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Economy of Austria vs Canada compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Austria has a GDP of $579B compared to $2.32T for Canada, ranking 29/197 and 10/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $466B in government debt (80.5% of GDP), compared to $2.63T (113.5% of GDP) in Canada.

Austria vs Canada GDP by year

Austria
Canada
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Canada
2025 $579,470,021,095 $2,319,899,772,426
2024 $534,790,720,467 $2,270,076,189,683
2023 $516,670,509,629 $2,196,593,836,347
2022 $473,221,298,968 $2,200,562,785,046
2021 $480,466,363,177 $2,022,377,950,897
2020 $434,397,601,558 $1,655,686,966,882
2019 $442,983,642,372 $1,743,728,952,157
2018 $452,582,294,973 $1,725,330,736,238
2017 $414,926,138,133 $1,649,269,496,515
2016 $393,687,359,770 $1,527,996,250,641
2015 $379,546,097,301 $1,556,510,380,200
2014 $438,556,021,078 $1,805,751,688,809
2013 $426,580,502,769 $1,846,583,831,414
2012 $406,750,487,604 $1,828,359,477,072
2011 $428,954,737,064 $1,793,335,727,901
2010 $389,827,789,218 $1,617,349,192,091
2009 $399,290,118,782 $1,374,627,766,600
2008 $429,234,399,096 $1,552,993,439,550
2007 $386,760,177,589 $1,468,820,407,783
2006 $333,905,979,332 $1,319,291,255,289
2005 $313,952,317,331 $1,173,118,501,403
2004 $299,210,411,455 $1,026,691,006,918
2003 $260,779,834,340 $895,542,074,085
2002 $212,837,224,023 $760,650,608,552
2001 $196,477,206,829 $738,981,792,355
2000 $196,181,599,831 $744,773,415,932
1999 $216,421,809,126 $678,414,215,521
1998 $217,068,085,816 $633,999,325,918
1997 $211,724,812,267 $654,987,722,086
1996 $235,952,581,232 $630,607,994,133
1995 $240,094,169,510 $605,961,090,061
1994 $202,738,023,130 $579,944,346,807
1993 $189,634,029,339 $579,053,561,739
1992 $194,314,032,056 $594,387,358,319
1991 $173,113,449,617 $612,527,712,316
1990 $165,811,372,383 $596,075,591,361
1989 $132,584,448,258 $567,211,993,243
1988 $132,817,124,707 $509,380,027,627
1987 $123,682,091,859 $433,134,238,311
1986 $98,648,254,169 $379,006,836,992
1985 $69,114,996,010 $366,186,012,450
1984 $67,719,055,773 $356,718,400,124
1983 $71,838,528,420 $341,866,277,183
1982 $70,996,111,963 $314,647,807,409
1981 $70,755,997,062 $307,246,642,756
1980 $81,737,498,405 $274,776,566,028
1979 $73,647,694,287 $243,891,124,296
1978 $61,809,208,756 $219,369,542,386
1977 $51,343,861,460 $212,325,176,305
1976 $42,791,707,448 $207,271,612,576
1975 $39,902,300,703 $174,419,757,177
1974 $35,051,468,640 $160,949,188,139
1973 $29,399,860,145 $131,764,343,566
1972 $21,973,207,929 $113,463,848,874
1971 $17,788,536,733 $99,606,454,744
1970 $15,312,791,744 $88,192,257,632
1969 $13,647,475,854 $79,405,011,125
1968 $12,499,863,917 $72,048,833,006
1967 $11,634,569,522 $65,856,924,424
1966 $10,939,526,219 $61,252,415,405
1965 $10,041,659,445 $54,649,410,479
1964 $9,213,648,656 $49,503,663,836
1963 $8,414,050,621 $45,140,337,827
1962 $7,793,042,529 $42,336,211,556
1961 $7,346,566,038 $41,038,192,838
1960 $6,624,086,313 $40,563,768,947

