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Economy of Bulgaria vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bulgaria has a GDP of $113B compared to $3.91T for India, ranking 67/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bulgaria has $27.3B in government debt (24.1% of GDP), compared to $3.19T (81.6% of GDP) in India.

Bulgaria vs India GDP by year

Bulgaria
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bulgaria India
2024 $113,343,355,780 $3,909,891,533,858
2023 $102,199,231,385 $3,638,489,096,034
2022 $90,506,153,294 $3,346,107,287,731
2021 $84,374,613,233 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $70,486,877,546 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $68,507,731,354 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $66,097,226,262 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $59,167,647,388 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $53,929,397,039 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $50,765,918,159 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $57,080,897,012 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $55,819,262,375 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $54,297,052,002 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $57,681,293,007 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $50,689,051,382 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $52,023,801,230 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $54,480,684,188 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $44,431,257,129 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $34,380,536,496 $940,259,888,788
2005 $29,868,657,858 $820,383,763,511
2004 $26,157,743,369 $709,152,728,831
2003 $21,144,957,990 $607,700,687,237
2002 $16,403,043,850 $514,939,140,319
2001 $14,183,446,026 $485,440,139,204
2000 $13,245,990,274 $468,395,521,654
1999 $13,637,098,579 $458,821,052,616
1998 $15,031,055,047 $421,351,317,225
1997 $11,316,127,379 $415,867,563,593
1996 $12,294,964,838 $392,896,866,205
1995 $18,991,484,420 $360,281,909,643
1994 $9,709,240,034 $327,274,843,459
1993 $10,832,064,942 $279,295,648,983
1992 $8,602,887,623 $288,208,070,278
1991 $7,628,738,475 $270,105,341,879
1990 $20,632,090,909 $320,979,026,420
1989 $21,988,444,444 $296,042,052,945
1988 $22,555,941,176 $296,589,670,896
1987 $28,101,000,000 $279,033,584,092
1986 $20,249,294,118 $248,985,994,041
1985 $17,155,421,053 $232,511,554,840
1984 $17,594,944,444 $212,157,645,178
1983 $16,563,666,667 $218,262,146,413
1982 $19,342,000,000 $200,715,624,831
1981 $19,870,000,000 $193,491,368,446
1980 $19,839,230,769 $186,328,579,302
1979 - $152,995,442,498
1978 - $137,302,319,829
1977 - $121,486,641,441
1976 - $102,716,451,980
1975 - $98,473,832,017
1974 - $99,526,597,934
1973 - $85,517,673,173
1972 - $71,464,700,667
1971 - $67,351,404,352
1970 - $62,422,483,055
1969 - $58,447,995,017
1968 - $53,085,455,871
1967 - $50,134,942,204
1966 - $45,581,230,504
1965 - $59,556,105,229
1964 - $56,480,289,941
1963 - $48,421,923,459
1962 - $42,161,481,858
1961 - $39,232,435,784
1960 - $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bulgaria vs India by year

Bulgaria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bulgaria India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $17,596 $41,969 $2,695 $11,160
2023 $15,853 $38,829 $2,530 $10,323
2022 $13,999 $36,320 $2,347 $9,207
2021 $12,966 $30,959 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $10,760 $27,352 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $10,354 $26,766 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $9,849 $23,998 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $8,697 $22,317 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $7,822 $20,746 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $7,269 $18,896 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $8,070 $17,991 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $7,796 $16,894 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $7,432 $16,327 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $7,850 $15,747 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $6,854 $14,954 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $6,988 $14,188 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $7,271 $14,347 $993 $3,633
2007 $5,889 $12,822 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $4,523 $11,406 $802 $3,221
2005 $3,900 $10,291 $710 $2,937
2004 $3,390 $9,200 $624 $2,682
2003 $2,719 $8,416 $544 $2,461
2002 $2,093 $7,786 $469 $2,277
2001 $1,771 $6,960 $450 $2,200
2000 $1,621 $6,424 $443 $2,091
1999 $1,661 $5,808 $442 $2,006
1998 $1,820 $6,178 $414 $1,852
1997 $1,361 $5,751 $416 $1,759
1996 $1,470 $6,849 $401 $1,695
1995 $2,259 $7,743 $375 $1,579
1994 $1,150 $7,338 $348 $1,467
1993 $1,279 $7,032 $303 $1,374
1992 $1,007 $6,917 $319 $1,309
1991 $884 $7,215 $306 $1,239
1990 $2,367 $7,548 $371 $1,212
1989 $2,477 - $350 -
1988 $2,511 - $358 -
1987 $3,132 - $345 -
1986 $2,260 - $315 -
1985 $1,915 - $301 -
1984 $1,964 - $281 -
1983 $1,853 - $296 -
1982 $2,169 - $278.7 -
1981 $2,235 - $275 -
1980 $2,239 - $271.1 -
1979 - - $228 -
1978 - - $209.4 -
1977 - - $189.6 -
1976 - - $164.1 -
1975 - - $161.1 -
1974 - - $166.7 -
1973 - - $146.6 -
1972 - - $125.3 -
1971 - - $120.7 -
1970 - - $114.4 -
1969 - - $109.5 -
1968 - - $101.6 -
1967 - - $98 -
1966 - - $91 -
1965 - - $121.5 -
1964 - - $117.9 -
1963 - - $103.4 -
1962 - - $92.2 -
1961 - - $87.9 -
1960 - - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/india | CC BY

