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Economy of India vs Namibia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

India has a GDP of $3.96T compared to $15.1B for Namibia, ranking 6/197 and 146/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.33T in government debt (84.1% of GDP), compared to $10.6B (70.2% of GDP) in Namibia.

India vs Namibia GDP by year

India
Namibia
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Namibia
2025 $3,956,067,115,772 $15,080,340,654
2024 $3,760,813,470,501 $13,641,190,683
2023 $3,500,906,030,645 $12,522,012,874
2022 $3,249,938,492,013 $12,569,449,123
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $12,402,486,184
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $10,583,748,542
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $12,541,928,303
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $13,682,019,076
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $12,895,153,371
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $10,722,018,732
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $11,335,161,084
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $12,435,430,970
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $12,043,307,277
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $13,042,053,592
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $12,523,359,441
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $11,431,412,421
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $8,938,847,189
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $8,607,431,497
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $8,839,536,476
2006 $940,259,888,788 $8,001,779,551
2005 $820,383,763,511 $7,248,374,838
2004 $709,152,728,831 $6,609,205,995
2003 $607,700,687,237 $4,926,439,384
2002 $514,939,140,319 $3,349,169,826
2001 $485,440,139,204 $3,557,341,215
2000 $468,395,521,654 $3,922,232,165
1999 $458,821,052,616 $3,868,551,730
1998 $421,351,317,225 $3,873,109,866
1997 $415,867,563,593 $4,154,989,950
1996 $392,896,866,205 $3,989,163,197
1995 $360,281,909,643 $3,978,514,206
1994 $327,274,843,459 $3,666,503,530
1993 $279,295,648,983 $3,251,188,833
1992 $288,208,070,278 $3,429,521,699
1991 $270,105,341,879 $2,996,869,281
1990 $320,979,026,420 $2,789,921,854
1989 $296,042,052,945 $2,535,135,798
1988 $296,589,670,896 $2,495,094,746
1987 $279,033,584,092 $2,300,068,217
1986 $248,985,994,041 $1,809,048,527
1985 $232,511,554,840 $1,608,237,350
1984 $212,157,645,178 $1,951,260,038
1983 $218,262,146,413 $2,297,400,688
1982 $200,715,624,831 $2,118,710,248
1981 $193,491,368,446 $2,249,908,578
1980 $186,328,579,302 $2,421,990,338
1979 $152,995,442,498 -
1978 $137,302,319,829 -
1977 $121,486,641,441 -
1976 $102,716,451,980 -
1975 $98,473,832,017 -
1974 $99,526,597,934 -
1973 $85,517,673,173 -
1972 $71,464,700,667 -
1971 $67,351,404,352 -
1970 $62,422,483,055 -
1969 $58,447,995,017 -
1968 $53,085,455,871 -
1967 $50,134,942,204 -
1966 $45,581,230,504 -
1965 $59,556,105,229 -
1964 $56,480,289,941 -
1963 $48,421,923,459 -
1962 $42,161,481,858 -
1961 $39,232,435,784 -
1960 $37,029,883,876 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Namibia by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Namibia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Namibia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,702 - $4,876 -
2024 $2,592 $11,160 $4,502 $11,687
2023 $2,434 $10,323 $4,226 $11,251
2022 $2,280 $9,207 $4,350 $10,663
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $4,413 $9,709
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $3,879 $9,354
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $4,732 $9,609
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $5,309 $9,854
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $5,144 $9,888
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $4,396 $10,200
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $4,774 $10,466
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $5,378 $10,365
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $5,347 $9,699
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $5,943 $9,364
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $5,835 $9,002
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $5,418 $8,538
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $4,303 $8,079
2008 $993 $3,633 $4,205 $8,125
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $4,379 $7,875
2006 $802 $3,221 $4,017 $7,374
2005 $710 $2,937 $3,686 $6,767
2004 $624 $2,682 $3,403 $6,480
2003 $544 $2,461 $2,569 $5,693
2002 $469 $2,277 $1,772 $5,433
2001 $450 $2,200 $1,916 $5,196
2000 $443 $2,091 $2,157 $5,129
1999 $442 $2,006 $2,178 $4,961
1998 $414 $1,852 $2,235 $4,852
1997 $416 $1,759 $2,460 $4,764
1996 $401 $1,695 $2,423 $4,612
1995 $375 $1,579 $2,483 $4,509
1994 $348 $1,467 $2,356 $4,376
1993 $303 $1,374 $2,155 $4,345
1992 $319 $1,309 $2,347 $4,452
1991 $306 $1,239 $2,117 $4,192
1990 $371 $1,212 $2,037 $3,875
1989 $350 - $1,967 -
1988 $358 - $2,063 -
1987 $345 - $1,969 -
1986 $315 - $1,599 -
1985 $301 - $1,466 -
1984 $281 - $1,830 -
1983 $296 - $2,214 -
1982 $278.7 - $2,097 -
1981 $275 - $2,267 -
1980 $271.1 - $2,468 -
1979 $228 - - -
1978 $209.4 - - -
1977 $189.6 - - -
1976 $164.1 - - -
1975 $161.1 - - -
1974 $166.7 - - -
1973 $146.6 - - -
1972 $125.3 - - -
1971 $120.7 - - -
1970 $114.4 - - -
1969 $109.5 - - -
1968 $101.6 - - -
1967 $98 - - -
1966 $91 - - -
1965 $121.5 - - -
1964 $117.9 - - -
1963 $103.4 - - -
1962 $92.2 - - -
1961 $87.9 - - -
1960 $84.9 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,702, ranking 149/197, compared to $4,876 in Namibia, ranking 125/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Namibia ranks 128th at $11,687.

