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Economy of Hungary vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Hungary has a GDP of $223B compared to $3.91T for India, ranking 55/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Hungary has $164B in government debt (73.5% of GDP), compared to $3.19T (81.6% of GDP) in India.

Hungary vs India GDP by year

Hungary
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Hungary India
2024 $222,722,738,926 $3,909,891,533,858
2023 $213,240,316,635 $3,638,489,096,034
2022 $177,002,580,544 $3,346,107,287,731
2021 $183,282,685,440 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $158,468,487,754 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $164,936,682,034 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $161,184,691,014 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $143,335,098,992 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $128,983,560,865 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $125,244,126,623 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $141,128,696,412 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $135,646,053,779 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $128,470,269,690 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $141,712,804,954 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $131,898,737,241 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $130,807,441,076 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $158,228,265,916 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $140,123,326,896 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $115,604,111,412 $940,259,888,788
2005 $113,098,237,571 $820,383,763,511
2004 $104,015,363,080 $709,152,728,831
2003 $85,190,469,121 $607,700,687,237
2002 $67,636,468,625 $514,939,140,319
2001 $53,800,068,066 $485,440,139,204
2000 $47,275,954,429 $468,395,521,654
1999 $49,160,204,397 $458,821,052,616
1998 $48,784,412,624 $421,351,317,225
1997 $47,398,564,799 $415,867,563,593
1996 $46,833,767,124 $392,896,866,205
1995 $46,577,614,589 $360,281,909,643
1994 $43,307,949,890 $327,274,843,459
1993 $40,256,233,360 $279,295,648,983
1992 $38,857,339,125 $288,208,070,278
1991 $34,867,307,353 $270,105,341,879
1990 $34,478,360,679 $320,979,026,420
1989 $30,422,508,938 $296,042,052,945
1988 $29,799,838,597 $296,589,670,896
1987 $27,232,016,527 $279,033,584,092
1986 $24,778,163,812 $248,985,994,041
1985 $21,510,643,750 $232,511,554,840
1984 $21,242,726,264 $212,157,645,178
1983 $21,910,365,258 $218,262,146,413
1982 $24,141,667,188 $200,715,624,831
1981 $23,705,883,892 $193,491,368,446
1980 $23,116,977,148 $186,328,579,302
1979 $19,959,731,325 $152,995,442,498
1978 $17,286,744,154 $137,302,319,829
1977 $14,783,674,055 $121,486,641,441
1976 $13,235,612,079 $102,716,451,980
1975 $11,420,392,515 $98,473,832,017
1974 $10,016,338,179 $99,526,597,934
1973 $9,138,292,402 $85,517,673,173
1972 $7,379,313,742 $71,464,700,667
1971 $6,291,568,221 $67,351,404,352
1970 $5,780,929,203 $62,422,483,055
1969 $5,429,812,387 $58,447,995,017
1968 $4,886,222,555 $53,085,455,871
1967 - $50,134,942,204
1966 - $45,581,230,504
1965 - $59,556,105,229
1964 - $56,480,289,941
1963 - $48,421,923,459
1962 - $42,161,481,858
1961 - $39,232,435,784
1960 - $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Hungary vs India by year

Hungary
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Hungary India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $23,292 $48,552 $2,695 $11,160
2023 $22,231 $46,592 $2,530 $10,323
2022 $18,428 $44,366 $2,347 $9,207
2021 $19,031 $38,887 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $16,387 $35,584 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $17,013 $35,627 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $16,605 $32,258 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $14,736 $29,728 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $13,216 $28,179 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $12,783 $26,938 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $14,353 $25,796 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $13,739 $24,592 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $12,950 $23,205 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $14,211 $22,992 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $13,190 $21,691 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $13,051 $20,691 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $15,763 $20,709 $993 $3,633
2007 $13,935 $19,089 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $11,478 $18,362 $802 $3,221
2005 $11,212 $17,091 $710 $2,937
2004 $10,291 $16,251 $624 $2,682
2003 $8,410 $15,460 $544 $2,461
2002 $6,658 $14,532 $469 $2,277
2001 $5,281 $13,223 $450 $2,200
2000 $4,630 $11,872 $443 $2,091
1999 $4,802 $10,892 $442 $2,006
1998 $4,752 $10,415 $414 $1,852
1997 $4,606 $9,846 $416 $1,759
1996 $4,542 $9,388 $401 $1,695
1995 $4,509 $9,222 $375 $1,579
1994 $4,187 $8,888 $348 $1,467
1993 $3,887 $8,441 $303 $1,374
1992 $3,747 $8,284 $319 $1,309
1991 $3,361 $8,352 $306 $1,239
1990 $3,324 $9,169 $371 $1,212
1989 $2,902 - $350 -
1988 $2,812 - $358 -
1987 $2,566 - $345 -
1986 $2,331 - $315 -
1985 $2,020 - $301 -
1984 $1,991 - $281 -
1983 $2,050 - $296 -
1982 $2,255 - $278.7 -
1981 $2,213 - $275 -
1980 $2,158 - $271.1 -
1979 $1,865 - $228 -
1978 $1,618 - $209.4 -
1977 $1,388 - $189.6 -
1976 $1,249 - $164.1 -
1975 $1,083 - $161.1 -
1974 $956 - $166.7 -
1973 $876 - $146.6 -
1972 $710 - $125.3 -
1971 $607 - $120.7 -
1970 $559 - $114.4 -
1969 $527 - $109.5 -
1968 $476 - $101.6 -
1967 - - $98 -
1966 - - $91 -
1965 - - $121.5 -
1964 - - $117.9 -
1963 - - $103.4 -
1962 - - $92.2 -
1961 - - $87.9 -
1960 - - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/india | CC BY

