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Economy of India vs Sierra Leone compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

India has a GDP of $3.91T compared to $6.97B for Sierra Leone, ranking 5/197 and 160/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.19T in government debt (81.6% of GDP), compared to $2.91B (41.7% of GDP) in Sierra Leone.

India vs Sierra Leone GDP by year

India
Sierra Leone
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Sierra Leone
2024 $3,909,891,533,858 $6,971,127,235
2023 $3,638,489,096,034 $6,415,852,767
2022 $3,346,107,287,731 $7,121,125,278
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $7,166,931,485
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $6,688,307,703
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $6,523,577,594
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $6,390,514,689
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $5,749,846,528
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $6,084,297,211
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $6,788,352,975
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $7,686,138,791
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $7,502,762,863
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $6,141,666,509
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $4,861,632,885
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $4,262,805,967
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $3,953,403,098
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $4,157,895,298
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $3,632,957,611
2006 $940,259,888,788 $3,263,697,467
2005 $820,383,763,511 $2,545,275,313
2004 $709,152,728,831 $2,237,350,687
2003 $607,700,687,237 $2,142,618,046
2002 $514,939,140,319 $1,933,863,911
2001 $485,440,139,204 $1,681,473,894
2000 $468,395,521,654 $635,866,404
1999 $458,821,052,616 $669,386,624
1998 $421,351,317,225 $672,368,187
1997 $415,867,563,593 $850,232,760
1996 $392,896,866,205 $941,709,423
1995 $360,281,909,643 $870,740,292
1994 $327,274,843,459 $911,853,802
1993 $279,295,648,983 $768,867,883
1992 $288,208,070,278 $679,940,814
1991 $270,105,341,879 $779,981,987
1990 $320,979,026,420 $649,644,098
1989 $296,042,052,945 $932,974,420
1988 $296,589,670,896 $1,055,083,933
1987 $279,033,584,092 $660,106,336
1986 $248,985,994,041 $490,181,457
1985 $232,511,554,840 $856,890,459
1984 $212,157,645,178 $1,087,471,862
1983 $218,262,146,413 $995,104,305
1982 $200,715,624,831 $1,295,361,886
1981 $193,491,368,446 $1,114,830,472
1980 $186,328,579,302 $1,100,685,845
1979 $152,995,442,498 $1,109,374,911
1978 $137,302,319,829 $960,728,339
1977 $121,486,641,441 $691,777,584
1976 $102,716,451,980 $594,895,942
1975 $98,473,832,017 $679,336,344
1974 $99,526,597,934 $648,590,643
1973 $85,517,673,173 $575,230,724
1972 $71,464,700,667 $465,381,340
1971 $67,351,404,352 $419,549,305
1970 $62,422,483,055 $434,410,974
1969 $58,447,995,017 $408,690,163
1968 $53,085,455,871 $329,859,732
1967 $50,134,942,204 $348,795,303
1966 $45,581,230,504 $375,479,850
1965 $59,556,105,229 $359,379,856
1964 $56,480,289,941 $371,847,461
1963 $48,421,923,459 $348,547,279
1962 $42,161,481,858 $342,721,416
1961 $39,232,435,784 $327,834,191
1960 $37,029,883,876 $322,009,962

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/sierra-leone | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Sierra Leone by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Sierra Leone
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Sierra Leone
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,695 $11,160 $807 $3,522
2023 $2,530 $10,323 $758 $3,368
2022 $2,347 $9,207 $860 $3,144
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $885 $2,849
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $845 $2,719
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $844 $2,704
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $846 $2,640
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $779 $2,501
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $844 $2,635
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $965 $2,560
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $1,118 $2,762
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $1,117 $2,701
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $938 $2,317
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $761 $2,043
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $685 $1,900
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $653 $1,814
2008 $993 $3,633 $705 $1,824
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $632 $1,770
2006 $802 $3,221 $580 $1,698
2005 $710 $2,937 $463 $1,615
2004 $624 $2,682 $418 $1,541
2003 $544 $2,461 $414 $1,458
2002 $469 $2,277 $389 $1,360
2001 $450 $2,200 $358 $1,121
2000 $443 $2,091 $143.7 $1,242
1999 $442 $2,006 $155 $1,167
1998 $414 $1,852 $156.5 $1,180
1997 $416 $1,759 $199.9 $1,157
1996 $401 $1,695 $224.3 $1,225
1995 $375 $1,579 $208.4 $1,187
1994 $348 $1,467 $218.5 $1,266
1993 $303 $1,374 $185 $1,269
1992 $319 $1,309 $163.2 $1,220
1991 $306 $1,239 $183.7 $1,445
1990 $371 $1,212 $154.8 $1,382
1989 $350 - $231.3 -
1988 $358 - $268.2 -
1987 $345 - $172.4 -
1986 $315 - $131.5 -
1985 $301 - $235.5 -
1984 $281 - $306 -
1983 $296 - $285.8 -
1982 $278.7 - $380 -
1981 $275 - $334 -
1980 $271.1 - $336 -
1979 $228 - $346 -
1978 $209.4 - $305 -
1977 $189.6 - $224.2 -
1976 $164.1 - $196.4 -
1975 $161.1 - $228.4 -
1974 $166.7 - $222.1 -
1973 $146.6 - $200.6 -
1972 $125.3 - $165.4 -
1971 $120.7 - $151.8 -
1970 $114.4 - $160.2 -
1969 $109.5 - $153.6 -
1968 $101.6 - $126.3 -
1967 $98 - $136.1 -
1966 $91 - $149.3 -
1965 $121.5 - $145.6 -
1964 $117.9 - $153.4 -
1963 $103.4 - $146.3 -
1962 $92.2 - $146.3 -
1961 $87.9 - $142.3 -
1960 $84.9 - $142 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/sierra-leone | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,695, ranking 143/197, compared to $807 in Sierra Leone, ranking 186/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Sierra Leone ranks 171st at $3,522.