Economic indicators

India Namibia
Gross domestic product
$3.96T
2025
$15.1B
2025
GDP rank
6/197
2025
146/197
2025
GDP growth
7.57%
2024-2025
1.73%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,702
2025
$4,876
2025
GDP per capita rank
149/197
2025
125/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$11,687
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
128/197
2024
Government debt
$3.33T
2025
$10.6B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.1%
2025
70.2%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,272
2025
$3,425
2025
Government debt per person rank
116/185
2025
97/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,974
2026
$3,433
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$10.6T
2025
$2.48B
2024
Number of millionaires
944,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
229
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
47.2%
2015
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
1%
2015
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
39.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.4%
2024-2025
3.5%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
6.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.51%
2025
19.9%
2018
Population
1483314140
3185686

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Namibia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Namibia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 28.5% 84.1% 39.4% 70.2%
2024 29.3% 84.8% 39.6% 69.8%
2023 29.7% 85% 37% 67.9%
2022 30% 84.6% 36.6% 70.1%
2021 30.7% 85.7% 39.3% 69.6%
2020 31.8% 90.6% 41.5% 64.3%
2019 27.4% 76.7% 37.4% 57.6%
2018 26.8% 71.7% 36.3% 48.7%
2017 26.6% 70.8% 38.1% 43.8%
2016 27.6% 69.8% 41.8% 45.8%
2015 27.3% 69.8% 43.7% 42.1%
2014 26.2% 67.6% 41.8% 27.6%
2013 26.5% 68% 38.3% 26.1%
2012 27.2% 68.1% 35% 24.6%
2011 27.3% 68.7% 38.5% 27.4%
2010 27.7% 67.7% 33.5% 16.3%
2009 28.1% 72.7% 32% 15.9%
2008 28.3% 74.3% 28.4% 19.1%
2007 26.1% 75.4% 26.1% 19.4%
2006 25.6% 77.9% 27.4% 26.1%
2005 26% 82.4% 27.7% 26.9%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 28.4% 29.2%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 31.1% 27.1%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 29.8% 22.2%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 30.7% 24.4%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 30.1% 20.9%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 31.8% 21.8%
1998 26% 69.3% 31.3% 19.6%
1997 25.2% 69% 30.9% 17.7%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 30.4% 18.7%
1995 25% 70.9% 29.6% 18%
1994 26.2% 74.8% 28.7% 16.4%
1993 26.2% 78.3% 32.4% 17.2%
1992 26.7% 78.8% 32.8% 14.1%
1991 26.8% 76.7% 33% 11.8%
1990 25.4% 50.8% 30.2% 12.9%
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

In 2025, India's government spending was $1.13T, accounting for 28.5% of its GDP, while Namibia spent $5.94B, or 39.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.1% in India and 70.2% in Namibia, ranking 38/185 and 57/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Namibia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Namibia
2025 -7.44% -6.46%
2024 -7.85% -3.84%
2023 -8.37% -3.14%
2022 -9.23% -6.33%
2021 -9.7% -8.68%
2020 -13.2% -8.07%
2019 -7.86% -5.49%
2018 -6.46% -5.09%
2017 -6.33% -4.99%
2016 -7.21% -9.3%
2015 -7.28% -8.3%
2014 -6.9% -6.44%
2013 -6.78% -4.69%
2012 -7.32% -3.1%
2011 -8.03% -7.09%
2010 -8.53% -4.98%
2009 -9.26% -0.4%
2008 -8.15% 3.48%
2007 -3.73% 6.01%
2006 -5.11% 3.41%
2005 -6.64% -0.31%
2004 -9.22% -2.67%
2003 -11.4% -4.47%
2002 -11.1% -1.38%
2001 -11% -2.01%
2000 -8.41% -0.79%
1999 -8.7% -1.88%
1998 -9.74% -2.76%
1997 -8.28% -2.38%
1996 -6.71% -3.7%
1995 -6.81% -1.74%
1994 -8% -0.57%
1993 -8.57% -2.73%
1992 -7.89% -2.55%
1991 -7.44% -1.59%
1990 -7.63% 1.08%
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

