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Economy of India vs Liberia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

India has a GDP of $3.96T compared to $5.25B for Liberia, ranking 6/197 and 162/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.33T in government debt (84.1% of GDP), compared to $2.88B (54.9% of GDP) in Liberia.

India vs Liberia GDP by year

India
Liberia
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Liberia
2025 $3,956,067,115,772 $5,245,938,900
2024 $3,760,813,470,501 $4,779,300,900
2023 $3,500,906,030,645 $4,390,000,000
2022 $3,249,938,492,013 $4,001,047,000
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $3,513,049,500
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $3,176,126,300
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $3,319,596,500
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $3,422,754,800
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $3,390,703,400
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $3,398,419,600
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $3,227,075,700
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $3,225,652,000
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $3,177,198,100
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $2,791,614,000
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $2,398,000,000
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $1,998,000,000
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $1,768,000,000
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $1,726,000,000
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $1,373,000,000
2006 $940,259,888,788 $1,119,000,000
2005 $820,383,763,511 $949,000,000
2004 $709,152,728,831 $897,000,000
2003 $607,700,687,237 $748,000,000
2002 $514,939,140,319 $927,000,000
2001 $485,440,139,204 $906,000,000
2000 $468,395,521,654 $874,000,000
1999 $458,821,052,616 $441,800,000
1998 $421,351,317,225 $359,600,000
1997 $415,867,563,593 $295,900,000
1996 $392,896,866,205 $159,400,000
1995 $360,281,909,643 $134,800,000
1994 $327,274,843,459 $132,200,000
1993 $279,295,648,983 $160,400,000
1992 $288,208,070,278 $223,500,000
1991 $270,105,341,879 $348,000,000
1990 $320,979,026,420 $384,400,000
1989 $296,042,052,945 $786,300,000
1988 $296,589,670,896 $1,038,300,000
1987 $279,033,584,092 $972,800,000
1986 $248,985,994,041 $840,964,400
1985 $232,511,554,840 $851,296,100
1984 $212,157,645,178 $848,478,300
1983 $218,262,146,413 $823,374,900
1982 $200,715,624,831 $863,933,200
1981 $193,491,368,446 $846,514,500
1980 $186,328,579,302 $854,711,500
1979 $152,995,442,498 $814,067,900
1978 $137,302,319,829 $717,240,400
1977 $121,486,641,441 $673,010,600
1976 $102,716,451,980 $596,675,700
1975 $98,473,832,017 $577,549,300
1974 $99,526,597,934 $486,955,000
1973 $85,517,673,173 $386,968,300
1972 $71,464,700,667 $368,098,000
1971 $67,351,404,352 $341,543,100
1970 $62,422,483,055 $323,099,700
1969 $58,447,995,017 $306,961,800
1968 $53,085,455,871 $276,820,700
1967 $50,134,942,204 $261,024,300
1966 $45,581,230,504 $244,459,500
1965 $59,556,105,229 $229,260,800
1964 $56,480,289,941 $218,929,100
1963 $48,421,923,459 $200,229,600
1962 $42,161,481,858 $191,861,800
1961 $39,232,435,784 $183,920,900
1960 $37,029,883,876 $190,495,600

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/liberia | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Liberia by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Liberia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Liberia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,702 - $915 -
2024 $2,592 $11,160 $851 $1,871
2023 $2,434 $10,323 $799 $1,795
2022 $2,280 $9,207 $745 $1,692
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $668 $1,539
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $617 $1,660
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $658 $1,900
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $692 $1,800
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $699 $1,665
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $715 $1,490
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $693 $1,340
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $707 $1,419
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $711 $1,360
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $638 $1,157
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $568 $1,041
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $492 $980
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $448 $939
2008 $993 $3,633 $452 $915
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $374 $873
2006 $802 $3,221 $321 $815
2005 $710 $2,937 $287.5 $774
2004 $624 $2,682 $284.1 $745
2003 $544 $2,461 $239.8 $716
2002 $469 $2,277 $299.5 $1,013
2001 $450 $2,200 $300 $987
2000 $443 $2,091 $298.5 $965
1999 $442 $2,006 $156.6 $762
1998 $414 $1,852 $134.7 $652
1997 $416 $1,759 $122.6 $548
1996 $401 $1,695 $71.4 $282.2
1995 $375 $1,579 $62.1 $254.4
1994 $348 $1,467 $61.5 $262.6
1993 $303 $1,374 $74.4 $328
1992 $319 $1,309 $107.8 $497
1991 $306 $1,239 $177.9 $793
1990 $371 $1,212 $172.9 $787
1989 $350 - $312 -
1988 $358 - $424 -
1987 $345 - $409 -
1986 $315 - $364 -
1985 $301 - $380 -
1984 $281 - $390 -
1983 $296 - $391 -
1982 $278.7 - $422 -
1981 $275 - $426 -
1980 $271.1 - $443 -
1979 $228 - $435 -
1978 $209.4 - $394 -
1977 $189.6 - $381 -
1976 $164.1 - $347 -
1975 $161.1 - $346 -
1974 $166.7 - $299.4 -
1973 $146.6 - $244.4 -
1972 $125.3 - $238.6 -
1971 $120.7 - $227.1 -
1970 $114.4 - $220.3 -
1969 $109.5 - $214.7 -
1968 $101.6 - $198.6 -
1967 $98 - $192.2 -
1966 $91 - $184.6 -
1965 $121.5 - $177.6 -
1964 $117.9 - $173.9 -
1963 $103.4 - $163.1 -
1962 $92.2 - $160.3 -
1961 $87.9 - $157.5 -
1960 $84.9 - $167.2 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/liberia | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,702, ranking 149/197, compared to $915 in Liberia, ranking 184/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Liberia ranks 188th at $1,871.

