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Economy of Austria vs Japan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Austria has a GDP of $579B compared to $4.44T for Japan, ranking 29/197 and 4/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $466B in government debt (80.5% of GDP), compared to $9.16T (206.5% of GDP) in Japan.

Austria vs Japan GDP by year

Austria
Japan
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Japan
2025 $579,470,021,095 $4,435,162,999,977
2024 $534,790,720,467 $4,190,008,188,359
2023 $516,670,509,629 $4,384,854,269,962
2022 $473,221,298,968 $4,447,976,207,315
2021 $480,466,363,177 $5,225,933,520,753
2020 $434,397,601,558 $5,189,197,543,645
2019 $442,983,642,372 $5,245,755,000,479
2018 $452,582,294,973 $5,154,293,721,630
2017 $414,926,138,133 $5,038,231,631,661
2016 $393,687,359,770 $5,110,357,383,254
2015 $379,546,097,301 $4,534,438,580,495
2014 $438,556,021,078 $4,985,763,289,561
2013 $426,580,502,769 $5,272,297,037,397
2012 $406,750,487,604 $6,333,803,928,788
2011 $428,954,737,064 $6,279,422,550,219
2010 $389,827,789,218 $5,811,578,109,447
2009 $399,290,118,782 $5,336,765,697,589
2008 $429,234,399,096 $5,160,197,175,876
2007 $386,760,177,589 $4,624,670,179,655
2006 $333,905,979,332 $4,648,058,930,707
2005 $313,952,317,331 $4,875,648,486,366
2004 $299,210,411,455 $4,941,485,123,807
2003 $260,779,834,340 $4,573,413,206,709
2002 $212,837,224,023 $4,245,946,980,572
2001 $196,477,206,829 $4,438,792,748,062
2000 $196,181,599,831 $5,042,381,838,343
1999 $216,421,809,126 $4,688,983,449,627
1998 $217,068,085,816 $4,150,359,076,370
1997 $211,724,812,267 $4,579,780,793,432
1996 $235,952,581,232 $5,021,441,618,840
1995 $240,094,169,510 $5,639,649,753,986
1994 $202,738,023,130 $5,104,063,486,348
1993 $189,634,029,339 $4,632,480,515,091
1992 $194,314,032,056 $4,064,529,567,505
1991 $173,113,449,617 $3,724,887,648,862
1990 $165,811,372,383 $3,252,994,239,867
1989 $132,584,448,258 $3,174,934,735,896
1988 $132,817,124,707 $3,191,546,727,316
1987 $123,682,091,859 $2,635,094,473,494
1986 $98,648,254,169 $2,164,729,071,349
1985 $69,114,996,010 $1,457,070,301,468
1984 $67,719,055,773 $1,374,165,212,365
1983 $71,838,528,420 $1,297,622,008,229
1982 $70,996,111,963 $1,183,132,285,328
1981 $70,755,997,062 $1,271,443,597,067
1980 $81,737,498,405 $1,153,159,955,513
1979 $73,647,694,287 $1,100,608,979,757
1978 $61,809,208,756 $1,057,419,758,047
1977 $51,343,861,460 $752,590,681,822
1976 $42,791,707,448 $611,495,350,304
1975 $39,902,300,703 $544,082,569,364
1974 $35,051,468,640 $500,355,087,138
1973 $29,399,860,145 $450,756,970,744
1972 $21,973,207,929 $331,776,379,992
1971 $17,788,536,733 $250,530,994,765
1970 $15,312,791,744 $221,798,003,144
1969 $13,647,475,854 $188,179,852,753
1968 $12,499,863,917 $160,201,483,788
1967 $11,634,569,522 $135,265,319,098
1966 $10,939,526,219 $115,427,351,851
1965 $10,041,659,445 $99,387,878,008
1964 $9,213,648,656 $89,332,989,729
1963 $8,414,050,621 $75,945,582,324
1962 $7,793,042,529 $66,356,388,224
1961 $7,346,566,038 $58,472,696,006
1960 $6,624,086,313 $48,417,804,545

