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Economy of Austria vs Kenya compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Austria has a GDP of $579B compared to $136B for Kenya, ranking 29/197 and 62/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $466B in government debt (80.5% of GDP), compared to $94.3B (69.3% of GDP) in Kenya.

Austria vs Kenya GDP by year

Austria
Kenya
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Kenya
2025 $579,470,021,095 $135,941,278,879
2024 $534,790,720,467 $120,397,537,850
2023 $516,670,509,629 $107,500,884,685
2022 $473,221,298,968 $114,448,978,153
2021 $480,466,363,177 $109,703,658,905
2020 $434,397,601,558 $100,657,505,751
2019 $442,983,642,372 $100,378,436,207
2018 $452,582,294,973 $92,202,979,985
2017 $414,926,138,133 $82,036,510,877
2016 $393,687,359,770 $74,815,144,164
2015 $379,546,097,301 $70,120,446,897
2014 $438,556,021,078 $68,285,796,514
2013 $426,580,502,769 $61,671,440,408
2012 $406,750,487,604 $56,396,704,672
2011 $428,954,737,064 $46,869,473,151
2010 $389,827,789,218 $45,405,615,064
2009 $399,290,118,782 $42,347,217,913
2008 $429,234,399,096 $35,895,153,328
2007 $386,760,177,589 $31,958,195,182
2006 $333,905,979,332 $25,825,512,284
2005 $313,952,317,331 $18,737,895,513
2004 $299,210,411,455 $16,095,337,094
2003 $260,779,834,340 $14,904,517,650
2002 $212,837,224,023 $13,147,736,899
2001 $196,477,206,829 $12,986,007,426
2000 $196,181,599,831 $12,705,350,098
1999 $216,421,809,126 $12,896,010,459
1998 $217,068,085,816 $14,093,998,844
1997 $211,724,812,267 $13,115,764,358
1996 $235,952,581,232 $12,045,865,396
1995 $240,094,169,510 $9,046,320,255
1994 $202,738,023,130 $7,148,148,564
1993 $189,634,029,339 $5,751,786,643
1992 $194,314,032,056 $8,209,120,763
1991 $173,113,449,617 $8,151,488,783
1990 $165,811,372,383 $8,572,359,038
1989 $132,584,448,258 $8,283,114,514
1988 $132,817,124,707 $8,355,380,879
1987 $123,682,091,859 $7,970,820,369
1986 $98,648,254,169 $7,239,126,568
1985 $69,114,996,010 $6,135,034,214
1984 $67,719,055,773 $6,191,437,070
1983 $71,838,528,420 $5,979,198,314
1982 $70,996,111,963 $6,431,579,357
1981 $70,755,997,062 $6,854,491,706
1980 $81,737,498,405 $7,265,315,820
1979 $73,647,694,287 $6,234,391,113
1978 $61,809,208,756 $5,303,735,111
1977 $51,343,861,460 $4,494,378,764
1976 $42,791,707,448 $3,474,542,392
1975 $39,902,300,703 $3,259,345,083
1974 $35,051,468,640 $2,969,958,812
1973 $29,399,860,145 $2,509,001,324
1972 $21,973,207,929 $2,107,279,157
1971 $17,788,536,733 $1,778,391,289
1970 $15,312,791,744 $1,603,447,359
1969 $13,647,475,854 $1,458,379,417
1968 $12,499,863,917 $1,353,295,459
1967 $11,634,569,522 $1,232,559,507
1966 $10,939,526,219 $1,164,519,674
1965 $10,041,659,445 $997,919,321
1964 $9,213,648,656 $998,759,334
1963 $8,414,050,621 $926,589,349
1962 $7,793,042,529 $868,111,401
1961 $7,346,566,038 $792,959,473
1960 $6,624,086,313 $791,265,459