Economic indicators

India Liberia
Gross domestic product
$3.96T
2025
$5.25B
2025
GDP rank
6/197
2025
162/197
2025
GDP growth
7.57%
2024-2025
5.02%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,702
2025
$915
2025
GDP per capita rank
149/197
2025
184/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$1,871
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
188/197
2024
Government debt
$3.33T
2025
$2.88B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.1%
2025
54.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,272
2025
$502
2025
Government debt per person rank
116/185
2025
167/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,974
2026
$1,467
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$10.6T
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
944,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
229
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
27.1%
2016
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
2.9%
2016
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
22.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.4%
2024-2025
8.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.51%
2025
5.93%
2017
Population
1483314140
5916561

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Liberia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Liberia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 28.5% 84.1% 22.4% 54.9%
2024 29.3% 84.8% 24.1% 56.4%
2023 29.7% 85% 28.6% 57.2%
2022 30% 84.6% 27.4% 54.4%
2021 30.7% 85.7% 29.8% 53.5%
2020 31.8% 90.6% 35.3% 58.5%
2019 27.4% 76.7% 32.3% 48.1%
2018 26.8% 71.7% 32.7% 36.2%
2017 26.6% 70.8% 35.1% 31.8%
2016 27.6% 69.8% 35.8% 28%
2015 27.3% 69.8% 37.1% 24.4%
2014 26.2% 67.6% 33.4% 24.3%
2013 26.5% 68% 27.4% 20.6%
2012 27.2% 68.1% 30.8% 20.5%
2011 27.3% 68.7% 29.8% 22.5%
2010 27.7% 67.7% 25.1% 25.4%
2009 28.1% 72.7% 24% 132.2%
2008 28.3% 74.3% 21.8% 235.3%
2007 26.1% 75.4% 16.1% 367%
2006 25.6% 77.9% 10.6% 451%
2005 26% 82.4% 11.7% 488%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 12.1% 543%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 8.98% 600%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 12.7% 464%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 12.1% 465%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 14.5% 468%
1999 25.8% 71.3% - -
1998 26% 69.3% - -
1997 25.2% 69% - -
1996 24.4% 67.1% - -
1995 25% 70.9% - -
1994 26.2% 74.8% - -
1993 26.2% 78.3% - -
1992 26.7% 78.8% - -
1991 26.8% 76.7% - -
1990 25.4% 50.8% - -
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/liberia | CC BY

In 2025, India's government spending was $1.13T, accounting for 28.5% of its GDP, while Liberia spent $1.18B, or 22.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.1% in India and 54.9% in Liberia, ranking 38/185 and 90/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Liberia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Liberia
2025 -7.44% -1.41%
2024 -7.85% -1.8%
2023 -8.37% -8.55%
2022 -9.23% -5.82%
2021 -9.7% -2.5%
2020 -13.2% -4.02%
2019 -7.86% -4.92%
2018 -6.46% -4.7%
2017 -6.33% -7.14%
2016 -7.21% -3.83%
2015 -7.28% -3.74%
2014 -6.9% -4.92%
2013 -6.78% 1.29%
2012 -7.32% -2.86%
2011 -8.03% -4.39%
2010 -8.53% 1.16%
2009 -9.26% -1.4%
2008 -8.15% -2.7%
2007 -3.73% 2.28%
2006 -5.11% 4.23%
2005 -6.64% -0.51%
2004 -9.22% -0.56%
2003 -11.4% 0.36%
2002 -11.1% -1.57%
2001 -11% -0.94%
2000 -8.41% -0.08%
1999 -8.7% -
1998 -9.74% -
1997 -8.28% -
1996 -6.71% -
1995 -6.81% -
1994 -8% -
1993 -8.57% -
1992 -7.89% -
1991 -7.44% -
1990 -7.63% -
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/liberia | CC BY