Economic indicators

India Sierra Leone
Gross domestic product
$3.91T
2024
$6.97B
2024
GDP rank
5/197
2024
160/197
2024
GDP growth
6.49%
2023-2024
4.29%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,695
2024
$807
2024
GDP per capita rank
143/197
2024
186/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$3,522
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
171/197
2024
Government debt
$3.19T
2024
$2.91B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
81.6%
2024
41.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,200
2024
$337
2024
Government debt per person rank
118/185
2024
174/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,596
2026
$2,915
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$5.13T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
917,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
205
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
29.4%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
3.4%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.4%
2024
15.6%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.95%
2023-2024
28.4%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
18.8%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.17%
2024
3.19%
2018
Population
1480351380
9049533

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Sierra Leone
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Sierra Leone
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 28.4% 81.6% 15.6% 41.7%
2023 27.9% 80.7% 15.4% 49.5%
2022 29.1% 82.2% 16.7% 54%
2021 29.9% 83.5% 16.8% 47.1%
2020 31% 88.4% 15.6% 46.4%
2019 26.8% 75.1% 13.3% 45.3%
2018 26.3% 70.4% 13.7% 44.2%
2017 26.2% 69.7% 15% 44.2%
2016 27.2% 68.9% 14.9% 38.9%
2015 27.1% 69% 13.1% 28.4%
2014 26.2% 67.1% 13.5% 26.8%
2013 26.6% 67.7% 11.4% 22.3%
2012 27.4% 68% 13.5% 24.1%
2011 27.6% 68.7% 13.2% 25.8%
2010 28% 67.7% 12.5% 28.9%
2009 28.5% 72.7% 11.3% 31.1%
2008 29.3% 74.3% 10.3% 46.1%
2007 26.9% 75.4% 8.1% 26.4%
2006 26.9% 77.9% 9.97% 61.9%
2005 26.9% 82.4% 10.9% 78.9%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 11.1% 93.2%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 11.7% 99.8%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 12.6% 99.8%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 12% 113.5%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 10.3% -
1999 25.8% 71.3% - -
1998 26% 69.3% - -
1997 25.2% 69% - -
1996 24.4% 67.1% - -
1995 25% 70.9% - -
1994 26.2% 74.8% - -
1993 26.2% 78.3% - -
1992 26.7% 78.8% - -
1991 27.3% 76.7% - -
1990 25.8% 50.8% - -
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/sierra-leone | CC BY

In 2024, India's government spending was $1.11T, accounting for 28.4% of its GDP, while Sierra Leone spent $1.09B, or 15.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 81.6% in India and 41.7% in Sierra Leone, ranking 43/185 and 128/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Sierra Leone
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Sierra Leone
2024 -7.9% -4.53%
2023 -7.4% -4.99%
2022 -8.97% -5.93%
2021 -9.45% -4.35%
2020 -12.9% -3.5%
2019 -7.69% -1.95%
2018 -6.34% -3.57%
2017 -6.23% -5.61%
2016 -7.12% -5.41%
2015 -7.21% -2.86%
2014 -7.07% -2.77%
2013 -7% -1.74%
2012 -7.55% -3.41%
2011 -8.35% -2.78%
2010 -8.79% -3.09%
2009 -9.7% -1.51%
2008 -9.17% -2.22%
2007 -4.59% 12.6%
2006 -6.38% -0.93%
2005 -7.49% -1.17%
2004 -9.22% -1.46%
2003 -11.4% -2.78%
2002 -11.1% -3.03%
2001 -11% -3.22%
2000 -8.41% -1.94%
1999 -8.7% -
1998 -9.74% -
1997 -8.28% -
1996 -6.71% -
1995 -6.81% -
1994 -8% -
1993 -8.57% -
1992 -7.89% -
1991 -7.9% -
1990 -8.07% -
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/sierra-leone | CC BY