Bulgaria's GDP per capita is $17,596, ranking 64/197, compared to $2,695 in India, ranking 143/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bulgaria ranks 54th at $41,969, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Bulgaria India
Gross domestic product
$113B
2024
$3.91T
2024
GDP rank
67/197
2024
5/197
2024
GDP growth
3.39%
2023-2024
6.49%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$17,596
2024
$2,695
2024
GDP per capita rank
64/197
2024
143/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$41,969
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
54/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$27.3B
2024
$3.19T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
24.1%
2024
81.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$4,237
2024
$2,200
2024
Government debt per person rank
90/185
2024
118/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$14,263
2026
$4,596
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$8.41B
2024
$5.13T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
917,000
2025
Number of billionaires
2
2025
205
2025
Income share by richest 10%
31.1%
2023
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2023
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
36.7%
2024
28.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.6%
2023-2024
4.95%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.81%
2025
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.17%
2024
4.17%
2024
Population
6359449
1480351380

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bulgaria
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bulgaria India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 36.7% 24.1% 28.4% 81.6%
2023 37.4% 22.9% 27.9% 80.7%
2022 37.6% 22.5% 29.1% 82.2%
2021 38.4% 23.8% 29.9% 83.5%
2020 37.6% 22.7% 31% 88.4%
2019 36% 18.4% 26.8% 75.1%
2018 34.4% 20.1% 26.3% 70.4%
2017 32% 22.9% 26.2% 69.7%
2016 32.7% 27% 27.2% 68.9%
2015 37.3% 25.4% 27.1% 69%
2014 37.1% 26.3% 26.2% 67.1%
2013 35.5% 17.2% 26.6% 67.7%
2012 32.5% 16.5% 27.4% 68%
2011 32% 14.3% 27.6% 68.7%
2010 34.6% 14.1% 28% 67.7%
2009 33.8% 14.5% 28.5% 72.7%
2008 33.5% 14.7% 29.3% 74.3%
2007 33.1% 17.6% 26.9% 75.4%
2006 32.5% 22.6% 26.9% 77.9%
2005 34% 28.5% 26.9% 82.4%
2004 34.6% 37.8% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 35.8% 45.4% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 35.1% 53.4% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 36.5% 67.1% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 37.1% 73.3% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 36.2% 78.7% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 30.6% 67.3% 26% 69.3%
1997 32.9% 88.4% 25.2% 69%
1996 44% 113.8% 24.4% 67.1%
1995 45.4% 72% 25% 70.9%
1994 - - 26.2% 74.8%
1993 - - 26.2% 78.3%
1992 - - 26.7% 78.8%
1991 - - 27.3% 76.7%
1990 - - 25.8% 50.8%
1989 - - 25.7% 50.5%
1988 - - 24.9% 48.9%
1987 - - 22.5% 48.9%
1986 - - 23.2% 47.9%
1985 - - 21.6% 44.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/india | CC BY

In 2024, Bulgaria's government spending was $41.5B, accounting for 36.7% of its GDP, while India spent $1.11T, or 28.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 24.1% in Bulgaria and 81.6% in India, ranking 169/185 and 43/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bulgaria

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bulgaria India
2024 -3.04% -7.9%
2023 -3.03% -7.4%
2022 -0.8% -8.97%
2021 -2.8% -9.45%
2020 -2.92% -12.9%
2019 -0.96% -7.69%
2018 0.12% -6.34%
2017 0.82% -6.23%
2016 1.54% -7.12%
2015 -2.77% -7.21%
2014 -3.65% -7.07%
2013 -1.75% -7%
2012 -0.43% -7.55%
2011 -1.83% -8.35%
2010 -3.77% -8.79%
2009 -0.86% -9.7%
2008 2.73% -9.17%
2007 3.09% -4.59%
2006 3.22% -6.38%
2005 2.19% -7.49%
2004 1.59% -9.22%
2003 0.003% -11.4%
2002 -0.61% -11.1%
2001 -0.58% -11%
2000 -0.6% -8.41%
1999 0.15% -8.7%
1998 1.08% -9.74%
1997 0.83% -8.28%
1996 -10.1% -6.71%
1995 -7.98% -6.81%
1994 - -8%
1993 - -8.57%
1992 - -7.89%
1991 - -7.9%
1990 - -8.07%
1989 - -7.68%
1988 - -7.01%
1987 - -9.53%
1986 - -10.6%
1985 - -9.58%
1984 - -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 0% -3.32%
1943 0% -3.48%
1942 -0.3% -3.62%
1941 3.96% -0.37%
1940 0.75% -0.59%
1939 0.72% -0.32%
1938 1% -0.16%
1937 1.41% -0.1%
1936 1.17% -0.45%
1935 1.34% -0.4%
1934 -0.12% -0.09%
1933 -0.56% 0%
1932 -2.14% 0.03%
1931 -3.07% -0.68%
1930 -5.48% -1.02%
1929 -6.67% -0.91%
1928 -1.09% -0.87%
1927 -0.02% -0.98%
1926 -0.25% -0.88%
1925 -0.97% -0.67%
1924 1.26% -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/india | CC BY

