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Economy of Algeria vs Austria compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Algeria has a GDP of $287B compared to $579B for Austria, ranking 51/197 and 29/197 by economy size, respectively.

Algeria has $155B in government debt (54.1% of GDP), compared to $466B (80.5% of GDP) in Austria.

Algeria vs Austria GDP by year

Algeria
Austria
1x
Year GDP, current $
Algeria Austria
2025 $287,031,225,988 $579,470,021,095
2024 $269,322,281,665 $534,790,720,467
2023 $247,923,887,215 $516,670,509,629
2022 $225,581,644,703 $473,221,298,968
2021 $186,231,205,262 $480,466,363,177
2020 $164,873,415,325 $434,397,601,558
2019 $193,459,662,091 $442,983,642,372
2018 $194,554,483,656 $452,582,294,973
2017 $189,880,896,903 $414,926,138,133
2016 $180,763,839,522 $393,687,359,770
2015 $187,493,855,609 $379,546,097,301
2014 $238,942,664,193 $438,556,021,078
2013 $229,701,430,292 $426,580,502,769
2012 $227,143,746,076 $406,750,487,604
2011 $218,331,946,925 $428,954,737,064
2010 $177,785,053,940 $389,827,789,218
2009 $150,317,292,079 $399,290,118,782
2008 $180,383,848,331 $429,234,399,096
2007 $142,482,739,810 $386,760,177,589
2006 $123,084,258,693 $333,905,979,332
2005 $107,046,618,670 $313,952,317,331
2004 $91,913,680,985 $299,210,411,455
2003 $73,482,264,191 $260,779,834,340
2002 $61,516,103,406 $212,837,224,023
2001 $59,413,400,924 $196,477,206,829
2000 $54,790,398,570 $196,181,599,831
1999 $48,640,671,735 $216,421,809,126
1998 $48,187,781,984 $217,068,085,816
1997 $48,177,612,042 $211,724,812,267
1996 $46,941,554,225 $235,952,581,232
1995 $41,764,291,672 $240,094,169,510
1994 $42,543,176,829 $202,738,023,130
1993 $49,945,584,453 $189,634,029,339
1992 $48,003,133,347 $194,314,032,056
1991 $45,715,676,428 $173,113,449,617
1990 $62,048,507,531 $165,811,372,383
1989 $55,634,721,573 $132,584,448,258
1988 $59,089,396,860 $132,817,124,707
1987 $66,745,818,375 $123,682,091,859
1986 $63,692,007,897 $98,648,254,169
1985 $57,937,868,670 $69,114,996,010
1984 $53,698,548,293 $67,719,055,773
1983 $48,801,369,800 $71,838,528,420
1982 $45,207,167,470 $70,996,111,963
1981 $44,348,590,461 $70,755,997,062
1980 $42,345,829,079 $81,737,498,405
1979 $33,243,706,860 $73,647,694,287
1978 $26,364,491,313 $61,809,208,756
1977 $20,972,113,685 $51,343,861,460
1976 $17,728,240,932 $42,791,707,448
1975 $15,557,902,754 $39,902,300,703
1974 $13,209,871,626 $35,051,468,640
1973 $8,707,858,912 $29,399,860,145
1972 $6,766,743,957 $21,973,207,929
1971 $5,077,183,094 $17,788,536,733
1970 $4,863,526,897 $15,312,791,744
1969 $4,257,253,264 $13,647,475,854
1968 $3,852,147,027 $12,499,863,917
1967 $3,370,870,376 $11,634,569,522
1966 $3,039,859,187 $10,939,526,219
1965 $3,136,284,307 $10,041,659,445
1964 $2,909,316,435 $9,213,648,656
1963 $2,702,982,018 $8,414,050,621
1962 $2,001,444,544 $7,793,042,529
1961 $2,434,747,056 $7,346,566,038
1960 $2,723,615,451 $6,624,086,313

