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Economy of India vs Kyrgyzstan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

India has a GDP of $3.91T compared to $17.5B for Kyrgyzstan, ranking 5/197 and 135/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.19T in government debt (81.6% of GDP), compared to $6.56B (37.5% of GDP) in Kyrgyzstan.

India vs Kyrgyzstan GDP by year

India
Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Kyrgyzstan
2024 $3,909,891,533,858 $17,478,259,659
2023 $3,638,489,096,034 $15,180,842,369
2022 $3,346,107,287,731 $12,134,931,018
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $9,249,133,946
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $8,270,468,614
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $9,371,275,264
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $8,271,106,235
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $7,702,938,379
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $6,813,095,379
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $6,678,177,512
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $7,468,102,413
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $7,335,033,801
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $6,605,142,884
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $6,197,765,984
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $4,794,361,863
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $4,690,061,381
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $5,139,958,909
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $3,802,570,553
2006 $940,259,888,788 $2,834,168,889
2005 $820,383,763,511 $2,460,246,766
2004 $709,152,728,831 $2,211,534,585
2003 $607,700,687,237 $1,919,008,090
2002 $514,939,140,319 $1,605,643,105
2001 $485,440,139,204 $1,525,116,370
2000 $468,395,521,654 $1,369,688,498
1999 $458,821,052,616 $1,249,061,487
1998 $421,351,317,225 $1,645,963,750
1997 $415,867,563,593 $1,767,864,036
1996 $392,896,866,205 $1,827,570,586
1995 $360,281,909,643 $1,661,147,035
1994 $327,274,843,459 $1,681,780,847
1993 $279,295,648,983 $2,026,019,253
1992 $288,208,070,278 $2,315,346,943
1991 $270,105,341,879 $2,542,256,424
1990 $320,979,026,420 $2,660,202,623
1989 $296,042,052,945 -
1988 $296,589,670,896 -
1987 $279,033,584,092 -
1986 $248,985,994,041 -
1985 $232,511,554,840 -
1984 $212,157,645,178 -
1983 $218,262,146,413 -
1982 $200,715,624,831 -
1981 $193,491,368,446 -
1980 $186,328,579,302 -
1979 $152,995,442,498 -
1978 $137,302,319,829 -
1977 $121,486,641,441 -
1976 $102,716,451,980 -
1975 $98,473,832,017 -
1974 $99,526,597,934 -
1973 $85,517,673,173 -
1972 $71,464,700,667 -
1971 $67,351,404,352 -
1970 $62,422,483,055 -
1969 $58,447,995,017 -
1968 $53,085,455,871 -
1967 $50,134,942,204 -
1966 $45,581,230,504 -
1965 $59,556,105,229 -
1964 $56,480,289,941 -
1963 $48,421,923,459 -
1962 $42,161,481,858 -
1961 $39,232,435,784 -
1960 $37,029,883,876 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Kyrgyzstan by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kyrgyzstan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Kyrgyzstan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,695 $11,160 $2,420 $8,012
2023 $2,530 $10,323 $2,138 $7,298
2022 $2,347 $9,207 $1,740 $6,578
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $1,350 $5,736
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $1,230 $5,179
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $1,422 $5,304
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $1,284 $4,778
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $1,221 $4,954
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $1,103 $4,604
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $1,106 $4,153
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $1,265 $4,228
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $1,270 $4,001
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $1,169 $3,589
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $1,117 $3,278
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $877 $3,076
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $870 $3,097
2008 $993 $3,633 $966 $3,031
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $722 $2,770
2006 $802 $3,221 $543 $2,508
2005 $710 $2,937 $477 $2,386
2004 $624 $2,682 $433 $2,343
2003 $544 $2,461 $381 $2,158
2002 $469 $2,277 $322 $1,998
2001 $450 $2,200 $308 $1,986
2000 $443 $2,091 $279.6 $1,862
1999 $442 $2,006 $258 $1,747
1998 $414 $1,852 $345 $1,687
1997 $416 $1,759 $376 $1,659
1996 $401 $1,695 $395 $1,505
1995 $375 $1,579 $364 $1,401
1994 $348 $1,467 $372 $1,466
1993 $303 $1,374 $449 $1,795
1992 $319 $1,309 $513 $2,075
1991 $306 $1,239 $570 $2,382
1990 $371 $1,212 $606 $2,544
1989 $350 - - -
1988 $358 - - -
1987 $345 - - -
1986 $315 - - -
1985 $301 - - -
1984 $281 - - -
1983 $296 - - -
1982 $278.7 - - -
1981 $275 - - -
1980 $271.1 - - -
1979 $228 - - -
1978 $209.4 - - -
1977 $189.6 - - -
1976 $164.1 - - -
1975 $161.1 - - -
1974 $166.7 - - -
1973 $146.6 - - -
1972 $125.3 - - -
1971 $120.7 - - -
1970 $114.4 - - -
1969 $109.5 - - -
1968 $101.6 - - -
1967 $98 - - -
1966 $91 - - -
1965 $121.5 - - -
1964 $117.9 - - -
1963 $103.4 - - -
1962 $92.2 - - -
1961 $87.9 - - -
1960 $84.9 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,695, ranking 143/197, compared to $2,420 in Kyrgyzstan, ranking 150/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Kyrgyzstan ranks 141st at $8,012.