Hungary's GDP per capita is $23,292, ranking 55/197, compared to $2,695 in India, ranking 143/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Hungary ranks 48th at $48,552, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Hungary India
Gross domestic product
$223B
2024
$3.91T
2024
GDP rank
55/197
2024
5/197
2024
GDP growth
0.56%
2023-2024
6.49%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$23,292
2024
$2,695
2024
GDP per capita rank
55/197
2024
143/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$48,552
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
48/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$164B
2024
$3.19T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
73.5%
2024
81.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$17,109
2024
$2,200
2024
Government debt per person rank
37/185
2024
118/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$16,996
2026
$4,596
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$41.5B
2024
$5.13T
2024
Number of millionaires
24,692
2025
917,000
2025
Number of billionaires
4
2025
205
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.4%
2022
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2022
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
46.9%
2024
28.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
3.7%
2023-2024
4.95%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
6.5%
2024
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.47%
2024
4.17%
2024
Population
9475525
1480351380

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Hungary
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Hungary India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 46.9% 73.5% 28.4% 81.6%
2023 49.2% 73% 27.9% 80.7%
2022 48.7% 73.9% 29.1% 82.2%
2021 48.1% 76.2% 29.9% 83.5%
2020 51% 78.7% 31% 88.4%
2019 45.8% 65% 26.8% 75.1%
2018 45.9% 68.8% 26.3% 70.4%
2017 46.6% 72% 26.2% 69.7%
2016 46.7% 74.6% 27.2% 68.9%
2015 50.4% 75.7% 27.1% 69%
2014 50% 76.5% 26.2% 67.1%
2013 50.1% 77.2% 26.6% 67.7%
2012 49.2% 78.4% 27.4% 68%
2011 49.1% 80.5% 27.6% 68.7%
2010 48.9% 80.2% 28% 67.7%
2009 50.7% 78.2% 28.5% 72.7%
2008 48.8% 71.8% 29.3% 74.3%
2007 49.9% 65.6% 26.9% 75.4%
2006 51.4% 64.5% 26.9% 77.9%
2005 49.4% 60.6% 26.9% 82.4%
2004 48.8% 58.9% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 49.2% 58.2% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 51% 55.6% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 47.2% 52.2% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 47.3% 55.6% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 48.9% 60.3% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 50.7% 60.4% 26% 69.3%
1997 49.5% 62.2% 25.2% 69%
1996 50.9% 71.2% 24.4% 67.1%
1995 55% 83.9% 25% 70.9%
1994 - 86.2% 26.2% 74.8%
1993 - 87.2% 26.2% 78.3%
1992 - 76.5% 26.7% 78.8%
1991 - 74.2% 27.3% 76.7%
1990 - 63.7% 25.8% 50.8%
1989 - 70.7% 25.7% 50.5%
1988 - - 24.9% 48.9%
1987 - - 22.5% 48.9%
1986 - - 23.2% 47.9%
1985 - - 21.6% 44.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/india | CC BY

In 2024, Hungary's government spending was $104B, accounting for 46.9% of its GDP, while India spent $1.11T, or 28.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 73.5% in Hungary and 81.6% in India, ranking 49/185 and 43/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Hungary

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Hungary India
2024 -4.92% -7.9%
2023 -6.75% -7.4%
2022 -6.17% -8.97%
2021 -7.11% -9.45%
2020 -7.49% -12.9%
2019 -2.02% -7.69%
2018 -2.05% -6.34%
2017 -2.45% -6.23%
2016 -1.79% -7.12%
2015 -2% -7.21%
2014 -2.77% -7.07%
2013 -2.6% -7%
2012 -2.33% -7.55%
2011 -5.22% -8.35%
2010 -4.44% -8.79%
2009 -4.76% -9.7%
2008 -3.78% -9.17%
2007 -5.09% -4.59%
2006 -9.27% -6.38%
2005 -7.79% -7.49%
2004 -6.6% -9.22%
2003 -7.19% -11.4%
2002 -8.79% -11.1%
2001 -4% -11%
2000 -3.04% -8.41%
1999 -5.27% -8.7%
1998 -7.41% -9.74%
1997 -5.54% -8.28%
1996 -4.36% -6.71%
1995 -8.57% -6.81%
1994 - -8%
1993 - -8.57%
1992 - -7.89%
1991 - -7.9%
1990 - -8.07%
1989 - -7.68%
1988 - -7.01%
1987 - -9.53%
1986 - -10.6%
1985 - -9.58%
1984 - -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 -0.17% -3.48%
1942 0.31% -3.62%
1941 0.2% -0.37%
1940 -0.07% -0.59%
1939 0.19% -0.32%
1938 -0.11% -0.16%
1937 -0.01% -0.1%
1936 0.08% -0.45%
1935 0.03% -0.4%
1934 0.04% -0.09%
1933 -0.03% 0%
1932 -0.22% 0.03%
1931 -0.32% -0.68%
1930 -0.26% -1.02%
1929 0.02% -0.91%
1928 0.12% -0.87%
1927 0.15% -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/india | CC BY