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/kenya | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Kenya by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kenya
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Kenya
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $62,930 - $2,363 -
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $2,133 $6,644
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $1,943 $6,317
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $2,110 $5,883
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $2,061 $5,339
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $1,928 $4,793
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $1,960 $4,687
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $1,836 $4,412
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $1,667 $4,177
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $1,554 $3,917
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $1,489 $3,678
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $1,483 $3,359
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $1,371 $3,106
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $1,285 $2,847
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $1,096 $2,750
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $1,092 $2,635
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $1,048 $2,480
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $916 $2,459
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $840 $2,481
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $700 $2,330
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $523 $2,189
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $464 $2,066
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $443 $1,975
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $403 $1,940
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $411 $1,961
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $415 $1,907
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $434 $1,910
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $488 $1,895
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $467 $1,865
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $441 $1,875
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $340 $1,818
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $276.4 $1,754
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $229 $1,723
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $337 $1,728
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $345 $1,756
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $374 $1,729
1989 $17,401 - $374 -
1988 $17,510 - $391 -
1987 $16,329 - $387 -
1986 $13,032 - $364 -
1985 $9,136 - $320 -
1984 $8,956 - $334 -
1983 $9,500 - $335 -
1982 $9,373 - $374 -
1981 $9,348 - $413 -
1980 $10,827 - $454 -
1979 $9,755 - $403 -
1978 $8,173 - $355 -
1977 $6,784 - $311 -
1976 $5,656 - $248.9 -
1975 $5,265 - $241.2 -
1974 $4,613 - $227.2 -
1973 $3,875 - $198.6 -
1972 $2,913 - $172.6 -
1971 $2,372 - $150.9 -
1970 $2,051 - $141 -
1969 $1,834 - $133.3 -
1968 $1,686 - $128.7 -
1967 $1,577 - $121.9 -
1966 $1,494 - $119.8 -
1965 $1,381 - $106.9 -
1964 $1,275 - $111.3 -
1963 $1,173 - $107.4 -
1962 $1,093 - $104.6 -
1961 $1,037 - $99.3 -
1960 $940 - $102.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/kenya | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $62,930, ranking 16/197, compared to $2,363 in Kenya, ranking 154/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Kenya ranks 149th at $6,644.

Economic indicators

Austria Kenya
Gross domestic product
$579B
2025
$136B
2025
GDP rank
29/197
2025
62/197
2025
GDP growth
0.62%
2024-2025
4.63%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$62,930
2025
$2,363
2025
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2025
154/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$6,644
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
149/197
2024
Government debt
$466B
2025
$94.3B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.5%
2025
69.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,654
2025
$1,638
2025
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2025
126/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,467
2026
$2,538
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$211B
2025
$22.8B
2025
Number of billionaires
9
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
30.9%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.2%
2025
24%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.53%
2024-2025
4.07%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
8.75%
2026
Unemployment rate
5.78%
2025
5.44%
2022
Population
9201502
59218766

