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Economy of India vs Ukraine compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

India has a GDP of $3.96T compared to $214B for Ukraine, ranking 6/197 and 57/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.33T in government debt (84.1% of GDP), compared to $233B (108.7% of GDP) in Ukraine.

India vs Ukraine GDP by year

India
Ukraine
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Ukraine
2025 $3,956,067,115,772 $214,233,312,784
2024 $3,760,813,470,501 $190,833,835,445
2023 $3,500,906,030,645 $181,221,517,869
2022 $3,249,938,492,013 $161,989,520,721
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $199,765,859,571
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $156,617,722,013
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $153,883,047,510
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $130,891,088,294
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $112,090,505,082
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $93,355,869,404
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $91,030,967,789
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $133,503,871,862
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $190,498,811,460
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $182,591,753,828
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $169,333,835,202
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $141,209,170,427
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $121,552,153,444
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $188,110,390,660
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $148,733,861,386
2006 $940,259,888,788 $111,884,752,475
2005 $820,383,763,511 $89,238,865,119
2004 $709,152,728,831 $67,220,154,164
2003 $607,700,687,237 $52,010,355,753
2002 $514,939,140,319 $43,956,163,612
2001 $485,440,139,204 $39,309,580,983
2000 $468,395,521,654 $32,375,083,935
1999 $458,821,052,616 $31,580,639,554
1998 $421,351,317,225 $41,882,523,345
1997 $415,867,563,593 $50,151,531,592
1996 $392,896,866,205 $44,558,831,005
1995 $360,281,909,643 $48,213,856,469
1994 $327,274,843,459 $52,549,580,265
1993 $279,295,648,983 $65,648,559,903
1992 $288,208,070,278 $73,945,908,384
1991 $270,105,341,879 $77,350,733,982
1990 $320,979,026,420 $81,393,558,423
1989 $296,042,052,945 $82,709,161,099
1988 $296,589,670,896 $74,703,517,903
1987 $279,033,584,092 $64,087,694,038
1986 $248,985,994,041 -
1985 $232,511,554,840 -
1984 $212,157,645,178 -
1983 $218,262,146,413 -
1982 $200,715,624,831 -
1981 $193,491,368,446 -
1980 $186,328,579,302 -
1979 $152,995,442,498 -
1978 $137,302,319,829 -
1977 $121,486,641,441 -
1976 $102,716,451,980 -
1975 $98,473,832,017 -
1974 $99,526,597,934 -
1973 $85,517,673,173 -
1972 $71,464,700,667 -
1971 $67,351,404,352 -
1970 $62,422,483,055 -
1969 $58,447,995,017 -
1968 $53,085,455,871 -
1967 $50,134,942,204 -
1966 $45,581,230,504 -
1965 $59,556,105,229 -
1964 $56,480,289,941 -
1963 $48,421,923,459 -
1962 $42,161,481,858 -
1961 $39,232,435,784 -
1960 $37,029,883,876 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/ukraine | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Ukraine by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Ukraine
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Ukraine
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,702 - $5,496 -
2024 $2,592 $11,160 $5,040 $18,549
2023 $2,434 $10,323 $4,803 $17,665
2022 $2,280 $9,207 $3,946 $14,770
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $4,510 $17,846
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $3,505 $15,541
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $3,423 $14,217
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $2,895 $12,555
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $2,467 $11,536
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $2,047 $10,865
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $1,988 $9,922
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $2,904 $10,494
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $4,130 $10,904
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $3,951 $9,552
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $3,657 $9,127
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $3,040 $8,453
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $2,607 $7,995
2008 $993 $3,633 $4,018 $9,324
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $3,160 $8,900
2006 $802 $3,221 $2,366 $7,971
2005 $710 $2,937 $1,875 $7,142
2004 $624 $2,682 $1,401 $6,663
2003 $544 $2,461 $1,076 $5,764
2002 $469 $2,277 $903 $5,123
2001 $450 $2,200 $800 $4,747
2000 $443 $2,091 $653 $4,228
1999 $442 $2,006 $632 $3,871
1998 $414 $1,852 $831 $3,794
1997 $416 $1,759 $987 $3,794
1996 $401 $1,695 $870 $3,812
1995 $375 $1,579 $933 $4,124
1994 $348 $1,467 $1,009 $4,565
1993 $303 $1,374 $1,254 $5,766
1992 $319 $1,309 $1,413 $6,568
1991 $306 $1,239 $1,483 $7,148
1990 $371 $1,212 $1,564 $7,591
1989 $350 - $1,593 -
1988 $358 - $1,444 -
1987 $345 - $1,244 -
1986 $315 - - -
1985 $301 - - -
1984 $281 - - -
1983 $296 - - -
1982 $278.7 - - -
1981 $275 - - -
1980 $271.1 - - -
1979 $228 - - -
1978 $209.4 - - -
1977 $189.6 - - -
1976 $164.1 - - -
1975 $161.1 - - -
1974 $166.7 - - -
1973 $146.6 - - -
1972 $125.3 - - -
1971 $120.7 - - -
1970 $114.4 - - -
1969 $109.5 - - -
1968 $101.6 - - -
1967 $98 - - -
1966 $91 - - -
1965 $121.5 - - -
1964 $117.9 - - -
1963 $103.4 - - -
1962 $92.2 - - -
1961 $87.9 - - -
1960 $84.9 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/ukraine | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,702, ranking 149/197, compared to $5,496 in Ukraine, ranking 118/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Ukraine ranks 101st at $18,549.