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/austria | CC BY

GDP per capita in Algeria vs Austria by year

Algeria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Algeria Austria
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $6,051 - $62,930 -
2024 $5,753 $17,621 $58,269 $73,911
2023 $5,370 $16,824 $56,580 $73,545
2022 $4,960 $15,836 $52,337 $72,065
2021 $4,161 $14,497 $53,649 $62,969
2020 $3,744 $12,677 $48,716 $58,523
2019 $4,468 $13,893 $49,886 $60,355
2018 $4,577 $13,727 $51,194 $56,636
2017 $4,555 $13,494 $47,164 $53,870
2016 $4,425 $13,438 $45,061 $52,398
2015 $4,685 $13,807 $43,915 $49,549
2014 $6,095 $14,694 $51,315 $48,355
2013 $5,980 $14,371 $50,305 $47,520
2012 $6,034 $14,441 $48,250 $46,156
2011 $5,916 $14,640 $51,117 $44,172
2010 $4,913 $14,201 $46,611 $41,735
2009 $4,235 $13,651 $47,857 $40,687
2008 $5,181 $13,666 $51,581 $41,047
2007 $4,167 $13,321 $46,623 $39,192
2006 $3,661 $12,791 $40,382 $37,388
2005 $3,233 $12,246 $38,157 $34,777
2004 $2,817 $11,432 $36,614 $33,519
2003 $2,284 $10,803 $32,110 $31,959
2002 $1,937 $10,080 $26,335 $30,952
2001 $1,896 $9,544 $24,430 $29,553
2000 $1,773 $9,187 $24,487 $29,221
1999 $1,596 $8,776 $27,079 $27,500
1998 $1,603 $8,503 $27,212 $26,531
1997 $1,629 $8,129 $26,572 $25,301
1996 $1,617 $8,053 $29,646 $24,427
1995 $1,467 $7,747 $30,207 $23,604
1994 $1,526 $7,463 $25,546 $22,553
1993 $1,831 $7,538 $23,987 $21,647
1992 $1,803 $7,705 $24,783 $21,209
1991 $1,759 $7,582 $22,323 $20,536
1990 $2,445 $7,602 $21,596 $19,396
1989 $2,247 - $17,401 -
1988 $2,451 - $17,510 -
1987 $2,847 - $16,329 -
1986 $2,800 - $13,032 -
1985 $2,633 - $9,136 -
1984 $2,524 - $8,956 -
1983 $2,374 - $9,500 -
1982 $2,275 - $9,373 -
1981 $2,307 - $9,348 -
1980 $2,276 - $10,827 -
1979 $1,843 - $9,755 -
1978 $1,506 - $8,173 -
1977 $1,232 - $6,784 -
1976 $1,080 - $5,656 -
1975 $992 - $5,265 -
1974 $873 - $4,613 -
1973 $590 - $3,875 -
1972 $469 - $2,913 -
1971 $360 - $2,372 -
1970 $353 - $2,051 -
1969 $316 - $1,834 -
1968 $292.4 - $1,686 -
1967 $261.8 - $1,577 -
1966 $241.4 - $1,494 -
1965 $253.6 - $1,381 -
1964 $238.9 - $1,275 -
1963 $225.6 - $1,173 -
1962 $169.6 - $1,093 -
1961 $209.4 - $1,037 -
1960 $238.4 - $940 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/austria | CC BY

Algeria's GDP per capita is $6,051, ranking 114/197, compared to $62,930 in Austria, ranking 16/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Algeria ranks 105th at $17,621, while Austria ranks 19th at $73,911.