In 2025, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $294B, equivalent to 7.44% of GDP. This compares to Liberia's deficit of $74.2M, or 1.41% of GDP.

Over the past 26 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while Liberia ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.17% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.27% of GDP for Liberia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Liberia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Liberia
2025 2.4% 8.3%
2024 4.95% 8.2%
2023 5.65% 10.1%
2022 6.7% 7.6%
2021 5.13% 7.8%
2020 6.62% 17%
2019 3.73% 27%
2018 3.94% 23.5%
2017 3.33% 12.4%
2016 4.95% 8.8%
2015 4.91% 7.7%
2014 6.67% 9.9%
2013 10% 7.6%
2012 9.48% 6.8%
2011 8.91% 8.5%
2010 12% 7.3%
2009 10.9% 7.4%
2008 8.35% 17.5%
2007 6.37% 11.4%
2006 5.8% 9.5%
2005 4.25% 6.9%
2004 3.77% 3.6%
2003 3.81% 10.3%
2002 4.3% 14.2%
2001 3.78% 12.1%
2000 4.01% 5.3%
1999 4.67% 2%
1998 13.2% -
1997 7.16% -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1999–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/liberia | CC BY

Over the past 27 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 5.9%, compared with 10.3% in Liberia. In 2025, inflation was 2.4% in India and 8.3% in Liberia.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $206M
Machinery & equipment $81M
Chemicals & pharma $37.7M
Raw materials & minerals $13M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.4M
Metals $9.8M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.58M
Animal & marine products $5.57M
Wood & paper products $2.76M
Weapons & explosives $1.03M
Liberia
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.52M
Machinery & equipment $2.07M
Raw materials & minerals $635K
Precious metals & jewellery $116K
Textiles & consumer goods $80K
Chemicals & pharma $15K
Metals $14K

Balance of trade

India Liberia
Current account balance
-$16.5B
2025
$120M
2024
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2025
62/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.42%
2025
+2.51%
2024
Goods imports
$761B
2025
$1.51B
2024
Goods exports
$450B
2025
$1.31B
2024
Service imports
$203B
2025
$253M
2024
Service exports
$412B
2025
$42.6M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
24%
2025
n/a
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.3%
2025
28.5%
2026

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Liberia
Economic freedom 52.5 49.8
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 163/197
Property rights 48.3 40.4
Government integrity 37.8 25.8
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 23.4
Tax burden 71.2 86.1
Government spending 75.7 79.5
Fiscal health 6.7 56.9
Business freedom 67.4 38
Labor freedom 59 43.4
Monetary freedom 70.9 71.4
Trade freedom 61 57.4
Investment freedom 40 55
Financial freedom 40 20

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Liberia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Liberia
2026 52.5 49.8
2025 53 48.5
2024 52.9 49.9
2023 52.9 49.6
2022 53.9 47.9
2021 56.5 49.2
2020 56.5 49
2019 55.2 49.7
2018 54.5 50.9
2017 52.6 49.1
2016 56.2 52.2
2015 54.6 52.7
2014 55.7 52.4
2013 55.2 49.3
2012 54.6 48.6
2011 54.6 46.5
2010 53.8 46.2
2009 54.4 48.1
2008 54.1 -
2007 53.9 -
2006 52.2 -
2005 54.2 -
2004 51.5 -
2003 51.2 -
2002 51.2 -
2001 49 -
2000 47.4 -
1999 50.2 -
1998 49.7 -
1997 49.7 -
1996 47.4 -
1995 45.1 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/liberia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 49.8 for Liberia, ranking 163/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Liberia
Services, % of GDP
49.3%
2025
40%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
24.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.2%
2025
32.7%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$4.04T
2025
$4.76B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,600
2025
$1,840
2025
Total reserves including gold
$700B
2025
$339M
2025
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2025
166/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.41B
2025
-$397M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$472M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$74.9M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.47%
2024
3.12%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
50.9%
2016
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
34.6%
2025
n/a

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/liberia | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.