In 2024, Hungary's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $10.9B, equivalent to 4.92% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $309B, or 7.9% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Hungary recorded a fiscal deficit in 30 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Hungary posted an annual deficit equal to 5.05% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.29% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Hungary

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Hungary India
2024 3.7% 4.95%
2023 17.1% 5.65%
2022 14.6% 6.7%
2021 5.11% 5.13%
2020 3.33% 6.62%
2019 3.34% 3.73%
2018 2.85% 3.94%
2017 2.35% 3.33%
2016 0.39% 4.95%
2015 -0.06% 4.91%
2014 -0.23% 6.67%
2013 1.73% 10%
2012 5.65% 9.48%
2011 3.93% 8.91%
2010 4.86% 12%
2009 4.21% 10.9%
2008 6.04% 8.35%
2007 7.96% 6.37%
2006 3.93% 5.8%
2005 3.56% 4.25%
2004 6.74% 3.77%
2003 4.66% 3.81%
2002 5.27% 4.3%
2001 9.12% 3.78%
2000 9.8% 4.01%
1999 10% 4.67%
1998 14.2% 13.2%
1997 18.3% 7.16%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/india | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Hungary has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.16%, compared with 6.33% in India. In 2024, inflation was 3.7% in Hungary and 4.95% in India.

Top exports between countries

Hungary
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $247M
Chemicals & pharma $118M
Transport & tourism services $86.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $57.3M
Raw materials & minerals $22.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $18.6M
Business & finance services $16.8M
Wood & paper products $12.7M
Metals $12.3M
IT & IP services $8.98M
India
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $252M
Chemicals & pharma $176M
Textiles & consumer goods $57.4M
Metals $24.1M
Raw materials & minerals $19.4M
Raw agricultural goods $3.02M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.74M
Wood & paper products $1.28M
Miscellaneous $1.05M
Animal & marine products $766K

Balance of trade

Hungary India
Current account balance
$3.52B
2024
-$32.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
36/190
2024
186/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.58%
2024
-0.82%
2024
Goods imports
$130B
2024
$727B
2024
Goods exports
$129B
2024
$447B
2024
Service imports
$27.9B
2024
$197B
2024
Service exports
$38.9B
2024
$375B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
71.1%
2024
23.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
75.4%
2024
21.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Hungary India
Economic freedom 62.5 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 86/197 146/197
Property rights 67.3 48.3
Government integrity 44 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 61.9 52.6
Tax burden 85.1 71.2
Government spending 30.2 75.7
Fiscal health 32.7 6.7
Business freedom 70.8 67.4
Labor freedom 56.5 59
Monetary freedom 72.1 70.9
Trade freedom 79.4 61
Investment freedom 80 40
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Hungary
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Hungary India
2026 62.5 52.5
2025 61.4 53
2024 61.2 52.9
2023 64.1 52.9
2022 66.9 53.9
2021 67.2 56.5
2020 66.4 56.5
2019 65 55.2
2018 66.7 54.5
2017 65.8 52.6
2016 66 56.2
2015 66.8 54.6
2014 67 55.7
2013 67.3 55.2
2012 67.1 54.6
2011 66.6 54.6
2010 66.1 53.8
2009 66.8 54.4
2008 67.6 54.1
2007 64.8 53.9
2006 65 52.2
2005 63.5 54.2
2004 62.7 51.5
2003 63 51.2
2002 64.5 51.2
2001 65.6 49
2000 64.4 47.4
1999 59.6 50.2
1998 56.9 49.7
1997 55.3 49.7
1996 56.8 47.4
1995 55.2 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/hungary/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Hungary is 62.5, ranking 86/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Hungary India
Services, % of GDP
59.5%
2024
49.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
23.7%
2024
24.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.71%
2024
16.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$199B
2024
$3.84T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$47,290
2024
$11,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$46.4B
2024
$643B
2024
Total reserves ranking
42/177
2024
5/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$15.8B
2024
-$2.89B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$62.2B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$78B
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.38%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.1%
2021
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.5%
2024
32.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.