Economic indicators

Algeria Austria
Gross domestic product
$287B
2025
$579B
2025
GDP rank
51/197
2025
29/197
2025
GDP growth
3.82%
2024-2025
0.62%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$6,051
2025
$62,930
2025
GDP per capita rank
114/197
2025
16/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$17,621
2024
$73,911
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
105/197
2024
19/197
2024
Government debt
$155B
2025
$466B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
54.1%
2025
80.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$3,274
2025
$50,654
2025
Government debt per person rank
100/185
2025
10/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$3,755
2026
$38,467
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$371M
2018
$211B
2025
Number of billionaires
1
2026
9
2026
Income share by richest 10%
22.9%
2011
24.8%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4%
2011
2.8%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
36.2%
2025
55.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.42%
2024-2025
3.53%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3%
2020
n/a
Unemployment rate
11.7%
2017
5.78%
2025
Population
48345858
9201502

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Algeria
Spending

Debt
Austria
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Algeria Austria
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 36.2% 54.1% 55.2% 80.5%
2024 36.8% 48.1% 55.2% 79.2%
2023 37.4% 47.7% 52.2% 77.8%
2022 32.7% 48.1% 53% 78.1%
2021 32.5% 55.1% 56% 82.4%
2020 37.5% 46% 57.3% 83.2%
2019 37.1% 40.9% 49.1% 71%
2018 36.2% 34.5% 49.2% 74.6%
2017 36.2% 24% 49.8% 79.1%
2016 37.2% 18.1% 50.6% 83.4%
2015 40.9% 7.73% 51.2% 85.6%
2014 36.9% 6.85% 52.4% 85.2%
2013 33.5% 6.48% 52.4% 82.4%
2012 40% 8.58% 51.8% 82.9%
2011 37.7% 8.48% 51.3% 83.4%
2010 35.1% 9.51% 53.4% 83.7%
2009 40.1% 8.92% 54.6% 80.8%
2008 37.3% 7.64% 50.4% 69.5%
2007 33.1% 12.8% 49.7% 65.8%
2006 27.8% 22.5% 50.9% 68.2%
2005 27.8% 25.4% 51.7% 69.4%
2004 27.1% 32.7% 54.3% 65.9%
2003 27% 38.2% 51.8% 66.4%
2002 32.5% 47.3% 51.6% 67.4%
2001 29.1% 50% 51.8% 67.2%
2000 26.4% 53.4% 50.9% 66.1%
1999 29.4% 69.7% 50.5% 61.3%
1998 28.7% 79.9% 54.4% 69.2%
1997 28.5% 79.6% 52.5% 63.4%
1996 26.9% 90.7% 55.9% 68.2%
1995 28.9% 95.9% 56.1% 68.2%
1994 30.9% 106.3% 54.3% 64.1%
1993 32.6% 76.8% 54.3% 61%
1992 28.2% 69.3% 49.3% 56.3%
1991 27.6% 86.1% 47.9% 56.4%
1990 23.3% 63.6% 46.8% 56.2%
1989 - - 51.6% 56.6%
1988 - - 53.1% 57.7%
1987 - - 54.5% 55.5%
1986 - - 54.3% 52%
1985 - - 53.5% 47.8%
1984 - - 52.6% 46%
1983 - - 52.4% 43.7%
1982 - - 52% 39.7%
1981 - - 51.5% 37.5%
1980 - - 50% 35.6%
1979 - - 49.8% 34.1%
1978 - - 50.8% 32.2%
1977 - - 47.6% 28.5%
1976 - - 47.9% 26.2%
1975 - - 46.1% 22.8%
1974 - - 42% 16.8%
1973 - - 41.5% 16.7%
1972 - - 40.1% 16.7%
1971 - - 40% 17.4%
1970 - - 39.5% 18.6%
1969 - - 40.7% 16.8%
1968 - - 40.9% 16.8%
1967 - - 40.7% 15.6%
1966 - - 38.7% 14.1%
1965 - - 38.3% 14.8%
1964 - - 38.7% 15.5%
1963 - - 38.6% 15.6%
1962 - - 37.6% 15.5%
1961 - - 35.7% 16%
1960 - - 36.3% 17.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/austria | CC BY

In 2025, Algeria's government spending was $104B, accounting for 36.2% of its GDP, while Austria spent $320B, or 55.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 54.1% in Algeria and 80.5% in Austria, ranking 94/185 and 42/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Algeria

