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Economy of Greece vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Greece has a GDP of $281B compared to $3.96T for India, ranking 52/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Greece has $409B in government debt (145.7% of GDP), compared to $3.33T (84.1% of GDP) in India.

Greece vs India GDP by year

Greece
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Greece India
2025 $280,635,521,324 $3,956,067,115,772
2024 $256,238,371,778 $3,760,813,470,501
2023 $242,946,187,738 $3,500,906,030,645
2022 $217,990,189,601 $3,249,938,492,013
2021 $218,303,801,895 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $191,362,985,555 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $207,305,649,887 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $213,298,873,494 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $200,381,103,984 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $193,097,239,006 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $194,567,373,678 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $233,911,581,521 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $236,556,279,641 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $238,841,140,018 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $283,228,079,776 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $296,417,644,404 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $326,829,054,686 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $351,121,399,546 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $314,226,996,944 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $269,073,415,334 $940,259,888,788
2005 $242,315,668,619 $820,383,763,511
2004 $234,979,615,898 $709,152,728,831
2003 $196,930,509,813 $607,700,687,237
2002 $150,253,800,086 $514,939,140,319
2001 $132,050,474,720 $485,440,139,204
2000 $125,760,166,225 $468,395,521,654
1999 $137,131,371,955 $458,821,052,616
1998 $139,612,812,176 $421,351,317,225
1997 $138,766,067,640 $415,867,563,593
1996 $142,502,984,145 $392,896,866,205
1995 $134,974,613,914 $360,281,909,643
1994 $114,980,063,202 $327,274,843,459
1993 $107,295,704,518 $279,295,648,983
1992 $114,608,178,405 $288,208,070,278
1991 $103,680,863,713 $270,105,341,879
1990 $96,529,587,274 $320,979,026,420
1989 $78,067,933,277 $296,042,052,945
1988 $75,200,610,137 $296,589,670,896
1987 $64,739,630,096 $279,033,584,092
1986 $55,595,445,472 $248,985,994,041
1985 $47,155,741,426 $232,511,554,840
1984 $47,352,146,312 $212,157,645,178
1983 $48,741,397,059 $218,262,146,413
1982 $53,858,346,939 $200,715,624,831
1981 $51,618,456,335 $193,491,368,446
1980 $56,039,256,595 $186,328,579,302
1979 $53,724,121,435 $152,995,442,498
1978 $43,654,480,519 $137,302,319,829
1977 $35,673,080,481 $121,486,641,441
1976 $30,719,552,239 $102,716,451,980
1975 $28,129,128,587 $98,473,832,017
1974 $24,998,715,909 $99,526,597,934
1973 $22,037,019,563 $85,517,673,173
1972 $16,650,659,091 $71,464,700,667
1971 $14,388,806,818 $67,351,404,352
1970 $12,957,113,636 $62,422,483,055
1969 $11,454,106,327 $58,447,995,017
1968 $9,950,331,206 $53,085,455,871
1967 $9,146,592,856 $50,134,942,204
1966 $8,472,021,467 $45,581,230,504
1965 $7,582,209,670 $59,556,105,229
1964 $6,576,906,345 $56,480,289,941
1963 $5,813,285,627 $48,421,923,459
1962 $5,140,542,929 $42,161,481,858
1961 $4,892,397,431 $39,232,435,784
1960 $4,274,890,307 $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Greece vs India by year