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/canada | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Canada by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Canada
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Canada
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $62,930 - $55,698 -
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $55,016 $64,610
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $54,848 $64,219
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $56,497 $63,944
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $52,887 $56,995
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $43,538 $48,591
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $46,353 $50,499
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $46,539 $49,983
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $45,130 $48,317
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $42,314 $46,471
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $43,594 $44,668
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $50,961 $45,758
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $52,638 $44,301
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $52,670 $42,292
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $52,224 $41,667
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $47,561 $40,103
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $40,875 $38,863
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $46,710 $40,376
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $44,660 $39,573
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $40,505 $38,123
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $36,384 $36,328
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $32,146 $33,929
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $28,302 $32,350
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $24,256 $30,964
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $23,822 $30,241
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $24,271 $29,348
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $22,315 $27,841
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $21,025 $26,324
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $21,902 $25,264
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $21,297 $24,055
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $20,680 $23,474
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $19,998 $22,624
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $20,187 $21,432
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $20,950 $20,619
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $21,847 $20,220
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $21,526 $20,226
1989 $17,401 - $20,795 -
1988 $17,510 - $19,013 -
1987 $16,329 - $16,378 -
1986 $13,032 - $14,521 -
1985 $9,136 - $14,170 -
1984 $8,956 - $13,930 -
1983 $9,500 - $13,477 -
1982 $9,373 - $12,527 -
1981 $9,348 - $12,379 -
1980 $10,827 - $11,208 -
1979 $9,755 - $10,078 -
1978 $8,173 - $9,154 -
1977 $6,784 - $8,949 -
1976 $5,656 - $8,839 -
1975 $5,265 - $7,537 -
1974 $4,613 - $7,057 -
1973 $3,875 - $5,858 -
1972 $2,913 - $5,107 -
1971 $2,372 - $4,535 -
1970 $2,051 - $4,136 -
1969 $1,834 - $3,776 -
1968 $1,686 - $3,473 -
1967 $1,577 - $3,226 -
1966 $1,494 - $3,055 -
1965 $1,381 - $2,777 -
1964 $1,275 - $2,562 -
1963 $1,173 - $2,380 -
1962 $1,093 - $2,274 -
1961 $1,037 - $2,246 -
1960 $940 - $2,265 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/canada | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $62,930, ranking 16/197, compared to $55,698 in Canada, ranking 23/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Canada ranks 28th at $64,610.

Economic indicators

Austria Canada
Gross domestic product
$579B
2025
$2.32T
2025
GDP rank
29/197
2025
10/197
2025
GDP growth
0.62%
2024-2025
1.74%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$62,930
2025
$55,698
2025
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2025
23/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$64,610
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
28/197
2024
Government debt
$466B
2025
$2.63T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.5%
2025
113.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,654
2025
$63,220
2025
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2025
5/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,467
2026
$36,531
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$211B
2025
$4.62T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
2,098,000
2026
Number of billionaires
9
2026
82
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
24.6%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
2.9%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.2%
2025
44%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.53%
2024-2025
2.07%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
2.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.78%
2025
6.82%
2025
Population
9201502
42199836

