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Economy of India vs Namibia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

India has a GDP of $3.91T compared to $13.4B for Namibia, ranking 5/197 and 147/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.19T in government debt (81.6% of GDP), compared to $9.05B (67.7% of GDP) in Namibia.

India vs Namibia GDP by year

India
Namibia
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Namibia
2024 $3,909,891,533,858 $13,372,354,512
2023 $3,638,489,096,034 $12,408,271,449
2022 $3,346,107,287,731 $12,569,449,123
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $12,402,486,184
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $10,583,748,542
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $12,541,928,303
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $13,682,019,076
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $12,895,153,371
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $10,722,018,732
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $11,335,161,084
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $12,435,430,970
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $12,043,307,277
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $13,042,053,592
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $12,523,359,441
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $11,431,412,421
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $8,938,847,189
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $8,607,431,497
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $8,839,536,476
2006 $940,259,888,788 $8,001,779,551
2005 $820,383,763,511 $7,248,374,838
2004 $709,152,728,831 $6,609,205,995
2003 $607,700,687,237 $4,926,439,384
2002 $514,939,140,319 $3,349,169,826
2001 $485,440,139,204 $3,557,341,215
2000 $468,395,521,654 $3,922,232,165
1999 $458,821,052,616 $3,868,551,730
1998 $421,351,317,225 $3,873,109,866
1997 $415,867,563,593 $4,154,989,950
1996 $392,896,866,205 $3,989,163,197
1995 $360,281,909,643 $3,978,514,206
1994 $327,274,843,459 $3,666,503,530
1993 $279,295,648,983 $3,251,188,833
1992 $288,208,070,278 $3,429,521,699
1991 $270,105,341,879 $2,996,869,281
1990 $320,979,026,420 $2,789,921,854
1989 $296,042,052,945 $2,535,135,798
1988 $296,589,670,896 $2,495,094,746
1987 $279,033,584,092 $2,300,068,217
1986 $248,985,994,041 $1,809,048,527
1985 $232,511,554,840 $1,608,237,350
1984 $212,157,645,178 $1,951,260,038
1983 $218,262,146,413 $2,297,400,688
1982 $200,715,624,831 $2,118,710,248
1981 $193,491,368,446 $2,249,908,578
1980 $186,328,579,302 $2,421,990,338
1979 $152,995,442,498 -
1978 $137,302,319,829 -
1977 $121,486,641,441 -
1976 $102,716,451,980 -
1975 $98,473,832,017 -
1974 $99,526,597,934 -
1973 $85,517,673,173 -
1972 $71,464,700,667 -
1971 $67,351,404,352 -
1970 $62,422,483,055 -
1969 $58,447,995,017 -
1968 $53,085,455,871 -
1967 $50,134,942,204 -
1966 $45,581,230,504 -
1965 $59,556,105,229 -
1964 $56,480,289,941 -
1963 $48,421,923,459 -
1962 $42,161,481,858 -
1961 $39,232,435,784 -
1960 $37,029,883,876 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Namibia by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Namibia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Namibia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,695 $11,160 $4,413 $11,687
2023 $2,530 $10,323 $4,188 $11,251
2022 $2,347 $9,207 $4,350 $10,663
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $4,413 $9,709
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $3,879 $9,354
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $4,732 $9,609
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $5,309 $9,854
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $5,144 $9,888
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $4,396 $10,200
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $4,774 $10,466
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $5,378 $10,365
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $5,347 $9,699
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $5,943 $9,364
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $5,835 $9,002
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $5,418 $8,538
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $4,303 $8,079
2008 $993 $3,633 $4,205 $8,125
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $4,379 $7,875
2006 $802 $3,221 $4,017 $7,374
2005 $710 $2,937 $3,686 $6,767
2004 $624 $2,682 $3,403 $6,480
2003 $544 $2,461 $2,569 $5,693
2002 $469 $2,277 $1,772 $5,433
2001 $450 $2,200 $1,916 $5,196
2000 $443 $2,091 $2,157 $5,129
1999 $442 $2,006 $2,178 $4,961
1998 $414 $1,852 $2,235 $4,852
1997 $416 $1,759 $2,460 $4,764
1996 $401 $1,695 $2,423 $4,612
1995 $375 $1,579 $2,483 $4,509
1994 $348 $1,467 $2,356 $4,376
1993 $303 $1,374 $2,155 $4,345
1992 $319 $1,309 $2,347 $4,452
1991 $306 $1,239 $2,117 $4,192
1990 $371 $1,212 $2,037 $3,875
1989 $350 - $1,967 -
1988 $358 - $2,063 -
1987 $345 - $1,969 -
1986 $315 - $1,599 -
1985 $301 - $1,466 -
1984 $281 - $1,830 -
1983 $296 - $2,214 -
1982 $278.7 - $2,097 -
1981 $275 - $2,267 -
1980 $271.1 - $2,468 -
1979 $228 - - -
1978 $209.4 - - -
1977 $189.6 - - -
1976 $164.1 - - -
1975 $161.1 - - -
1974 $166.7 - - -
1973 $146.6 - - -
1972 $125.3 - - -
1971 $120.7 - - -
1970 $114.4 - - -
1969 $109.5 - - -
1968 $101.6 - - -
1967 $98 - - -
1966 $91 - - -
1965 $121.5 - - -
1964 $117.9 - - -
1963 $103.4 - - -
1962 $92.2 - - -
1961 $87.9 - - -
1960 $84.9 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,695, ranking 143/197, compared to $4,413 in Namibia, ranking 126/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Namibia ranks 128th at $11,687.