In 2024, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $309B, equivalent to 7.9% of GDP. This compares to Sierra Leone's deficit of $316M, or 4.53% of GDP.

Over the past 25 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while Sierra Leone ran a deficit in 24 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.34% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.49% of GDP for Sierra Leone.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Sierra Leone
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Sierra Leone
2024 4.95% 28.4%
2023 5.65% 47.7%
2022 6.7% 27.2%
2021 5.13% 11.9%
2020 6.62% 13.4%
2019 3.73% 14.8%
2018 3.94% 16%
2017 3.33% 18.2%
2016 4.95% 10.9%
2015 4.91% 6.7%
2014 6.67% 4.6%
2013 10% 5.5%
2012 9.48% 6.6%
2011 8.91% 6.8%
2010 12% 7.2%
2009 10.9% 7.5%
2008 8.35% 8.2%
2007 6.37% 17%
2006 5.8% 10.5%
2005 4.25% 13.7%
2004 3.77% 12.9%
2003 3.81% 4%
2002 4.3% 0.1%
2001 3.78% 2.6%
2000 4.01% -0.9%
1999 4.67% 34.1%
1998 13.2% 36%
1997 7.16% 14.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/sierra-leone | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.33%, compared with 13.8% in Sierra Leone. In 2024, inflation was 4.95% in India and 28.4% in Sierra Leone.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $171M
Chemicals & pharma $80.9M
Machinery & equipment $59.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $11.5M
Raw materials & minerals $7.74M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.46M
Metals $4.86M
Wood & paper products $1.7M
Animal & marine products $1.31M
Miscellaneous $427K
Sierra Leone
Export category Export value
Metals $3.23M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $57K
Textiles & consumer goods $11K

Balance of trade

India Sierra Leone
Current account balance
-$32.1B
2024
-$606M
2023
Current account balance ranking
186/190
2024
109/190
2023
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.82%
2024
-9.45%
2023
Goods imports
$727B
2024
$1.92B
2023
Goods exports
$447B
2024
$1.34B
2023
Service imports
$197B
2024
$348M
2023
Service exports
$375B
2024
$42.5M
2023
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.5%
2024
23.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.2%
2024
17.3%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Sierra Leone
Economic freedom 52.5 49.6
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 165/197
Property rights 48.3 32.9
Government integrity 37.8 35.8
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 42
Tax burden 71.2 88.2
Government spending 75.7 92.4
Fiscal health 6.7 54.1
Business freedom 67.4 44.8
Labor freedom 59 38.2
Monetary freedom 70.9 53.6
Trade freedom 61 63.6
Investment freedom 40 30
Financial freedom 40 20

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Sierra Leone
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Sierra Leone
2026 52.5 49.6
2025 53 48
2024 52.9 44.6
2023 52.9 50.2
2022 53.9 52
2021 56.5 51.7
2020 56.5 48
2019 55.2 47.5
2018 54.5 51.8
2017 52.6 52.6
2016 56.2 52.3
2015 54.6 51.7
2014 55.7 50.5
2013 55.2 48.3
2012 54.6 49.1
2011 54.6 49.6
2010 53.8 47.9
2009 54.4 47.8
2008 54.1 48.3
2007 53.9 47
2006 52.2 45.2
2005 54.2 44.8
2004 51.5 43.6
2003 51.2 42.2
2002 51.2 -
2001 49 -
2000 47.4 44.2
1999 50.2 47.2
1998 49.7 47.7
1997 49.7 45
1996 47.4 52.3
1995 45.1 49.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/sierra-leone | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 49.6 for Sierra Leone, ranking 165/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Sierra Leone
Services, % of GDP
49.9%
2024
42.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
25.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.3%
2024
29.2%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.84T
2024
$7.08B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,000
2024
$3,490
2024
Total reserves including gold
$643B
2024
$433M
2024
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2024
160/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$2.89B
2024
-$241M
2023
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$122M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$0
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.38%
2024
2.22%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
56.8%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.9%
2024
20.5%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/sierra-leone | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2018–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.