Greece
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Greece India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $26,948 - $2,702 -
2024 $24,626 $44,327 $2,592 $11,160
2023 $23,344 $42,711 $2,434 $10,323
2022 $20,885 $39,612 $2,280 $9,207
2021 $20,653 $33,531 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $17,887 $29,533 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $19,335 $31,927 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $19,873 $29,792 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $18,632 $28,682 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $17,919 $27,505 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $17,981 $26,608 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $21,475 $26,450 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $21,573 $25,731 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $21,624 $24,583 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $25,505 $25,693 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $26,653 $27,839 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $29,425 $29,963 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $31,696 $30,441 $993 $3,633
2007 $28,441 $28,896 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $24,416 $28,076 $802 $3,221
2005 $22,054 $25,004 $710 $2,937
2004 $21,449 $24,826 $624 $2,682
2003 $18,021 $23,253 $544 $2,461
2002 $13,782 $21,985 $469 $2,277
2001 $12,157 $20,304 $450 $2,200
2000 $11,638 $18,820 $443 $2,091
1999 $12,743 $17,758 $442 $2,006
1998 $13,023 $17,434 $414 $1,852
1997 $13,016 $16,630 $416 $1,759
1996 $13,433 $15,778 $401 $1,695
1995 $12,779 $15,218 $375 $1,579
1994 $10,937 $14,667 $348 $1,467
1993 $10,257 $14,150 $303 $1,374
1992 $11,021 $14,130 $319 $1,309
1991 $10,047 $13,824 $306 $1,239
1990 $9,467 $13,126 $371 $1,212
1989 $7,738 - $350 -
1988 $7,492 - $358 -
1987 $6,474 - $345 -
1986 $5,578 - $315 -
1985 $4,747 - $301 -
1984 $4,785 - $281 -
1983 $4,950 - $296 -
1982 $5,502 - $278.7 -
1981 $5,305 - $275 -
1980 $5,812 - $271.1 -
1979 $5,627 - $228 -
1978 $4,629 - $209.4 -
1977 $3,832 - $189.6 -
1976 $3,343 - $164.1 -
1975 $3,109 - $161.1 -
1974 $2,789 - $166.7 -
1973 $2,468 - $146.6 -
1972 $1,873 - $125.3 -
1971 $1,629 - $120.7 -
1970 $1,474 - $114.4 -
1969 $1,306 - $109.5 -
1968 $1,138 - $101.6 -
1967 $1,053 - $98 -
1966 $984 - $91 -
1965 $887 - $121.5 -
1964 $773 - $117.9 -
1963 $686 - $103.4 -
1962 $608 - $92.2 -
1961 $583 - $87.9 -
1960 $513 - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/india | CC BY

Greece's GDP per capita is $26,948, ranking 50/197, compared to $2,702 in India, ranking 149/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Greece ranks 52nd at $44,327, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Greece India
Gross domestic product
$281B
2025
$3.96T
2025
GDP rank
52/197
2025
6/197
2025
GDP growth
2.07%
2024-2025
7.57%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$26,948
2025
$2,702
2025
GDP per capita rank
50/197
2025
149/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$44,327
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
52/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$409B
2025
$3.33T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
145.7%
2025
84.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$39,257
2025
$2,272
2025
Government debt per person rank
19/185
2025
116/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,117
2026
$2,974
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$129B
2025
$10.6T
2025
Number of millionaires
82,000
2026
944,000
2026
Number of billionaires
16
2026
229
2026
Income share by richest 10%
26%
2023
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.7%
2023
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.7%
2025
28.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.48%
2024-2025
2.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
8.84%
2025
4.51%
2025
Population
10371575
1483314140