Austria
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Algeria Austria
2025 -10.2% -4.52%
2024 -13.8% -4.68%
2023 -5.52% -2.59%
2022 -2.96% -3.41%
2021 -6.32% -5.69%
2020 -10.5% -8.2%
2019 -8.51% 0.54%
2018 -6.15% 0.2%
2017 -7.55% -0.78%
2016 -11.8% -1.45%
2015 -13.9% -0.48%
2014 -7.14% -1.92%
2013 -0.79% -1.99%
2012 -4.04% -2.18%
2011 -1.06% -2.48%
2010 -1.35% -4.46%
2009 -6.53% -5.38%
2008 7.79% -1.57%
2007 4.63% -1.56%
2006 12.9% -2.61%
2005 11.4% -2.59%
2004 6.36% -4.94%
2003 7.22% -1.84%
2002 0.21% -1.43%
2001 3.15% -0.71%
2000 8.91% -2.07%
1999 -1.83% -2.63%
1998 -3.52% -2.68%
1997 2.19% -2.38%
1996 2.7% -4.38%
1995 -1.3% -6.17%
1994 -4.05% -5.04%
1993 -7.79% -4.57%
1992 -1.05% -2.15%
1991 1.53% -2.96%
1990 3.35% -2.58%
1989 - -3.07%
1988 - -3.43%
1987 - -4.33%
1986 - -3.84%
1985 - -2.71%
1984 - -2.67%
1983 - -4.22%
1982 - -3.29%
1981 - -1.79%
1980 - -1.62%
1979 - -2.3%
1978 - -2.67%
1977 - -2.11%
1976 - -3.61%
1975 - -2.41%
1974 - 1.23%
1973 - 1.24%
1972 - 1.97%
1971 - 1.46%
1970 - 1.16%
1969 - -0.08%
1968 - -0.83%
1967 - -0.56%
1966 - 1.73%
1965 - 1.38%
1964 - 0.48%
1963 - -0.5%
1962 - 1.12%
1961 - 1.68%
1960 - -0.49%
1959 - -2.16%
1958 - -3.52%
1957 - -0.7%
1956 - -0.78%
1955 - -0.5%
1954 - -0.35%
1953 - -0.24%
1952 - -0.73%
1951 - -1.57%
1950 - -7.72%
1949 - -9.23%
1948 - -9.3%
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 - -2.84%
1936 - -3.91%
1935 - -5.46%
1934 - -5.28%
1933 - -3.55%
1932 - -9.16%
1931 - -11.5%
1930 - -9.68%
1929 - -6.83%
1928 - -7.63%
1927 - -7.3%
1926 - -6.18%
1925 - -4.96%
1924 - -5.69%
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 - -0.69%
1911 - 0.03%
1910 - -0.42%
1909 - -5.51%
1908 - -1.24%
1907 - -2.73%
1906 - -0.05%
1905 - -0.71%
1904 - -1.12%
1903 - -0.97%
1902 - -0.75%
1901 - -0.56%
1900 - -0.05%
1899 - -0.08%
1898 - -0.17%
1897 - 0.1%
1896 - 0.03%
1895 - 0.36%
1894 - -1.16%
1893 - -1.31%
1892 - -0.86%
1891 - -4.01%
1890 - -0.26%
1889 - -1.61%
1888 - -0.97%
1887 - -1.09%
1886 - -0.43%
1885 - -0.57%
1884 - -6.43%
1883 - -0.69%
1882 - -1.06%
1881 - -3.91%
1880 - -1.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/austria | CC BY

In 2025, Algeria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $29.1B, equivalent to 10.2% of GDP. This compares to Austria's deficit of $26.2B, or 4.52% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Algeria recorded a fiscal deficit in 23 of those years, while Austria ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Algeria posted an annual deficit equal to 1.81% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.9% of GDP for Austria.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Algeria