In 2025, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $294B, equivalent to 7.44% of GDP. This compares to Namibia's deficit of $974M, or 6.46% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 36 of those years, while Namibia ran a deficit in 32 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.12% of GDP, compared to deficit of 3.17% of GDP for Namibia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Namibia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Namibia
2025 2.4% 3.5%
2024 4.95% 4.2%
2023 5.65% 5.9%
2022 6.7% 6.1%
2021 5.13% 3.6%
2020 6.62% 2.2%
2019 3.73% 3.7%
2018 3.94% 4.3%
2017 3.33% 6.1%
2016 4.95% 6.7%
2015 4.91% 3.4%
2014 6.67% 5.3%
2013 10% 5.6%
2012 9.48% 6.7%
2011 8.91% 5%
2010 12% 4.9%
2009 10.9% 9.5%
2008 8.35% 9.1%
2007 6.37% 6.5%
2006 5.8% 5%
2005 4.25% 2.3%
2004 3.77% 4.1%
2003 3.81% 7.2%
2002 4.3% 12.7%
2001 3.78% 10.2%
2000 4.01% 10.2%
1999 4.67% 9.4%
1998 13.2% 6.6%
1997 7.16% 9.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.2%, compared with 6.2% in Namibia. In 2025, inflation was 2.4% in India and 3.5% in Namibia.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Raw materials & minerals $460M
Machinery & equipment $36.9M
Chemicals & pharma $28.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $3.47M
Raw agricultural goods $2.72M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.41M
Animal & marine products $918K
Metals $504K
Precious metals & jewellery $454K
Weapons & explosives $141K
Namibia
Export category Export value
Metals $106M
Raw materials & minerals $8.61M
Precious metals & jewellery $5.91M
Animal & marine products $833K
Machinery & equipment $211K
Miscellaneous $90K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $38K
Raw agricultural goods $14K
Chemicals & pharma $7K
Textiles & consumer goods $4K

Balance of trade

India Namibia
Current account balance
-$16.5B
2025
-$1.83B
2024
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2025
138/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.42%
2025
-13.4%
2024
Goods imports
$761B
2025
$6.77B
2024
Goods exports
$450B
2025
$4.67B
2024
Service imports
$203B
2025
$2.47B
2024
Service exports
$412B
2025
$1.29B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
24%
2025
63.9%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.3%
2025
44.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Namibia
Economic freedom 52.5 60.2
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 95/197
Property rights 48.3 63.1
Government integrity 37.8 51.5
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 67.2
Tax burden 71.2 66.4
Government spending 75.7 57.1
Fiscal health 6.7 60.5
Business freedom 67.4 58
Labor freedom 59 62.7
Monetary freedom 70.9 76.1
Trade freedom 61 69.8
Investment freedom 40 50
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Namibia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Namibia
2026 52.5 60.2
2025 53 58.7
2024 52.9 57.5
2023 52.9 57.7
2022 53.9 59.2
2021 56.5 62.6
2020 56.5 60.9
2019 55.2 58.7
2018 54.5 58.5
2017 52.6 62.5
2016 56.2 61.9
2015 54.6 59.6
2014 55.7 59.4
2013 55.2 60.3
2012 54.6 61.9
2011 54.6 62.7
2010 53.8 62.2
2009 54.4 62.4
2008 54.1 61.4
2007 53.9 63.5
2006 52.2 60.7
2005 54.2 61.4
2004 51.5 62.4
2003 51.2 67.3
2002 51.2 65.1
2001 49 64.8
2000 47.4 66.7
1999 50.2 66.1
1998 49.7 66.1
1997 49.7 61.6
1996 47.4 -
1995 45.1 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/namibia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 60.2 for Namibia, ranking 95/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Namibia
Services, % of GDP
49.3%
2025
55%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
28.9%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.2%
2025
6.99%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$4.04T
2025
$13.4B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,600
2025
$11,260
2025
Total reserves including gold
$700B
2025
$3.1B
2025
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2025
119/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.41B
2025
-$1.89B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$1.93B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$44.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.47%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
17.4%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
34.6%
2025
18.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.