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/japan | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Japan by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Japan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Japan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $62,930 - $35,951 -
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $33,797 $52,039
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $35,215 $50,662
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $35,548 $47,192
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $41,581 $44,355
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $41,099 $42,426
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $41,425 $42,678
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $40,645 $42,142
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $39,680 $41,444
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $40,215 $40,597
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $35,665 $40,899
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $39,173 $39,555
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $41,369 $39,402
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $49,627 $37,606
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $49,122 $36,214
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $45,378 $35,336
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $41,678 $33,543
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $40,294 $35,274
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $36,130 $35,015
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $36,354 $33,632
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $38,159 $32,170
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $38,678 $30,832
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $35,809 $29,392
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $33,316 $28,624
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $34,910 $27,943
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $39,753 $27,288
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $37,029 $25,736
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $32,835 $25,508
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $36,331 $25,619
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $39,930 $24,999
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $44,947 $23,858
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $40,774 $22,823
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $37,111 $22,168
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $32,667 $21,825
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $30,048 $21,227
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $26,345 $19,912
1989 $17,401 - $25,798 -
1988 $17,510 - $26,037 -
1987 $16,329 - $21,587 -
1986 $13,032 - $17,819 -
1985 $9,136 - $12,058 -
1984 $8,956 - $11,443 -
1983 $9,500 - $10,876 -
1982 $9,373 - $9,986 -
1981 $9,348 - $10,806 -
1980 $10,827 - $9,872 -
1979 $9,755 - $9,497 -
1978 $8,173 - $9,202 -
1977 $6,784 - $6,609 -
1976 $5,656 - $5,422 -
1975 $5,265 - $4,876 -
1974 $4,613 - $4,542 -
1973 $3,875 - $4,147 -
1972 $2,913 - $3,095 -
1971 $2,372 - $2,370 -
1970 $2,051 - $2,145 -
1969 $1,834 - $1,841 -
1968 $1,686 - $1,586 -
1967 $1,577 - $1,354 -
1966 $1,494 - $1,168 -
1965 $1,381 - $1,015 -
1964 $1,275 - $922 -
1963 $1,173 - $792 -
1962 $1,093 - $699 -
1961 $1,037 - $622 -
1960 $940 - $519 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/japan | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $62,930, ranking 16/197, compared to $35,951 in Japan, ranking 34/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Japan ranks 41st at $52,039.

Economic indicators

Austria Japan
Gross domestic product
$579B
2025
$4.44T
2025
GDP rank
29/197
2025
4/197
2025
GDP growth
0.62%
2024-2025
1.19%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$62,930
2025
$35,951
2025
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2025
34/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$52,039
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
41/197
2024
Government debt
$466B
2025
$9.16T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.5%
2025
206.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,654
2025
$74,248
2025
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2025
3/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,467
2026
$22,962
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$211B
2025
$7.61T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
2,902,000
2026
Number of billionaires
9
2026
41
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
24.3%
2020
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
2.3%
2020
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.2%
2025
36.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.53%
2024-2025
3.17%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
0.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.78%
2025
2.5%
2025
Population
9201502
122704252