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Canada
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Canada
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55.2% 80.5% 44% 113.5%
2024 55.2% 79.2% 44.3% 110%
2023 52.2% 77.8% 41.8% 105.1%
2022 53% 78.1% 40.4% 103.5%
2021 56% 82.4% 45.5% 112.6%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 52.4% 118.1%
2019 49.1% 71% 40.6% 90.1%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 40.7% 90.8%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 40.5% 91%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 40.8% 92.5%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 40% 92.3%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 38.4% 85.8%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 40% 87.7%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 40.9% 87%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 41.6% 84.3%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 43.1% 84%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 43.4% 81.8%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 38.8% 70.4%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 38.5% 67.2%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 38.7% 69.9%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 38.5% 70.6%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 39.1% 71.9%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 40.3% 75.9%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 40.4% 79.6%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 41.1% 81.5%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 40.6% 80.4%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 41.8% 89%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 43.4% 93.3%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 43.5% 95.3%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 45.9% 100.2%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 47.7% 100.1%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 49% 97.5%
1993 54.3% 61% 51.5% 94.7%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 52.5% 88.2%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 51.4% 81.7%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 48.1% 73.7%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 45.8% 72.2%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 45.4% 71.1%
1987 54.5% 55.5% 46.1% 71.4%
1986 54.3% 52% 47.6% 71%
1985 53.5% 47.8% 48.3% 66.9%
1984 52.6% 46% 47.5% 61.7%
1983 52.4% 43.7% 47.9% 58.4%
1982 52% 39.7% 47.3% 52.7%
1981 51.5% 37.5% 42.5% 46.9%
1980 50% 35.6% 41.6% 45.6%
1979 49.8% 34.1% 40% 45.3%
1978 50.8% 32.2% 41.6% 48%
1977 47.6% 28.5% 41.4% 45.1%
1976 47.9% 26.2% 40.2% 43.6%
1975 46.1% 22.8% 41.1% 45.2%
1974 42% 16.8% 37.6% 45.8%
1973 41.5% 16.7% 36% 48%
1972 40.1% 16.7% 37.5% 53.5%
1971 40% 17.4% 37.3% 55.3%
1970 39.5% 18.6% 36% 54.3%
1969 40.7% 16.8% 33.9% 53%
1968 40.9% 16.8% 33.8% 55.9%
1967 40.7% 15.6% 32.9% 56.9%
1966 38.7% 14.1% 30.8% 56.6%
1965 38.3% 14.8% 29.8% 60.1%
1964 38.7% 15.5% 29.7% 63.7%
1963 38.6% 15.6% 30.3% 67%
1962 37.6% 15.5% 30.6% 67.2%
1961 35.7% 16% 30.6% 68.2%
1960 36.3% 17.7% 14.9% 66.1%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/canada | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government spending was $320B, accounting for 55.2% of its GDP, while Canada spent $1.02T, or 44% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.5% in Austria and 113.5% in Canada, ranking 42/185 and 14/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Canada
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Canada
2025 -4.52% -1.77%
2024 -4.68% -2.12%
2023 -2.59% -0.16%
2022 -3.41% 0.62%
2021 -5.69% -3.06%
2020 -8.2% -10.9%
2019 0.54% -0.02%
2018 0.2% 0.36%
2017 -0.78% -0.11%
2016 -1.45% -0.45%
2015 -0.48% -0.06%
2014 -1.92% 0.17%
2013 -1.99% -1.49%
2012 -2.18% -2.52%
2011 -2.48% -3.31%
2010 -4.46% -4.74%
2009 -5.38% -3.88%
2008 -1.57% 0.18%
2007 -1.56% 1.82%
2006 -2.61% 1.83%
2005 -2.59% 1.55%
2004 -4.94% 0.77%
2003 -1.84% -0.13%
2002 -1.43% -0.23%
2001 -0.71% 0.53%
2000 -2.07% 2.64%
1999 -2.63% 1.66%
1998 -2.68% 0.14%
1997 -2.38% 0.04%
1996 -4.38% -3.05%
1995 -6.17% -5.49%
1994 -5.04% -6.94%
1993 -4.57% -8.93%
1992 -2.15% -9.2%
1991 -2.96% -8.36%
1990 -2.58% -5.91%
1989 -3.07% -4.6%
1988 -3.43% -4.33%
1987 -4.33% -5.42%
1986 -3.84% -7.14%
1985 -2.71% -8.59%
1984 -2.67% -7.78%
1983 -4.22% -8.17%
1982 -3.29% -7.03%
1981 -1.79% -2.83%
1980 -1.62% -4.07%
1979 -2.3% -3.41%
1978 -2.67% -4.77%
1977 -2.11% -4.1%
1976 -3.61% -2.78%
1975 -2.41% -3.54%
1974 1.23% 1.1%
1973 1.24% 0.6%
1972 1.97% -0.97%
1971 1.46% -1.02%
1970 1.16% -0.36%
1969 -0.08% 1.2%
1968 -0.83% -0.45%
1967 -0.56% -0.82%
1966 1.73% -0.07%
1965 1.38% -0.25%
1964 0.48% -0.68%
1963 -0.5% -2.31%
1962 1.12% -2.6%
1961 1.68% -2.75%
1960 -0.49% -0.85%
1959 -2.16% -1.08%
1958 -3.52% -1.69%
1957 -0.7% -0.11%
1956 -0.78% 0.77%
1955 -0.5% -0.11%
1954 -0.35% -0.57%
1953 -0.24% 0.3%
1952 -0.73% 0.09%
1951 -1.57% 1.1%
1950 -7.72% 1.09%
1949 -9.23% 0.78%
1948 -9.3% 3.84%
1947 - 5.02%
1946 - 3.14%
1945 - -17.9%
1944 - -21.6%
1943 - -23.1%
1942 - -20.8%
1941 - -4.79%
1940 - -5.62%
1939 - -2.11%
1938 - -0.97%
1937 -2.84% -0.34%
1936 -3.91% -1.68%
1935 -5.46% -3.72%
1934 -5.28% -2.93%
1933 -3.55% -3.83%
1932 -9.16% -5.79%
1931 -11.5% -2.43%
1930 -9.68% -1.47%
1929 -6.83% 0.78%
1928 -7.63% 1.12%
1927 -7.3% 0.92%
1926 -6.18% 0.81%
1925 -4.96% 0.55%
1924 -5.69% 0.007%
1923 - 0.79%
1922 - -0.75%
1921 - -2%
1920 - -1.82%
1919 - -8.94%
1918 - -8.98%
1917 - -7.83%
1916 - -8.14%
1915 - -6.17%
1914 - -4.63%
1913 - -0.82%
1912 -0.69% 1.03%
1911 0.03% 0.004%
1910 -0.42% -0.18%
1909 -5.51% -0.67%
1908 -1.24% -2.78%
1907 -2.73% -0.83%
1906 -0.05% 0.22%
1905 -0.71% -0.07%
1904 -1.12% -0.44%
1903 -0.97% 0.07%
1902 -0.75% 0.91%
1901 -0.56% -0.34%
1900 -0.05% -0.33%
1899 -0.08% 0.1%
1898 -0.17% -0.3%
1897 0.1% -0.35%
1896 0.03% -0.48%
1895 0.36% -0.85%
1894 -1.16% -1.06%
1893 -1.31% -0.66%
1892 -0.86% -0.07%
1891 -4.01% 3.23%
1890 -0.26% -0.04%
1889 -1.61% 0%
1888 -0.97% -0.48%
1887 -1.09% -1.18%
1886 -0.43% -0.73%
1885 -0.57% -4.82%
1884 -6.43% -2.43%
1883 -0.69% -3.88%
1882 -1.06% -0.78%
1881 -3.91% 0.32%
1880 -1.4% -0.62%
1879 - -2.11%
1878 - -0.63%
1877 - -1.63%
1876 - -2.06%
1875 - -1.88%
1874 - -1.57%
1873 - -1.74%
1872 - -3.93%
1871 - -1.09%
1870 - 0.13%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/canada | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 4.52% of GDP. This compares to Canada's deficit of $41B, or 1.77% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 54 of those years, while Canada ran a deficit in 50 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.08% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.41% of GDP for Canada.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Canada
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Canada
2025 3.53% 2.07%
2024 2.94% 2.38%
2023 7.81% 3.88%
2022 8.55% 6.8%
2021 2.77% 3.4%
2020 1.38% 0.72%
2019 1.53% 1.95%
2018 2% 2.27%
2017 2.08% 1.6%
2016 0.89% 1.43%
2015 0.9% 1.13%
2014 1.61% 1.91%
2013 2% 0.94%
2012 2.49% 1.52%
2011 3.29% 2.91%
2010 1.81% 1.78%
2009 0.51% 0.3%
2008 3.22% 2.37%
2007 2.17% 2.14%
2006 1.44% 2%
2005 2.3% 2.21%
2004 2.06% 1.86%
2003 1.36% 2.76%
2002 1.81% 2.26%
2001 2.65% 2.53%
2000 2.34% 2.72%
1999 0.57% 1.73%
1998 0.92% 1%
1997 1.31% 1.62%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/canada | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 2.14% in Canada. In 2025, inflation was 3.53% in Austria and 2.07% in Canada.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.13B
Metals $276M
Chemicals & pharma $252M
Transport & tourism services $156M
Business & finance services $154M
Textiles & consumer goods $83.1M
IT & IP services $82.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $76.3M
Wood & paper products $43M
Raw materials & minerals $7.92M
Canada
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $270M
IT & IP services $105M
Transport & tourism services $49.5M
Wood & paper products $36.3M
Business & finance services $33.3M
Chemicals & pharma $16.1M
Manufacturing & construction services $7M
Metals $4.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $4.06M