Economic indicators

India Namibia
Gross domestic product
$3.91T
2024
$13.4B
2024
GDP rank
5/197
2024
147/197
2024
GDP growth
6.49%
2023-2024
3.71%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,695
2024
$4,413
2024
GDP per capita rank
143/197
2024
126/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$11,687
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
128/197
2024
Government debt
$3.19T
2024
$9.05B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
81.6%
2024
67.7%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,200
2024
$2,988
2024
Government debt per person rank
118/185
2024
100/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,596
2026
$6,197
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$5.13T
2024
$2.48B
2024
Number of millionaires
917,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
205
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
47.2%
2015
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
1%
2015
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.4%
2024
39.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.95%
2023-2024
4.2%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
6.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.17%
2024
19.9%
2018
Population
1480351380
3173089

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Namibia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Namibia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 28.4% 81.6% 39.9% 67.7%
2023 27.9% 80.7% 37% 67.2%
2022 29.1% 82.2% 36.6% 69.4%
2021 29.9% 83.5% 39.3% 69.6%
2020 31% 88.4% 41.5% 64.3%
2019 26.8% 75.1% 37.4% 57.6%
2018 26.3% 70.4% 36.3% 48.7%
2017 26.2% 69.7% 38.1% 43.8%
2016 27.2% 68.9% 41.8% 45.8%
2015 27.1% 69% 43.7% 42.1%
2014 26.2% 67.1% 41.8% 27.6%
2013 26.6% 67.7% 38.3% 26.1%
2012 27.4% 68% 35% 24.6%
2011 27.6% 68.7% 38.5% 27.4%
2010 28% 67.7% 33.5% 16.3%
2009 28.5% 72.7% 32% 15.9%
2008 29.3% 74.3% 28.4% 19.1%
2007 26.9% 75.4% 26.1% 19.4%
2006 26.9% 77.9% 27.4% 26.1%
2005 26.9% 82.4% 27.7% 26.9%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 28.4% 29.2%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 31.1% 27.1%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 29.8% 22.2%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 30.7% 24.4%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 30.1% 20.9%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 31.8% 21.8%
1998 26% 69.3% 31.3% 19.6%
1997 25.2% 69% 30.9% 17.7%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 30.4% 18.7%
1995 25% 70.9% 29.6% 18%
1994 26.2% 74.8% 28.7% 16.4%
1993 26.2% 78.3% 32.4% 17.2%
1992 26.7% 78.8% 32.8% 14.1%
1991 27.3% 76.7% 33% 11.8%
1990 25.8% 50.8% 30.2% 12.9%
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

In 2024, India's government spending was $1.11T, accounting for 28.4% of its GDP, while Namibia spent $5.34B, or 39.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 81.6% in India and 67.7% in Namibia, ranking 43/185 and 61/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Namibia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Namibia
2024 -7.9% -3.59%
2023 -7.4% -3.14%
2022 -8.97% -6.33%
2021 -9.45% -8.68%
2020 -12.9% -8.07%
2019 -7.69% -5.49%
2018 -6.34% -5.09%
2017 -6.23% -4.99%
2016 -7.12% -9.3%
2015 -7.21% -8.3%
2014 -7.07% -6.44%
2013 -7% -4.69%
2012 -7.55% -3.1%
2011 -8.35% -7.09%
2010 -8.79% -4.98%
2009 -9.7% -0.4%
2008 -9.17% 3.48%
2007 -4.59% 6.01%
2006 -6.38% 3.41%
2005 -7.49% -0.31%
2004 -9.22% -2.67%
2003 -11.4% -4.47%
2002 -11.1% -1.38%
2001 -11% -2.01%
2000 -8.41% -0.79%
1999 -8.7% -1.88%
1998 -9.74% -2.76%
1997 -8.28% -2.38%
1996 -6.71% -3.7%
1995 -6.81% -1.74%
1994 -8% -0.57%
1993 -8.57% -2.73%
1992 -7.89% -2.55%
1991 -7.9% -1.59%
1990 -8.07% 1.08%
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