Economic indicators

India Ukraine
Gross domestic product
$3.96T
2025
$214B
2025
GDP rank
6/197
2025
57/197
2025
GDP growth
7.57%
2024-2025
1.82%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,702
2025
$5,496
2025
GDP per capita rank
149/197
2025
118/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$18,549
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
101/197
2024
Government debt
$3.33T
2025
$233B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.1%
2025
108.7%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,272
2025
$5,977
2025
Government debt per person rank
116/185
2025
76/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,974
2026
$5,580
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$10.6T
2025
$4.42B
2018
Number of millionaires
944,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
229
2026
7
2026
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
21.7%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
4.3%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
74.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.4%
2024-2025
12.7%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
15.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.51%
2025
9.83%
2021
Population
1483314140
40408451

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Ukraine
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Ukraine
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 28.5% 84.1% 74.5% 108.7%
2024 29.3% 84.8% 71.2% 89.7%
2023 29.7% 85% 73.4% 81.2%
2022 30% 84.6% 65.4% 77.7%
2021 30.7% 85.7% 40.5% 48.9%
2020 31.8% 90.6% 45.6% 60.5%
2019 27.4% 76.7% 41.5% 50.5%
2018 26.8% 71.7% 41.9% 60.4%
2017 26.6% 70.8% 41.7% 71.6%
2016 27.6% 69.8% 40.8% 79.5%
2015 27.3% 69.8% 43% 79.3%
2014 26.2% 67.6% 44.8% 70.3%
2013 26.5% 68% 46.3% 39%
2012 27.2% 68.1% 47.1% 36.1%
2011 27.3% 68.7% 44% 35.5%
2010 27.7% 67.7% 47.3% 39.1%
2009 28.1% 72.7% 46.8% 34.1%
2008 28.3% 74.3% 45.4% 19.7%
2007 26.1% 75.4% 42.1% 11.8%
2006 25.6% 77.9% 42.9% 14.3%
2005 26% 82.4% 42.6% 17.1%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 40.1% 23.9%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 37.5% 28.3%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 36.5% 32.3%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 35.3% 35.3%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 35.4% 43.7%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 26.7% 61%
1998 26% 69.3% 38.4% 48.1%
1997 25.2% 69% 42.2% 29.9%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 38.2% 24.4%
1995 25% 70.9% 42.7% 30.2%
1994 26.2% 74.8% - -
1993 26.2% 78.3% - -
1992 26.7% 78.8% - -
1991 26.8% 76.7% - -
1990 25.4% 50.8% - -
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/ukraine | CC BY

In 2025, India's government spending was $1.13T, accounting for 28.5% of its GDP, while Ukraine spent $160B, or 74.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.1% in India and 108.7% in Ukraine, ranking 38/185 and 16/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Ukraine
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Ukraine
2025 -7.44% -23.3%
2024 -7.85% -17.2%
2023 -8.37% -19.3%
2022 -9.23% -15.6%
2021 -9.7% -3.97%
2020 -13.2% -5.92%
2019 -7.86% -2.08%
2018 -6.46% -2.12%
2017 -6.33% -2.36%
2016 -7.21% -2.46%
2015 -7.28% -1.16%
2014 -6.9% -4.46%
2013 -6.78% -4.6%
2012 -7.32% -4.15%
2011 -8.03% -2.66%
2010 -8.53% -5.56%
2009 -9.26% -6.04%
2008 -8.15% -3.02%
2007 -3.73% -1.89%
2006 -5.11% -1.31%
2005 -6.64% -2.19%
2004 -9.22% -4.25%
2003 -11.4% -0.86%
2002 -11.1% -1.77%
2001 -11% -2.92%
2000 -8.41% -3.18%
1999 -8.7% 5.12%
1998 -9.74% -2.78%
1997 -8.28% -5.56%
1996 -6.71% -3.2%
1995 -6.81% -4.88%
1994 -8% -
1993 -8.57% -
1992 -7.89% -
1991 -7.44% -
1990 -7.63% -
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/ukraine | CC BY