Economic indicators

India Kyrgyzstan
Gross domestic product
$3.91T
2024
$17.5B
2024
GDP rank
5/197
2024
135/197
2024
GDP growth
6.49%
2023-2024
9.04%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,695
2024
$2,420
2024
GDP per capita rank
143/197
2024
150/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$8,012
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
141/197
2024
Government debt
$3.19T
2024
$6.56B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
81.6%
2024
37.5%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,200
2024
$908
2024
Government debt per person rank
118/185
2024
144/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,596
2026
$4,187
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$5.13T
2024
n/a
Number of millionaires
917,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
205
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
23%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
4.3%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.4%
2024
33.7%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.95%
2023-2024
5%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
10%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.17%
2024
3.5%
2023
Population
1480351380
7471102

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Kyrgyzstan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Kyrgyzstan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 28.4% 81.6% 33.7% 37.5%
2023 27.9% 80.7% 32.9% 42%
2022 29.1% 82.2% 35% 46.8%
2021 29.9% 83.5% 32.1% 56.2%
2020 31% 88.4% 32.1% 63.6%
2019 26.8% 75.1% 30.8% 48.8%
2018 26.3% 70.4% 33.1% 54.8%
2017 26.2% 69.7% 37% 58.8%
2016 27.2% 68.9% 38.9% 59.1%
2015 27.1% 69% 38.1% 67.1%
2014 26.2% 67.1% 38.5% 53.6%
2013 26.6% 67.7% 38.1% 47.1%
2012 27.4% 68% 40.6% 50.5%
2011 27.6% 68.7% 37.4% 50.1%
2010 28% 67.7% 37.1% 59.7%
2009 28.5% 72.7% 32.5% 58.5%
2008 29.3% 74.3% 27.9% 49%
2007 26.9% 75.4% 29.6% 57.7%
2006 26.9% 77.9% 29.1% 73.4%
2005 26.9% 82.4% 29.1% 85.7%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 28.5% 92.7%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 28.1% 108.2%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 29.3% 107.9%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 28.1% 108.2%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 30.2% 123.3%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 35.9% 119.6%
1998 26% 69.3% 35.9% 85.1%
1997 25.2% 69% 31.1% 64.8%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 28.6% 57.7%
1995 25% 70.9% 37.9% 52.4%
1994 26.2% 74.8% - -
1993 26.2% 78.3% - -
1992 26.7% 78.8% - -
1991 27.3% 76.7% - -
1990 25.8% 50.8% - -
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

In 2024, India's government spending was $1.11T, accounting for 28.4% of its GDP, while Kyrgyzstan spent $5.89B, or 33.7% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 81.6% in India and 37.5% in Kyrgyzstan, ranking 43/185 and 140/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Kyrgyzstan
2024 -7.9% 1.87%
2023 -7.4% 1.59%
2022 -8.97% -0.29%
2021 -9.45% -0.71%
2020 -12.9% -3.06%
2019 -7.69% -0.07%
2018 -6.34% -0.59%
2017 -6.23% -3.73%
2016 -7.12% -5.79%
2015 -7.21% -2.52%
2014 -7.07% -3.07%
2013 -7% -3.7%
2012 -7.55% -5.86%
2011 -8.35% -4.7%
2010 -8.79% -5.95%
2009 -9.7% 0.38%
2008 -9.17% 1.92%
2007 -4.59% 1.28%
2006 -6.38% -2.1%
2005 -7.49% -3.79%
2004 -9.22% -4.89%
2003 -11.4% -5.17%
2002 -11.1% -5.9%
2001 -11% -6.75%
2000 -8.41% -10.7%
1999 -8.7% -13.5%
1998 -9.74% -12%
1997 -8.28% -9.3%
1996 -6.71% -9.1%
1995 -6.81% -13.5%
1994 -8% -
1993 -8.57% -
1992 -7.89% -
1991 -7.9% -
1990 -8.07% -
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