In 2024, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $309B, equivalent to 7.9% of GDP. This compares to Namibia's deficit of $480M, or 3.59% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 35 of those years, while Namibia ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.26% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.06% of GDP for Namibia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Namibia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Namibia
2024 4.95% 4.2%
2023 5.65% 5.9%
2022 6.7% 6.1%
2021 5.13% 3.6%
2020 6.62% 2.2%
2019 3.73% 3.7%
2018 3.94% 4.3%
2017 3.33% 6.1%
2016 4.95% 6.7%
2015 4.91% 3.4%
2014 6.67% 5.3%
2013 10% 5.6%
2012 9.48% 6.7%
2011 8.91% 5%
2010 12% 4.9%
2009 10.9% 9.5%
2008 8.35% 9.1%
2007 6.37% 6.5%
2006 5.8% 5%
2005 4.25% 2.3%
2004 3.77% 4.1%
2003 3.81% 7.2%
2002 4.3% 12.7%
2001 3.78% 10.2%
2000 4.01% 10.2%
1999 4.67% 9.4%
1998 13.2% 6.6%
1997 7.16% 9.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.33%, compared with 6.29% in Namibia. In 2024, inflation was 4.95% in India and 4.2% in Namibia.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $80.6M
Chemicals & pharma $29.6M
Machinery & equipment $20.6M
Raw agricultural goods $7.44M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.08M
Metals $2.91M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.4M
Animal & marine products $896K
Wood & paper products $164K
Weapons & explosives $86K
Namibia
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $21.4M
Metals $17.3M
Raw materials & minerals $6.9M
Raw agricultural goods $91K
Machinery & equipment $54K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $25K
Miscellaneous $24K
Animal & marine products $16K
Chemicals & pharma $11K
Textiles & consumer goods $4K

Balance of trade

India Namibia
Current account balance
-$32.1B
2024
-$1.89M
2024
Current account balance ranking
186/190
2024
78/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.82%
2024
-0.01%
2024
Goods imports
$727B
2024
$6.77B
2024
Goods exports
$447B
2024
$4.67B
2024
Service imports
$197B
2024
$2.47B
2024
Service exports
$375B
2024
$1.29B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.5%
2024
68%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.2%
2024
41.6%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Namibia
Economic freedom 52.5 60.2
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 95/197
Property rights 48.3 63.1
Government integrity 37.8 51.5
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 67.2
Tax burden 71.2 66.4
Government spending 75.7 57.1
Fiscal health 6.7 60.5
Business freedom 67.4 58
Labor freedom 59 62.7
Monetary freedom 70.9 76.1
Trade freedom 61 69.8
Investment freedom 40 50
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Namibia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Namibia
2026 52.5 60.2
2025 53 58.7
2024 52.9 57.5
2023 52.9 57.7
2022 53.9 59.2
2021 56.5 62.6
2020 56.5 60.9
2019 55.2 58.7
2018 54.5 58.5
2017 52.6 62.5
2016 56.2 61.9
2015 54.6 59.6
2014 55.7 59.4
2013 55.2 60.3
2012 54.6 61.9
2011 54.6 62.7
2010 53.8 62.2
2009 54.4 62.4
2008 54.1 61.4
2007 53.9 63.5
2006 52.2 60.7
2005 54.2 61.4
2004 51.5 62.4
2003 51.2 67.3
2002 51.2 65.1
2001 49 64.8
2000 47.4 66.7
1999 50.2 66.1
1998 49.7 66.1
1997 49.7 61.6
1996 47.4 -
1995 45.1 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 60.2 for Namibia, ranking 95/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Namibia
Services, % of GDP
49.9%
2024
54.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
28.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.3%
2024
7.29%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.84T
2024
$12.8B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,000
2024
$11,300
2024
Total reserves including gold
$643B
2024
$3.36B
2024
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2024
115/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$2.89B
2024
-$1.93M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$1.97B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$44.5M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.38%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
17.4%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.9%
2024
25.6%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.