% -
1985 -2.71% -
1984 -2.67% -
1983 -4.22% -
1982 -3.29% -
1981 -1.79% -
1980 -1.62% -
1979 -2.3% -
1978 -2.67% -
1977 -2.11% -
1976 -3.61% -
1975 -2.41% -
1974 1.23% -
1973 1.24% -
1972 1.97% -
1971 1.46% -
1970 1.16% -
1969 -0.08% -
1968 -0.83% -
1967 -0.56% -
1966 1.73% -
1965 1.38% -
1964 0.48% -
1963 -0.5% -
1962 1.12% -
1961 1.68% -
1960 -0.49% -
1959 -2.16% -
1958 -3.52% -
1957 -0.7% -
1956 -0.78% -
1955 -0.5% -
1954 -0.35% -
1953 -0.24% -
1952 -0.73% -
1951 -1.57% -
1950 -7.72% -
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/botswana | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.8B, equivalent to 4.64% of GDP. This compares to Botswana's deficit of $1.52B, or 7.82% of GDP.

Over the past 26 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 24 of those years, while Botswana ran a deficit in 16 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.57% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.96% of GDP for Botswana.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Botswana
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Botswana
2024 2.94% 2.82%
2023 7.81% 5.07%
2022 8.55% 11.7%
2021 2.77% 7.24%
2020 1.38% 1.89%
2019 1.53% 2.77%
2018 2% 3.24%
2017 2.08% 3.31%
2016 0.89% 2.81%
2015 0.9% 3.06%
2014 1.61% 4.4%
2013 2% 5.88%
2012 2.49% 7.54%
2011 3.29% 8.46%
2010 1.81% 6.95%
2009 0.51% 8.03%
2008 3.22% 12.7%
2007 2.17% 7.08%
2006 1.44% 11.6%
2005 2.3% 8.61%
2004 2.06% 6.95%
2003 1.36% 9.19%
2002 1.81% 8.03%
2001 2.65% 6.56%
2000 2.34% 8.6%
1999 0.57% 7.75%
1998 0.92% 6.66%
1997 1.31% 8.72%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/botswana | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 6.7% in Botswana. In 2024, inflation was 2.94% in Austria and 2.82% in Botswana.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.32M
Chemicals & pharma $84K
Textiles & consumer goods $39K
Raw materials & minerals $35K
Weapons & explosives $24K
Metals $13K
Miscellaneous $8K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2K
Wood & paper products $2K
Botswana
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $11K
Miscellaneous $6K
Animal & marine products $1K
Wood & paper products $1K

Balance of trade

Austria Botswana
Current account balance
$8.19B
2024
-$821M
2024
Current account balance ranking
25/190
2024
118/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.53%
2024
-4.23%
2024
Goods imports
$195B
2024
$6.86B
2024
Goods exports
$201B
2024
$4.66B
2024
Service imports
$90.5B
2024
$1.29B
2024
Service exports
$96.6B
2024
$935M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.1%
2024
43.7%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.7%
2024
27.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Botswana
Economic freedom 69.8 67.7
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 53/197
Property rights 95.7 71.7
Government integrity 75 59.6
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 70.2
Tax burden 45.7 87.1
Government spending 12.8 69.8
Fiscal health 67.1 72.4
Business freedom 78.7 61.5
Labor freedom 81.6 60.7
Monetary freedom 76.4 72
Trade freedom 79.4 77
Investment freedom 60 50
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Botswana
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Botswana
2026 69.8 67.7
2025 69.7 69.9
2024 68.4 68
2023 71.1 64.9
2022 73.8 64.8
2021 73.9 67.6
2020 73.3 69.6
2019 72 69.5
2018 71.8 69.9
2017 72.3 70.1
2016 71.7 71.1
2015 71.2 69.8
2014 72.4 72
2013 71.8 70.6
2012 70.3 69.6
2011 71.9 68.8
2010 71.6 70.3
2009 71.2 69.7
2008 71.4 68.2
2007 71.6 68.1
2006 71.1 68.8
2005 68.8 69.3
2004 67.6 69.9
2003 67.6 68.6
2002 67.4 66.2
2001 68.1 66.8
2000 68.4 65.8
1999 64 62.9
1998 65.4 62.8
1997 65.2 59.1
1996 68.9 61.6
1995 70 56.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/botswana | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 67.7 for Botswana, ranking 53/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Botswana
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
63.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
29.4%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.22%
2024
1.71%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$503B
2024
$19.5B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$74,160
2024
$20,570
2024
Total reserves including gold
$35.4B
2024
$3.46B
2024
Total reserves ranking
53/177
2024
113/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$135M
2024
-$464M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$467M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$3.02M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
1.42%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
16.1%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
36%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/botswana | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.