In 2024, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $309B, equivalent to 7.9% of GDP. This compares to Kyrgyzstan's surplus of $327M, or 1.87% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while Kyrgyzstan ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.29% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.32% of GDP for Kyrgyzstan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Kyrgyzstan
2024 4.95% 5%
2023 5.65% 10.8%
2022 6.7% 13.9%
2021 5.13% 11.9%
2020 6.62% 6.3%
2019 3.73% 1.1%
2018 3.94% 1.5%
2017 3.33% 3.2%
2016 4.95% 0.4%
2015 4.91% 6.5%
2014 6.67% 7.5%
2013 10% 6.6%
2012 9.48% 2.8%
2011 8.91% 16.6%
2010 12% 8%
2009 10.9% 6.8%
2008 8.35% 24.5%
2007 6.37% 10.2%
2006 5.8% 5.6%
2005 4.25% 4.3%
2004 3.77% 4.1%
2003 3.81% 3%
2002 4.3% 2.1%
2001 3.78% 6.9%
2000 4.01% 19.7%
1999 4.67% 35.9%
1998 13.2% 10.5%
1997 7.16% 23.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.33%, compared with 9.25% in Kyrgyzstan. In 2024, inflation was 4.95% in India and 5% in Kyrgyzstan.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $21.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $12.5M
Machinery & equipment $11.9M
Raw agricultural goods $912K
Animal & marine products $734K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $502K
Weapons & explosives $469K
Raw materials & minerals $394K
Precious metals & jewellery $374K
Metals $262K
Kyrgyzstan
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $17.2M
Raw agricultural goods $5.43M
Miscellaneous $3.68M
Raw materials & minerals $1.03M
Animal & marine products $171K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $60K
Chemicals & pharma $54K
Machinery & equipment $16K

Balance of trade

India Kyrgyzstan
Current account balance
-$32.1B
2024
-$5.18B
2022
Current account balance ranking
186/190
2024
167/190
2022
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.82%
2024
-42.7%
2022
Goods imports
$727B
2024
$9.17B
2022
Goods exports
$447B
2024
$2.25B
2022
Service imports
$197B
2024
$1.48B
2022
Service exports
$375B
2024
$1.37B
2022
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.5%
2024
84.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.2%
2024
43.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Kyrgyzstan
Economic freedom 52.5 56
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 126/197
Property rights 48.3 22.9
Government integrity 37.8 23.9
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 8.3
Tax burden 71.2 93.2
Government spending 75.7 65.6
Fiscal health 6.7 97.2
Business freedom 67.4 58.2
Labor freedom 59 52.3
Monetary freedom 70.9 68
Trade freedom 61 72.6
Investment freedom 40 60
Financial freedom 40 50

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Kyrgyzstan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Kyrgyzstan
2026 52.5 56
2025 53 55.6
2024 52.9 55.2
2023 52.9 55.8
2022 53.9 55.8
2021 56.5 63.7
2020 56.5 62.9
2019 55.2 62.3
2018 54.5 62.8
2017 52.6 61.1
2016 56.2 59.6
2015 54.6 61.3
2014 55.7 61.1
2013 55.2 59.6
2012 54.6 60.2
2011 54.6 61.1
2010 53.8 61.3
2009 54.4 61.8
2008 54.1 61.1
2007 53.9 60.2
2006 52.2 61
2005 54.2 56.6
2004 51.5 58
2003 51.2 56.8
2002 51.2 51.7
2001 49 53.7
2000 47.4 55.7
1999 50.2 54.8
1998 49.7 51.8
1997 49.7 -
1996 47.4 -
1995 45.1 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 56 for Kyrgyzstan, ranking 126/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Kyrgyzstan
Services, % of GDP
49.9%
2024
52.1%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
24.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.3%
2024
8.61%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.84T
2024
$15.8B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,000
2024
$7,900
2024
Total reserves including gold
$643B
2024
$5.09B
2024
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2024
100/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$2.89B
2024
-$509M
2022
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$705M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$20M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.38%
2024
4.74%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
25.7%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.9%
2024
29.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kyrgyzstan | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1999, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.