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Greece
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Greece India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.7% 145.7% 28.5% 84.1%
2024 48.2% 155.4% 29.3% 84.8%
2023 49.6% 165.5% 29.7% 85%
2022 53.1% 179.2% 30% 84.6%
2021 56.7% 197.8% 30.7% 85.7%
2020 59.3% 209.9% 31.8% 90.6%
2019 47.6% 183.7% 27.4% 76.7%
2018 48.6% 189.6% 26.8% 71.7%
2017 48.5% 182.6% 26.6% 70.8%
2016 50.3% 183.7% 27.6% 69.8%
2015 51.9% 180% 27.3% 69.8%
2014 51.5% 182.8% 26.2% 67.6%
2013 53% 180.5% 26.5% 68%
2012 54.9% 164.3% 27.2% 68.1%
2011 55.1% 175.1% 27.3% 68.7%
2010 53.1% 147.8% 27.7% 67.7%
2009 54.8% 128.5% 28.1% 72.7%
2008 51.5% 110.9% 28.3% 74.3%
2007 47.8% 104.6% 26.1% 75.4%
2006 45.9% 105.3% 25.6% 77.9%
2005 46.6% 109.9% 26% 82.4%
2004 48.8% 105.5% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 47.9% 104.3% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 47.1% 107.9% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 47.5% 110.5% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 48.2% 108.9% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 48% 102.8% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 46.7% 100.8% 26% 69.3%
1997 45.1% 102.6% 25.2% 69%
1996 46.1% 103.7% 24.4% 67.1%
1995 46.6% 100.4% 25% 70.9%
1994 36.9% 99.7% 26.2% 74.8%
1993 38.6% 101.7% 26.2% 78.3%
1992 36.9% 81.1% 26.7% 78.8%
1991 35.2% 75.7% 26.8% 76.7%
1990 38.5% 74.2% 25.4% 50.8%
1989 34.8% 60.7% 25.7% 50.5%
1988 33.8% 57.9% 24.9% 48.9%
1987 34% 53.2% 22.5% 48.9%
1986 33.8% 47.8% 23.2% 47.9%
1985 34.2% 47.3% 21.6% 44.3%
1984 32% 40.6% 19.8% 41.6%
1983 30.2% 34.1% 17.8% 39.6%
1982 28.7% 29.7% 17.8% 41.7%
1981 28.1% 27.1% 16.6% 37.2%
1980 24.5% 22.8% 17.5% 38%
1979 24.1% 22.7% 15.6% 32.2%
1978 30.1% 32.3% 15% 30.8%
1977 30.1% 24.5% 13.9% 29.9%
1976 29.1% 23.7% 14.4% 31.3%
1975 28.7% 24.1% 12.7% 29.5%
1974 25.3% 22.5% 11.3% 29%
1973 24.3% 22% 12.9% 34.1%
1972 26.8% 26.5% 13.5% 37.2%
1971 25.8% 25% 12.4% 37.6%
1970 25.2% 24.7% 11.7% 38.1%
1969 29.7% 25.8% 11.5% 38.8%
1968 26.3% 23% 12.6% 40.3%
1967 24.6% 21.1% 13.8% 38.5%
1966 22.8% 19% 13.8% 36.2%
1965 21.7% 16.5% 13.7% 36.8%
1964 20.4% 21.3% 13.2% 33.8%
1963 19.5% 22.6% 12.3% 35.5%
1962 19.7% 16.6% 11.5% 36.2%
1961 19.3% 14.4% 11.8% 38.7%
1960 20% 13.4% 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/india | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government spending was $139B, accounting for 49.7% of its GDP, while India spent $1.13T, or 28.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 145.7% in Greece and 84.1% in India, ranking 7/185 and 38/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Greece