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Kenya
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Kenya
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55.2% 80.5% 24% 69.3%
2024 55.2% 79.2% 23.2% 67.3%
2023 52.2% 77.8% 22.6% 73.4%
2022 53% 78.1% 23.1% 67.8%
2021 56% 82.4% 24% 68.2%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 24.8% 68%
2019 49.1% 71% 24.4% 59.1%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 24.5% 56.4%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 25.2% 53.9%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 25.3% 50.4%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 23.8% 45.8%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 23.4% 41.3%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 23.2% 39.8%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 22.1% 37.6%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 20.1% 35.7%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 21.5% 36.7%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 20.3% 36%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 18.9% 34.3%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 18.1% 34.2%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 17.3% 37.1%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 16.2% 37.4%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 15.4% 40.8%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 16% 43.8%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 15.7% 42%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 14.9% 41.3%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 14.1% 43.1%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 13.7% 38.4%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 15.3% 38.5%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 15.6% 36%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 15.2% 40.5%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 17.3% 52.1%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 18.8% 57%
1993 54.3% 61% 18.9% 61.6%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 17.6% 41.2%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 16.4% 43%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 17.2% 37.6%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 16.3% 33.4%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 15.9% 33.9%
1987 54.5% 55.5% 15.5% 36.3%
1986 54.3% 52% 15.3% 31.3%
1985 53.5% 47.8% 15.6% 28.8%
1984 52.6% 46% 14.9% 25.6%
1983 52.4% 43.7% 14.6% 26.1%
1982 52% 39.7% 16.2% 26.9%
1981 51.5% 37.5% - -
1980 50% 35.6% - -
1979 49.8% 34.1% - -
1978 50.8% 32.2% - -
1977 47.6% 28.5% - -
1976 47.9% 26.2% - -
1975 46.1% 22.8% - -
1974 42% 16.8% - -
1973 41.5% 16.7% - -
1972 40.1% 16.7% - -
1971 40% 17.4% - -
1970 39.5% 18.6% - -
1969 40.7% 16.8% - -
1968 40.9% 16.8% - -
1967 40.7% 15.6% - -
1966 38.7% 14.1% - -
1965 38.3% 14.8% - -
1964 38.7% 15.5% - -
1963 38.6% 15.6% - -
1962 37.6% 15.5% - -
1961 35.7% 16% - -
1960 36.3% 17.7% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/kenya | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government spending was $320B, accounting for 55.2% of its GDP, while Kenya spent $32.6B, or 24% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.5% in Austria and 69.3% in Kenya, ranking 42/185 and 59/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Kenya
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Kenya
2025 -4.52% -6.41%
2024 -4.68% -5.74%
2023 -2.59% -5.61%
2022 -3.41% -6.01%
2021 -5.69% -7.2%
2020 -8.2% -8.13%
2019 0.54% -7.4%
2018 0.2% -6.91%
2017 -0.78% -7.37%
2016 -1.45% -7.45%
2015 -0.48% -6.68%
2014 -1.92% -5.75%
2013 -1.99% -5.25%
2012 -2.18% -5.29%
2011 -2.48% -3.64%
2010 -4.46% -3.67%
2009 -5.38% -3.12%
2008 -1.57% -1.95%
2007 -1.56% -0.95%
2006 -2.61% -0.43%
2005 -2.59% -0.19%
2004 -4.94% 0.5%
2003 -1.84% -0.73%
2002 -1.43% -1.29%
2001 -0.71% -0.53%
2000 -2.07% 0.38%
1999 -2.63% 0.84%
1998 -2.68% -0.03%
1997 -2.38% -0.91%
1996 -4.38% -0.49%
1995 -6.17% -0.23%
1994 -5.04% -4.14%
1993 -4.57% -8.57%
1992 -2.15% -8.28%
1991 -2.96% -6.56%
1990 -2.58% -3.28%
1989 -3.07% -2.39%
1988 -3.43% -1.97%
1987 -4.33% -2.27%
1986 -3.84% -2.98%
1985 -2.71% -3.05%
1984 -2.67% -2.55%
1983 -4.22% -2.17%
1982 -3.29% -3.07%
1981 -1.79% -
1980 -1.62% -
1979 -2.3% -
1978 -2.67% -
1977 -2.11% -
1976 -3.61% -
1975 -2.41% -
1974 1.23% -
1973 1.24% -
1972 1.97% -
1971 1.46% -
1970 1.16% -
1969 -0.08% -
1968 -0.83% -
1967 -0.56% -
1966 1.73% -
1965 1.38% -
1964 0.48% -
1963 -0.5% -
1962 1.12% -
1961 1.68% -
1960 -0.49% -
1959 -2.16% -
1958 -3.52% -
1957 -0.7% -
1956 -0.78% -
1955 -0.5% -
1954 -0.35% -
1953 -0.24% -
1952 -0.73% -
1951 -1.57% -
1950 -7.72% -
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/kenya | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 4.52% of GDP. This compares to Kenya's deficit of $8.72B, or 6.41% of GDP.

