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Economy of Croatia vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Croatia has a GDP of $105B compared to $3.96T for India, ranking 73/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Croatia has $58.7B in government debt (55.9% of GDP), compared to $3.33T (84.1% of GDP) in India.

Croatia vs India GDP by year

Croatia
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Croatia India
2025 $105,060,182,186 $3,956,067,115,772
2024 $92,981,894,168 $3,760,813,470,501
2023 $85,621,337,533 $3,500,906,030,645
2022 $71,196,460,237 $3,249,938,492,013
2021 $69,002,262,505 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $57,959,824,238 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $61,467,261,345 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $61,668,280,700 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $56,182,225,079 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $52,650,804,052 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $50,999,271,059 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $59,607,109,597 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $59,846,869,999 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $57,547,495,860 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $62,889,150,894 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $58,975,127,201 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $62,315,450,611 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $68,473,103,477 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $59,290,547,254 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $49,583,643,048 $940,259,888,788
2005 $45,012,776,906 $820,383,763,511
2004 $41,836,096,243 $709,152,728,831
2003 $35,244,797,329 $607,700,687,237
2002 $26,757,633,353 $514,939,140,319
2001 $23,067,071,478 $485,440,139,204
2000 $22,134,069,750 $468,395,521,654
1999 $23,776,940,769 $458,821,052,616
1998 $25,889,813,449 $421,351,317,225
1997 $24,175,272,572 $415,867,563,593
1996 $24,151,469,717 $392,896,866,205
1995 $22,772,224,146 $360,281,909,643
1994 $15,062,911,617 $327,274,843,459
1993 $11,259,647,874 $279,295,648,983
1992 $10,621,169,291 $288,208,070,278
1991 $18,760,386,775 $270,105,341,879
1990 $25,650,213,280 $320,979,026,420
1989 - $296,042,052,945
1988 - $296,589,670,896
1987 - $279,033,584,092
1986 - $248,985,994,041
1985 - $232,511,554,840
1984 - $212,157,645,178
1983 - $218,262,146,413
1982 - $200,715,624,831
1981 - $193,491,368,446
1980 - $186,328,579,302
1979 - $152,995,442,498
1978 - $137,302,319,829
1977 - $121,486,641,441
1976 - $102,716,451,980
1975 - $98,473,832,017
1974 - $99,526,597,934
1973 - $85,517,673,173
1972 - $71,464,700,667
1971 - $67,351,404,352
1970 - $62,422,483,055
1969 - $58,447,995,017
1968 - $53,085,455,871
1967 - $50,134,942,204
1966 - $45,581,230,504
1965 - $59,556,105,229
1964 - $56,480,289,941
1963 - $48,421,923,459
1962 - $42,161,481,858
1961 - $39,232,435,784
1960 - $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/croatia/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Croatia vs India by year

Croatia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Croatia India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $27,104 - $2,702 -
2024 $24,050 $49,551 $2,592 $11,160
2023 $22,183 $47,760 $2,434 $10,323
2022 $18,466 $42,125 $2,280 $9,207
2021 $17,789 $36,930 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $14,808 $31,594 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $15,564 $33,064 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $15,460 $29,789 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $13,902 $27,888 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $12,820 $25,803 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $12,284 $23,750 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $14,187 $22,706 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $14,135 $22,430 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $13,508 $21,619 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $14,692 $21,191 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $13,730 $20,139 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $14,475 $20,358 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $15,888 $21,018 $993 $3,633
2007 $13,756 $19,568 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $11,501 $17,629 $802 $3,221
2005 $10,443 $15,451 $710 $2,937
2004 $9,719 $14,686 $624 $2,682
2003 $8,190 $13,692 $544 $2,461
2002 $6,220 $12,775 $469 $2,277
2001 $5,365 $11,653 $450 $2,200
2000 $4,954 $10,675 $443 $2,091
1999 $5,269 $9,943 $442 $2,006
1998 $5,712 $9,890 $414 $1,852
1997 $5,331 $9,536 $416 $1,759
1996 $5,300 $8,806 $401 $1,695
1995 $4,929 $8,052 $375 $1,579
1994 $3,238 $7,337 $348 $1,467
1993 $2,448 $6,861 $303 $1,374
1992 $2,321 $7,326 $319 $1,309
1991 $4,001 $7,918 $306 $1,239
1990 $5,369 $9,526 $371 $1,212
1989 - - $350 -
1988 - - $358 -
1987 - - $345 -
1986 - - $315 -
1985 - - $301 -
1984 - - $281 -
1983 - - $296 -
1982 - - $278.7 -
1981 - - $275 -
1980 - - $271.1 -
1979 - - $228 -
1978 - - $209.4 -
1977 - - $189.6 -
1976 - - $164.1 -
1975 - - $161.1 -
1974 - - $166.7 -
1973 - - $146.6 -
1972 - - $125.3 -
1971 - - $120.7 -
1970 - - $114.4 -
1969 - - $109.5 -
1968 - - $101.6 -
1967 - - $98 -
1966 - - $91 -
1965 - - $121.5 -
1964 - - $117.9 -
1963 - - $103.4 -
1962 - - $92.2 -
1961 - - $87.9 -
1960 - - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/croatia/india | CC BY