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Greece India
2025 1.26% -7.44%
2024 1.23% -7.85%
2023 -1.44% -8.37%
2022 -2.57% -9.23%
2021 -7.76% -9.7%
2020 -10.4% -13.2%
2019 -0.09% -7.86%
2018 0.78% -6.46%
2017 1.05% -6.33%
2016 0.28% -7.21%
2015 -3.03% -7.28%
2014 -4.29% -6.9%
2013 -4.06% -6.78%
2012 -6.94% -7.32%
2011 -10.5% -8.03%
2010 -11.4% -8.53%
2009 -15.4% -9.26%
2008 -10.3% -8.15%
2007 -6.81% -3.73%
2006 -6.04% -5.11%
2005 -6.33% -6.64%
2004 -9.05% -9.22%
2003 -8.05% -11.4%
2002 -6.2% -11.1%
2001 -5.64% -11%
2000 -4.21% -8.41%
1999 -6.02% -8.7%
1998 -6.48% -9.74%
1997 -6.25% -8.28%
1996 -8.35% -6.71%
1995 -9.87% -6.81%
1994 -8.48% -8%
1993 -11.5% -8.57%
1992 -10.6% -7.89%
1991 -9.63% -7.44%
1990 -13.3% -7.63%
1989 -11.9% -7.68%
1988 -9.63% -7.01%
1987 -8.09% -9.53%
1986 -8.62% -10.6%
1985 -9.56% -9.58%
1984 -7.19% -8.54%
1983 -6.17% -7.28%
1982 -5.49% -6.78%
1981 -7.08% -6.07%
1980 -2.5% -7.27%
1979 -2.34% -4.87%
1978 -5.39% -4.45%
1977 -5.21% -4.1%
1976 -5.05% -4.1%
1975 -5.3% -3.11%
1974 -4.39% -2.3%
1973 -3.71% -3.53%
1972 -4.16% -3.14%
1971 -3.32% -2.9%
1970 -3.24% -2.35%
1969 -6.65% -2.66%
1968 -3.39% -3.98%
1967 -2.59% -4.97%
1966 -2.17% -4.18%
1965 -2.55% -4.49%
1964 -2.89% -4.41%
1963 -2.25% -4.16%
1962 -2.4% -3.3%
1961 -2.69% -4.1%
1960 -3.3% -4.05%
1959 -2.77% -5.29%
1958 -2.27% -5.08%
1957 -2.45% -3.35%
1956 -0.39% -2.93%
1955 -3.57% -2.77%
1954 -2.87% -2.61%
1953 -3.01% -1.83%
1952 -7.21% 0.03%
1951 -11.5% -0.5%
1950 -12.7% -1.01%
1949 -10.4% -0.73%
1948 -7.65% -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 0.48% -0.32%
1938 1.78% -0.16%
1937 1.06% -0.1%
1936 0.95% -0.45%
1935 0.72% -0.4%
1934 0.88% -0.09%
1933 -2.79% 0%
1932 -1.78% 0.03%
1931 -4% -0.68%
1930 -2.23% -1.02%
1929 -18.7% -0.91%
1928 -0.27% -0.87%
1927 2.65% -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 -8.96% -0.85%
1912 -7.43% -0.58%
1911 -4.61% -0.42%
1910 -1.53% -0.85%
1909 -2.64% -0.7%
1908 -1.54% -1.25%
1907 -1.23% -1.22%
1906 0.66% -0.8%
1905 0.91% -2%
1904 -0.04% -0.53%
1903 -0.22% -0.56%
1902 -1.67% -0.56%
1901 0.1% -0.27%
1900 0.41% -1.06%
1899 0.86% -0.56%
1898 -34.5% -0.49%
1897 -8.46% -1.02%
1896 0.82% -1%
1895 0.37% -0.41%
1894 2.91% -0.5%
1893 0.14% -0.59%
1892 -2.28% -0.56%
1891 -6.48% -0.64%
1890 -11.2% -0.8%
1889 -15.7% -0.45%
1888 -3.59% -1.94%
1887 -4.88% -1.28%
1886 -11.5% -0.75%
1885 -12.1% -1.48%
1884 -7.16% -1.22%
1883 -2.42% -0.81%
1882 -1.69% -0.77%
1881 -14.5% -0.05%
1880 -13.5% -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/india | CC BY

In 2025, Greece's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.53B, equivalent to 1.26% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $294B, or 7.44% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Greece recorded a fiscal deficit in 61 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 66 years. On average, Greece posted an annual deficit equal to 5.69% of GDP, compared to deficit of 6.78% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Greece