In 2025, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $294B, equivalent to 7.44% of GDP. This compares to Ukraine's deficit of $50B, or 23.3% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while Ukraine ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.15% of GDP, compared to deficit of 5.02% of GDP for Ukraine.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Ukraine
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Ukraine
2025 2.4% 12.7%
2024 4.95% 6.5%
2023 5.65% 12.9%
2022 6.7% 20.2%
2021 5.13% 9.4%
2020 6.62% 2.7%
2019 3.73% 7.9%
2018 3.94% 10.9%
2017 3.33% 14.4%
2016 4.95% 13.9%
2015 4.91% 48.7%
2014 6.67% 12.1%
2013 10% -0.3%
2012 9.48% 0.6%
2011 8.91% 8%
2010 12% 9.4%
2009 10.9% 15.9%
2008 8.35% 25.2%
2007 6.37% 12.8%
2006 5.8% 9.1%
2005 4.25% 13.5%
2004 3.77% 9%
2003 3.81% 5.2%
2002 4.3% 0.8%
2001 3.78% 12%
2000 4.01% 28.2%
1999 4.67% 22.7%
1998 13.2% 10.6%
1997 7.16% 15.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/ukraine | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.2%, compared with 12.8% in Ukraine. In 2025, inflation was 2.4% in India and 12.7% in Ukraine.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $79.8M
Machinery & equipment $27.3M
Raw agricultural goods $26.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $24.1M
Metals $21.2M
Raw materials & minerals $17.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $12.5M
Animal & marine products $7.78M
Wood & paper products $1.64M
Miscellaneous $255K
Ukraine
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $731M
Machinery & equipment $117M
Raw agricultural goods $116M
Raw materials & minerals $13.8M
Metals $7.86M
Chemicals & pharma $3.71M
Wood & paper products $2.09M
Precious metals & jewellery $759K
Textiles & consumer goods $532K
Miscellaneous $283K

Balance of trade

India Ukraine
Current account balance
-$16.5B
2025
-$15.2B
2024
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2025
180/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.42%
2025
-7.96%
2024
Goods imports
$761B
2025
$72.3B
2024
Goods exports
$450B
2025
$39.3B
2024
Service imports
$203B
2025
$23.1B
2024
Service exports
$412B
2025
$17.3B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
24%
2025
51.8%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.3%
2025
25.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Ukraine
Economic freedom 52.5 54.1
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 135/197
Property rights 48.3 21.6
Government integrity 37.8 35
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 28.2
Tax burden 71.2 83.7
Government spending 75.7 0
Fiscal health 6.7 3.9
Business freedom 67.4 57.4
Labor freedom 59 46.9
Monetary freedom 70.9 65.7
Trade freedom 61 73
Investment freedom 40 35
Financial freedom 40 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Ukraine
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Ukraine
2026 52.5 -
2025 53 -
2024 52.9 -
2023 52.9 -
2022 53.9 54.1
2021 56.5 56.2
2020 56.5 54.9
2019 55.2 52.3
2018 54.5 51.9
2017 52.6 48.1
2016 56.2 46.8
2015 54.6 46.9
2014 55.7 49.3
2013 55.2 46.3
2012 54.6 46.1
2011 54.6 45.8
2010 53.8 46.4
2009 54.4 48.8
2008 54.1 51
2007 53.9 51.5
2006 52.2 54.4
2005 54.2 55.8
2004 51.5 53.7
2003 51.2 51.1
2002 51.2 48.2
2001 49 48.5
2000 47.4 47.8
1999 50.2 43.7
1998 49.7 40.4
1997 49.7 43.5
1996 47.4 40.6
1995 45.1 39.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/ukraine | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 54.1 for Ukraine, ranking 135/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Ukraine
Services, % of GDP
49.3%
2025
61%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
17.9%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.2%
2025
7.57%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$4.04T
2025
$201B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,600
2025
$18,750
2025
Total reserves including gold
$700B
2025
$57.3B
2025
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2025
43/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.41B
2025
-$3.71B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$4.02B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$305M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.47%
2024
5.4%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
23.2%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
34.6%
2025
20.8%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/ukraine | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1996, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.