Austria
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Algeria Austria
2025 1.42% 3.53%
2024 4.05% 2.94%
2023 9.32% 7.81%
2022 9.27% 8.55%
2021 7.23% 2.77%
2020 2.42% 1.38%
2019 1.95% 1.53%
2018 4.27% 2%
2017 5.59% 2.08%
2016 6.4% 0.89%
2015 4.78% 0.9%
2014 2.92% 1.61%
2013 3.25% 2%
2012 8.89% 2.49%
2011 4.52% 3.29%
2010 3.91% 1.81%
2009 5.74% 0.51%
2008 4.86% 3.22%
2007 3.68% 2.17%
2006 2.31% 1.44%
2005 1.38% 2.3%
2004 3.96% 2.06%
2003 4.27% 1.36%
2002 1.42% 1.81%
2001 4.23% 2.65%
2000 0.34% 2.34%
1999 2.65% 0.57%
1998 4.95% 0.92%
1997 5.73% 1.31%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/austria | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Algeria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.33%, compared with 2.35% in Austria. In 2025, inflation was 1.42% in Algeria and 3.53% in Austria.

Top exports between countries

Algeria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $535K
Metals $54K
Raw agricultural goods $3K
Raw materials & minerals $2K
Chemicals & pharma $1K
Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $92.6M
Wood & paper products $70.9M
Chemicals & pharma $32.9M
Metals $17.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $8.94M
Textiles & consumer goods $8.34M
Raw materials & minerals $1.6M
Weapons & explosives $1.07M
Raw agricultural goods $1.01M
Animal & marine products $831K

Balance of trade

Algeria Austria
Current account balance
-$2.75B
2024
$10.4B
2025
Current account balance ranking
151/190
2024
24/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.02%
2024
+1.79%
2025
Goods imports
$45.3B
2024
$208B
2025
Goods exports
$48.8B
2024
$214B
2025
Service imports
$9.13B
2024
$98.3B
2025
Service exports
$4.22B
2024
$105B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.1%
2025
52.3%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
16.8%
2025
54.7%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Algeria Austria
Economic freedom 45.8 69.8
Economic freedom ranking 179/197 38/197
Property rights 27.7 95.7
Government integrity 29.4 75
Judicial effectiveness 30 94.8
Tax burden 80.3 45.7
Government spending 61.9 12.8
Fiscal health 15.4 67.1
Business freedom 59.3 78.7
Labor freedom 52.2 81.6
Monetary freedom 74.7 76.4
Trade freedom 58.8 79.4
Investment freedom 30 60
Financial freedom 30 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

Algeria
Austria
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Algeria Austria
2026 45.8 69.8
2025 47.5 69.7
2024 43.9 68.4
2023 43.2 71.1
2022 45.8 73.8
2021 49.7 73.9
2020 46.9 73.3
2019 46.2 72
2018 44.7 71.8
2017 46.5 72.3
2016 50.1 71.7
2015 48.9 71.2
2014 50.8 72.4
2013 49.6 71.8
2012 51 70.3
2011 52.4 71.9
2010 56.9 71.6
2009 56.6 71.2
2008 56.2 71.4
2007 55.4 71.6
2006 55.7 71.1
2005 53.2 68.8
2004 58.1 67.6
2003 57.7 67.6
2002 61 67.4
2001 57.3 68.1
2000 56.8 68.4
1999 57.2 64
1998 55.8 65.4
1997 54.9 65.2
1996 54.5 68.9
1995 55.7 70

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/austria | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Algeria is 45.8, ranking 179/197, compared to 69.8 for Austria, ranking 38/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Algeria Austria
Services, % of GDP
45.7%
2025
64.1%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
34.8%
2025
24%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
14.5%
2025
1.26%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$278B
2025
$556B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$18,240
2025
$77,010
2025
Total reserves including gold
$72.5B
2025
$53.4B
2025
Total reserves ranking
38/177
2025
46/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.23B
2024
$5.61B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1.23B
2024
$13.7B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$265K
2024
$13.8B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
0.17%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
5.5%
2011
14.8%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
45.3%
2025
23.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/algeria/austria | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2017–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.