Croatia's GDP per capita is $27,104, ranking 49/197, compared to $2,702 in India, ranking 149/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Croatia ranks 46th at $49,551, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Croatia India
Gross domestic product
$105B
2025
$3.96T
2025
GDP rank
73/197
2025
6/197
2025
GDP growth
3.4%
2024-2025
7.57%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$27,104
2025
$2,702
2025
GDP per capita rank
49/197
2025
149/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$49,551
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
46/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$58.7B
2025
$3.33T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
55.9%
2025
84.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$15,144
2025
$2,272
2025
Government debt per person rank
44/185
2025
116/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$20,376
2026
$2,974
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$37.9B
2025
$10.6T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
944,000
2026
Number of billionaires
1
2026
229
2026
Income share by richest 10%
23.3%
2023
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2023
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
49.3%
2025
28.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.69%
2024-2025
2.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.9%
2025
4.51%
2025
Population
3849788
1483314140

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Croatia
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Croatia India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 49.3% 55.9% 28.5% 84.1%
2024 48% 57.4% 29.3% 84.8%
2023 46.3% 60.9% 29.7% 85%
2022 45% 68.5% 30% 84.6%
2021 48.2% 78.2% 30.7% 85.7%
2020 53.8% 86.5% 31.8% 90.6%
2019 44.4% 70.9% 27.4% 76.7%
2018 45% 72.8% 26.8% 71.7%
2017 44.1% 76.2% 26.6% 70.8%
2016 45.9% 79.3% 27.6% 69.8%
2015 47.6% 82.8% 27.3% 69.8%
2014 48.7% 83.2% 26.2% 67.6%
2013 48% 79.5% 26.5% 68%
2012 47.3% 68.9% 27.2% 68.1%
2011 48.6% 63.1% 27.3% 68.7%
2010 48.2% 56.8% 27.7% 67.7%
2009 49.3% 47.9% 28.1% 72.7%
2008 46.3% 38.9% 28.3% 74.3%
2007 46.4% 37.1% 26.1% 75.4%
2006 44.6% 38.4% 25.6% 77.9%
2005 46.5% 40.9% 26% 82.4%
2004 49% 40% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 49.6% 37.8% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 49.2% 36.5% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 50.6% 36.6% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 54.6% 35.4% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 58.9% 30% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 56.8% 23.3% 26% 69.3%
1997 51.7% 22.5% 25.2% 69%
1996 52.1% - 24.4% 67.1%
1995 50.3% - 25% 70.9%
1994 45.4% - 26.2% 74.8%
1993 35.9% - 26.2% 78.3%
1992 37.1% - 26.7% 78.8%
1991 - - 26.8% 76.7%
1990 - - 25.4% 50.8%
1989 - - 25.7% 50.5%
1988 - - 24.9% 48.9%
1987 - - 22.5% 48.9%
1986 - - 23.2% 47.9%
1985 - - 21.6% 44.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/croatia/india | CC BY

In 2025, Croatia's government spending was $51.8B, accounting for 49.3% of its GDP, while India spent $1.13T, or 28.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 55.9% in Croatia and 84.1% in India, ranking 87/185 and 38/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Croatia

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Croatia India
2025 -2.89% -7.44%
2024 -1.95% -7.85%
2023 -0.79% -8.37%
2022 0.14% -9.23%
2021 -2.57% -9.7%
2020 -7.24% -13.2%
2019 2.32% -7.86%
2018 0.22% -6.46%
2017 0.81% -6.33%
2016 -1.04% -7.21%
2015 -3.53% -7.28%
2014 -5.19% -6.9%
2013 -5.51% -6.78%
2012 -5.46% -7.32%
2011 -7.51% -8.03%
2010 -6.45% -8.53%
2009 -7.15% -9.26%
2008 -2.33% -8.15%
2007 -2.27% -3.73%
2006 -2% -5.11%
2005 -3.24% -6.64%
2004 -6.09% -9.22%
2003 -5.03% -11.4%
2002 -4.9% -11.1%
2001 -4.79% -11%
2000 -9.2% -8.41%
1999 -11.1% -8.7%
1998 -6.36% -9.74%
1997 -4.93% -8.28%
1996 -4.41% -6.71%
1995 -4.23% -6.81%
1994 -0.82% -8%
1993 -2.67% -8.57%
1992 -5.69% -7.89%
1991 - -7.44%
1990 - -7.63%
1989 - -7.68%
1988 - -7.01%
1987 - -9.53%
1986 - -10.6%
1985 - -9.58%
1984 - -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 - -0.32%
1938 - -0.16%
1937 - -0.1%
1936 - -0.45%
1935 - -0.4%
1934 - -0.09%
1933 - 0%
1932 - 0.03%
1931 - -0.68%
1930 - -1.02%
1929 - -0.91%
1928 - -0.87%
1927 - -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/croatia/india | CC BY