Over the past 44 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 42 of those years, while Kenya ran a deficit in 41 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 3% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.61% of GDP for Kenya.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Kenya
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Kenya
2025 3.53% 4.07%
2024 2.94% 4.49%
2023 7.81% 7.67%
2022 8.55% 7.66%
2021 2.77% 6.11%
2020 1.38% 5.41%
2019 1.53% 5.24%
2018 2% 4.69%
2017 2.08% 8.01%
2016 0.89% 6.3%
2015 0.9% 6.58%
2014 1.61% 6.88%
2013 2% 5.72%
2012 2.49% 9.38%
2011 3.29% 14%
2010 1.81% 3.96%
2009 0.51% 9.23%
2008 3.22% 26.2%
2007 2.17% 9.76%
2006 1.44% 14.5%
2005 2.3% 10.3%
2004 2.06% 11.6%
2003 1.36% 9.82%
2002 1.81% 1.96%
2001 2.65% 5.74%
2000 2.34% 9.98%
1999 0.57% 5.74%
1998 0.92% 6.72%
1997 1.31% 11.4%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/kenya | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 8.25% in Kenya. In 2025, inflation was 3.53% in Austria and 4.07% in Kenya.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $7.58M
Chemicals & pharma $7.01M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $3.64M
Wood & paper products $1.12M
Metals $482K
Textiles & consumer goods $454K
Weapons & explosives $238K
Animal & marine products $187K
Raw materials & minerals $155K
Miscellaneous $45K
Kenya
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $694K
Textiles & consumer goods $144K
Raw materials & minerals $84K
Metals $39K
Machinery & equipment $29K
Chemicals & pharma $6K
Precious metals & jewellery $6K
Animal & marine products $5K
Wood & paper products $4K
Miscellaneous $2K

Balance of trade

Austria Kenya
Current account balance
$10.4B
2025
-$1.55B
2024
Current account balance ranking
24/190
2025
130/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.79%
2025
-1.29%
2024
Goods imports
$208B
2025
$22.2B
2024
Goods exports
$214B
2025
$12.5B
2024
Service imports
$98.3B
2025
$5.64B
2024
Service exports
$105B
2025
$8.04B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
21.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.7%
2025
15.8%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Kenya
Economic freedom 69.8 55.5
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 128/197
Property rights 95.7 40.2
Government integrity 75 32.7
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 47
Tax burden 45.7 76.3
Government spending 12.8 84.1
Fiscal health 67.1 36.2
Business freedom 78.7 61.5
Labor freedom 81.6 56.5
Monetary freedom 76.4 75.1
Trade freedom 79.4 52
Investment freedom 60 55
Financial freedom 70 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Kenya
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Kenya
2026 69.8 55.5
2025 69.7 54.8
2024 68.4 53.6
2023 71.1 52.5
2022 73.8 52.6
2021 73.9 54.9
2020 73.3 55.3
2019 72 55.1
2018 71.8 54.7
2017 72.3 53.5
2016 71.7 57.5
2015 71.2 55.6
2014 72.4 57.1
2013 71.8 55.9
2012 70.3 57.5
2011 71.9 57.4
2010 71.6 57.5
2009 71.2 58.7
2008 71.4 59.3
2007 71.6 59.6
2006 71.1 59.7
2005 68.8 57.9
2004 67.6 57.7
2003 67.6 58.6
2002 67.4 58.2
2001 68.1 57.6
2000 68.4 59.7
1999 64 58.2
1998 65.4 58.4
1997 65.2 60.1
1996 68.9 56.4
1995 70 54.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/kenya | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 55.5 for Kenya, ranking 128/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Kenya
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2025
55.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2025
16.3%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.26%
2025
23.2%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$556B
2025
$127B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$77,010
2025
$6,910
2025
Total reserves including gold
$53.4B
2025
$12.4B
2025
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2025
76/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$5.61B
2025
-$45.8M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$463M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$418M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.82%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
39.8%
2022
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2025
17%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/kenya | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1997, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.