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Greece India
2025 2.48% 2.4%
2024 2.74% 4.95%
2023 3.46% 5.65%
2022 9.65% 6.7%
2021 1.22% 5.13%
2020 -1.25% 6.62%
2019 0.25% 3.73%
2018 0.63% 3.94%
2017 1.12% 3.33%
2016 -0.83% 4.95%
2015 -1.74% 4.91%
2014 -1.31% 6.67%
2013 -0.92% 10%
2012 1.5% 9.48%
2011 3.33% 8.91%
2010 4.71% 12%
2009 1.21% 10.9%
2008 4.15% 8.35%
2007 2.9% 6.37%
2006 3.2% 5.8%
2005 3.55% 4.25%
2004 2.9% 3.77%
2003 3.53% 3.81%
2002 3.63% 4.3%
2001 3.37% 3.78%
2000 3.15% 4.01%
1999 2.64% 4.67%
1998 4.77% 13.2%
1997 5.54% 7.16%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/india | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Greece has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.4%, compared with 6.2% in India. In 2025, inflation was 2.48% in Greece and 2.4% in India.

Top exports between countries

Greece
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $782M
Metals $58.2M
Raw materials & minerals $19.6M
Wood & paper products $19.4M
Machinery & equipment $14.8M
Chemicals & pharma $13.8M
Business & finance services $10.7M
Raw agricultural goods $7.96M
Government & miscellaneous services $7.03M
Textiles & consumer goods $6.86M
India
Export category Export value
Metals $309M
Machinery & equipment $213M
Chemicals & pharma $188M
Textiles & consumer goods $141M
Animal & marine products $70.3M
Raw agricultural goods $59.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $47.3M
Raw materials & minerals $36.4M
Wood & paper products $33.4M
Precious metals & jewellery $1.21M

Balance of trade

Greece India
Current account balance
-$18.2B
2024
-$16.5B
2025
Current account balance ranking
183/190
2024
182/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-7.11%
2024
-0.42%
2025
Goods imports
$91.2B
2024
$761B
2025
Goods exports
$52.6B
2024
$450B
2025
Service imports
$31.1B
2024
$203B
2025
Service exports
$55.8B
2024
$412B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
44%
2025
24%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
39.5%
2025
22.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Greece India
Economic freedom 63.2 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 82/197 146/197
Property rights 78 48.3
Government integrity 54.8 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 68 52.6
Tax burden 59.9 71.2
Government spending 24.7 75.7
Fiscal health 78.9 6.7
Business freedom 77.8 67.4
Labor freedom 59.7 59
Monetary freedom 72.6 70.9
Trade freedom 79.4 61
Investment freedom 55 40
Financial freedom 50 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Greece
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Greece India
2026 63.2 52.5
2025 60.6 53
2024 55.1 52.9
2023 56.9 52.9
2022 61.5 53.9
2021 60.9 56.5
2020 59.9 56.5
2019 57.7 55.2
2018 57.3 54.5
2017 55 52.6
2016 53.2 56.2
2015 54 54.6
2014 55.7 55.7
2013 55.4 55.2
2012 55.4 54.6
2011 60.3 54.6
2010 62.7 53.8
2009 60.8 54.4
2008 60.6 54.1
2007 58.7 53.9
2006 60.1 52.2
2005 59 54.2
2004 59.1 51.5
2003 58.8 51.2
2002 59.1 51.2
2001 63.4 49
2000 61 47.4
1999 61 50.2
1998 60.6 49.7
1997 59.6 49.7
1996 60.5 47.4
1995 61.2 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Greece is 63.2, ranking 82/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Greece India
Services, % of GDP
67.4%
2025
49.3%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
15.2%
2025
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
3.57%
2025
16.2%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$264B
2025
$4.04T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$44,310
2025
$11,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$24B
2025
$700B
2025
Total reserves ranking
63/177
2025
5/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.52B
2024
-$3.41B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$6.74B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.22B
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.47%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
18.8%
2021
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
17.2%
2025
34.6%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/greece/india | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.