In 2025, Croatia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.04B, equivalent to 2.89% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $294B, or 7.44% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Croatia recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Croatia posted an annual deficit equal to 3.94% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.15% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Croatia

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Croatia India
2025 3.69% 2.4%
2024 2.97% 4.95%
2023 7.94% 5.65%
2022 10.8% 6.7%
2021 2.55% 5.13%
2020 0.15% 6.62%
2019 0.77% 3.73%
2018 1.5% 3.94%
2017 1.13% 3.33%
2016 -1.12% 4.95%
2015 -0.46% 4.91%
2014 -0.22% 6.67%
2013 2.22% 10%
2012 3.41% 9.48%
2011 2.27% 8.91%
2010 1.03% 12%
2009 2.38% 10.9%
2008 6.08% 8.35%
2007 2.9% 6.37%
2006 3.19% 5.8%
2005 3.32% 4.25%
2004 2.06% 3.77%
2003 1.77% 3.81%
2002 1.67% 4.3%
2001 3.78% 3.78%
2000 4.61% 4.01%
1999 4.02% 4.67%
1998 6.4% 13.2%
1997 4.17% 7.16%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/croatia/india | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Croatia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.93%, compared with 6.2% in India. In 2025, inflation was 3.69% in Croatia and 2.4% in India.

Top exports between countries

Croatia
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $24.9M
Chemicals & pharma $17M
Machinery & equipment $12.8M
Wood & paper products $7.03M
IT & IP services $6.63M
Business & finance services $2.16M
Animal & marine products $1.93M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.38M
Raw materials & minerals $1.3M
Metals $880K
India
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $95.2M
Machinery & equipment $88.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $44.1M
Raw materials & minerals $36.1M
Raw agricultural goods $31.7M
Metals $29.6M
Weapons & explosives $9.19M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.4M
Animal & marine products $3.2M
Wood & paper products $1.51M

Balance of trade

Croatia India
Current account balance
-$1.93B
2024
-$16.5B
2025
Current account balance ranking
141/190
2024
182/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-2.08%
2024
-0.42%
2025
Goods imports
$42.5B
2024
$761B
2025
Goods exports
$21.9B
2024
$450B
2025
Service imports
$8.42B
2024
$203B
2025
Service exports
$24.8B
2024
$412B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53%
2025
24%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
48%
2025
22.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Croatia India
Economic freedom 67.5 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 56/197 146/197
Property rights 81.1 48.3
Government integrity 52.6 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 71.7 52.6
Tax burden 70 71.2
Government spending 34.9 75.7
Fiscal health 92.2 6.7
Business freedom 79.6 67.4
Labor freedom 58.9 59
Monetary freedom 69.9 70.9
Trade freedom 79.4 61
Investment freedom 60 40
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Croatia
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Croatia India
2026 67.5 52.5
2025 68.7 53
2024 67.2 52.9
2023 66.4 52.9
2022 67.6 53.9
2021 63.6 56.5
2020 62.2 56.5
2019 61.4 55.2
2018 61 54.5
2017 59.4 52.6
2016 59.1 56.2
2015 61.5 54.6
2014 60.4 55.7
2013 61.3 55.2
2012 60.9 54.6
2011 61.1 54.6
2010 59.2 53.8
2009 55.1 54.4
2008 54.1 54.1
2007 53.4 53.9
2006 53.6 52.2
2005 51.9 54.2
2004 53.1 51.5
2003 53.3 51.2
2002 51.1 51.2
2001 50.7 49
2000 53.6 47.4
1999 53.1 50.2
1998 51.7 49.7
1997 46.7 49.7
1996 48 47.4
1995 - 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/croatia/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Croatia is 67.5, ranking 56/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Croatia India
Services, % of GDP
60.9%
2025
49.3%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
19%
2025
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.83%
2025
16.2%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$98.3B
2025
$4.04T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$50,410
2025
$11,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$4.22B
2025
$700B
2025
Total reserves ranking
110/177
2025
5/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.74B
2024
-$3.41B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.54B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$2.79B
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.47%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
20.3%
2024
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
24.6%
2025
34.6%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/croatia/india | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1997, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.