In 2024, Bulgaria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $3.44B, equivalent to 3.04% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $309B, or 7.9% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, Bulgaria recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, Bulgaria posted an annual deficit equal to 1.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.29% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bulgaria

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bulgaria India
2024 2.6% 4.95%
2023 8.6% 5.65%
2022 13% 6.7%
2021 2.8% 5.13%
2020 1.2% 6.62%
2019 2.5% 3.73%
2018 2.6% 3.94%
2017 1.2% 3.33%
2016 -1.3% 4.95%
2015 -1.1% 4.91%
2014 -1.6% 6.67%
2013 0.4% 10%
2012 2.4% 9.48%
2011 3.4% 8.91%
2010 3% 12%
2009 2.5% 10.9%
2008 12% 8.35%
2007 7.6% 6.37%
2006 7.4% 5.8%
2005 6% 4.25%
2004 6.1% 3.77%
2003 2.3% 3.81%
2002 5.8% 4.3%
2001 7.4% 3.78%
2000 10.3% 4.01%
1999 2.6% 4.67%
1998 18.7% 13.2%
1997 1,061% 7.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/india | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bulgaria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 42.5%, compared with 6.33% in India. In 2024, inflation was 2.6% in Bulgaria and 4.95% in India.

Top exports between countries

Bulgaria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $85.9M
Raw materials & minerals $35.2M
Chemicals & pharma $21.5M
Metals $14.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $10M
IT & IP services $5.6M
Raw agricultural goods $4.12M
Transport & tourism services $3.35M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.12M
Wood & paper products $741K
India
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $56.2M
Machinery & equipment $50.2M
Metals $39.2M
Textiles & consumer goods $26.2M
Raw materials & minerals $17.8M
Weapons & explosives $12M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $9.54M
Raw agricultural goods $5.82M
Wood & paper products $2.99M
Animal & marine products $274K

Balance of trade

Bulgaria India
Current account balance
-$1.74B
2024
-$32.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
138/190
2024
186/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.54%
2024
-0.82%
2024
Goods imports
$52.8B
2024
$727B
2024
Goods exports
$47.3B
2024
$447B
2024
Service imports
$8.26B
2024
$197B
2024
Service exports
$16.6B
2024
$375B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.9%
2024
23.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
56.4%
2024
21.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bulgaria India
Economic freedom 68.9 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 44/197 146/197
Property rights 75.8 48.3
Government integrity 48.4 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 58.5 52.6
Tax burden 89.1 71.2
Government spending 58.4 75.7
Fiscal health 90.4 6.7
Business freedom 78.2 67.4
Labor freedom 62.4 59
Monetary freedom 75.8 70.9
Trade freedom 79.4 61
Investment freedom 60 40
Financial freedom 50 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bulgaria
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bulgaria India
2026 68.9 52.5
2025 68.8 53
2024 68.5 52.9
2023 69.3 52.9
2022 71 53.9
2021 70.4 56.5
2020 70.2 56.5
2019 69 55.2
2018 68.3 54.5
2017 67.9 52.6
2016 65.9 56.2
2015 66.8 54.6
2014 65.7 55.7
2013 65 55.2
2012 64.7 54.6
2011 64.9 54.6
2010 62.3 53.8
2009 64.6 54.4
2008 63.7 54.1
2007 62.7 53.9
2006 64.1 52.2
2005 62.3 54.2
2004 59.2 51.5
2003 57 51.2
2002 57.1 51.2
2001 51.9 49
2000 47.3 47.4
1999 46.2 50.2
1998 45.7 49.7
1997 47.6 49.7
1996 48.6 47.4
1995 50 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bulgaria/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bulgaria is 68.9, ranking 44/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bulgaria India
Services, % of GDP
63.8%
2024
49.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
21.1%
2024
24.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
2.35%
2024
16.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$99B
2024
$3.84T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$39,850
2024
$11,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$43.7B
2024
$643B
2024
Total reserves ranking
47/177
2024
5/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$2.22B
2024
-$2.89B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$3.55B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$1.13B
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
6.8%
2024
2.38%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.7%
2023
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
20.4%
2024
32.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1997, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.