Balance of trade

Austria Canada
Current account balance
$10.4B
2025
-$22B
2025
Current account balance ranking
24/190
2025
184/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.79%
2025
-0.95%
2025
Goods imports
$208B
2025
$577B
2025
Goods exports
$214B
2025
$555B
2025
Service imports
$98.3B
2025
$169B
2025
Service exports
$105B
2025
$172B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
32.2%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.7%
2025
31.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Canada
Economic freedom 69.8 75.6
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 17/197
Property rights 95.7 85.9
Government integrity 75 85.5
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 96
Tax burden 45.7 74.7
Government spending 12.8 45.9
Fiscal health 67.1 79.7
Business freedom 78.7 84.2
Labor freedom 81.6 68.3
Monetary freedom 76.4 73.8
Trade freedom 79.4 83.2
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 70 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Canada
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Canada
2026 69.8 75.6
2025 69.7 75.5
2024 68.4 72.4
2023 71.1 73.7
2022 73.8 76.6
2021 73.9 77.9
2020 73.3 78.2
2019 72 77.7
2018 71.8 77.7
2017 72.3 78.5
2016 71.7 78
2015 71.2 79.1
2014 72.4 80.2
2013 71.8 79.4
2012 70.3 79.9
2011 71.9 80.8
2010 71.6 80.4
2009 71.2 80.5
2008 71.4 80.2
2007 71.6 78
2006 71.1 77.4
2005 68.8 75.8
2004 67.6 75.3
2003 67.6 74.8
2002 67.4 74.6
2001 68.1 71.2
2000 68.4 70.5
1999 64 69.3
1998 65.4 68.5
1997 65.2 67.9
1996 68.9 70.3
1995 70 69.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/canada | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 75.6 for Canada, ranking 17/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Canada
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2025
64.1%
2022
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2025
27.4%
2022
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.26%
2025
1.93%
2022
GNI, Atlas method
$556B
2025
$2.35T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$77,010
2025
$66,820
2025
Total reserves including gold
$53.4B
2025
$126B
2025
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2025
26/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$5.61B
2025
-$11.9B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$63.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$89.4B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
9.4%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2025
23.2%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/canada | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1870–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2019–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.