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Japan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Japan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55.2% 80.5% 36.9% 206.5%
2024 55.2% 79.2% 37.3% 214.5%
2023 52.2% 77.8% 37.8% 220.3%
2022 53% 78.1% 40.2% 227.8%
2021 56% 82.4% 41.3% 222.7%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 43.6% 228.8%
2019 49.1% 71% 36.4% 206.3%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 36% 203.7%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 35.9% 203.1%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 36.5% 202.1%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 36.6% 200.1%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 37.8% 203.6%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 38.4% 201.2%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 38.4% 197.1%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 38.4% 190.6%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 37.4% 178.6%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 38.3% 172.9%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 33.7% 153.6%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 32.8% 150.4%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 32.7% 152.1%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 33.2% 153.4%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 33.3% 148.8%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 34.6% 140.2%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 34.9% 134.6%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 34.7% 126.8%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 35.4% 118.5%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 35.2% 113.5%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 38.1% 101.6%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 32.4% 91.3%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 33.1% 85.3%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 32.8% 80.7%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 32.1% 73.3%
1993 54.3% 61% 31.4% 63.2%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 29.6% 57.9%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 28.6% 54.1%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 28.8% 54.8%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 29.2% 65.7%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 29.9% 71.9%
1987 54.5% 55.5% 30.6% 75.8%
1986 54.3% 52% 30.4% 74.1%
1985 53.5% 47.8% 30.4% 68.3%
1984 52.6% 46% 31.2% 65.6%
1983 52.4% 43.7% 31.8% 63.5%
1982 52% 39.7% 31.7% 57.7%
1981 51.5% 37.5% 31.5% 52.8%
1980 50% 35.6% 33.5% 47.8%
1979 49.8% 34.1% 33.2% 43.8%
1978 50.8% 32.2% 32.1% 39%
1977 47.6% 28.5% 30.4% 31.1%
1976 47.9% 26.2% 29.1% 26.1%
1975 46.1% 22.8% 28.5% 20.9%
1974 42% 16.8% 25.5% 16.7%
1973 41.5% 16.7% 23.3% 15.9%
1972 40.1% 16.7% 23.1% 16.3%
1971 40% 17.4% 21.8% 12.6%
1970 39.5% 18.6% 20.2% 11.2%
1969 40.7% 16.8% 19.8% 11.4%
1968 40.9% 16.8% 20.1% 11.8%
1967 40.7% 15.6% 19.9% 11.4%
1966 38.7% 14.1% 20.8% 11.2%
1965 38.3% 14.8% 20.4% 9.78%
1964 38.7% 15.5% 19.8% 8.53%
1963 38.6% 15.6% 20% 8.66%
1962 37.6% 15.5% 19.4% 9.01%
1961 35.7% 16% 18.2% 8.44%
1960 36.3% 17.7% 18.4% 10.4%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/japan | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government spending was $320B, accounting for 55.2% of its GDP, while Japan spent $1.63T, or 36.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.5% in Austria and 206.5% in Japan, ranking 42/185 and 3/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Japan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Japan
2025 -4.52% -1.05%
2024 -4.68% -1.67%
2023 -2.59% -2.39%
2022 -3.41% -4.23%
2021 -5.69% -6.32%
2020 -8.2% -9.04%
2019 0.54% -3.05%
2018 0.2% -2.44%
2017 -0.78% -3.05%
2016 -1.45% -3.58%
2015 -0.48% -3.64%
2014 -1.92% -5.58%
2013 -1.99% -7.62%
2012 -2.18% -8.22%
2011 -2.48% -9.02%
2010 -4.46% -9.05%
2009 -5.38% -9.62%
2008 -1.57% -4.07%
2007 -1.56% -2.86%
2006 -2.61% -3%
2005 -2.59% -4.39%
2004 -4.94% -5.26%
2003 -1.84% -7.35%
2002 -1.43% -7.22%
2001 -0.71% -6.11%
2000 -2.07% -7.17%
1999 -2.63% -6.68%
1998 -2.68% -9.91%
1997 -2.38% -3.44%
1996 -4.38% -4.75%
1995 -6.17% -4.22%
1994 -5.04% -3.7%
1993 -4.57% -2.34%
1992 -2.15% 0.56%
1991 -2.96% 1.64%
1990 -2.58% 1.91%
1989 -3.07% 1.23%
1988 -3.43% 0.49%
1987 -4.33% -0.36%
1986 -3.84% -1.36%
1985 -2.71% -1.37%
1984 -2.67% -2.62%
1983 -4.22% -3.95%
1982 -3.29% -3.81%
1981 -1.79% -3.85%
1980 -1.62% -4.66%
1979 -2.3% -5%
1978 -2.67% -5.79%
1977 -2.11% -4.02%
1976 -3.61% -3.89%
1975 -2.41% -2.92%
1974 1.23% 0.38%
1973 1.24% 0.56%
1972 1.97% -0.13%
1971 1.46% 1.21%
1970 1.16% 1.74%
1969 -0.08% 1.26%
1968 -0.83% 0.88%
1967 -0.56% 0.8%
1966 1.73% -0.34%
1965 1.38% 0.48%
1964 0.48% 0.85%
1963 -0.5% 1.08%
1962 1.12% 1.49%
1961 1.68% 2.58%
1960 -0.49% 1.85%
1959 -2.16% 0.97%
1958 -3.52% -0.1%
1957 -0.7% 1.27%
1956 -0.78% 1.39%
1955 -0.5% -0.67%
1954 -0.35% 0.7%
1953 -0.24% 1.65%
1952 -0.73% 2.22%
1951 -1.57% 5.06%
1950 -7.72% 6.99%
1949 -9.23% 12.5%
1948 -9.3% 7.53%
1947 - 6.09%
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - 0.32%
1942 - -0.13%
1941 - -0.19%
1940 - 0.31%
1939 - 0.11%
1938 - 0.45%
1937 -2.84% 0.71%
1936 -3.91% 0.34%
1935 -5.46% 0.26%
1934 -5.28% 0.34%
1933 -3.55% 0.28%
1932 -9.16% 0.31%
1931 -11.5% 0.23%
1930 -9.68% 0.19%
1929 -6.83% 0.5%
1928 -7.63% 0.42%
1927 -7.3% 0.58%
1926 -6.18% 0.65%
1925 -4.96% 0.75%
1924 -5.69% 0.84%
1923 - 0.87%
1922 - 0.89%
1921 - 1.43%
1920 - 1.19%
1919 - 1.21%
1918 - 1.58%
1917 - 1.54%
1916 - 1.37%
1915 - 1.41%
1914 - 1.31%
1913 - 1.21%
1912 -0.69% 1.27%
1911 0.03% 1.21%
1910 -0.42% 1.57%
1909 -5.51% 1.51%
1908 -1.24% 1.63%
1907 -2.73% 1.77%
1906 -0.05% 0.46%
1905 -0.71% -0.68%
1904 -1.12% -0.81%
1903 -0.97% 0.19%
1902 -0.75% 0.44%
1901 -0.56% 0.21%
1900 -0.05% 0.53%
1899 -0.08% 0.2%
1898 -0.17% 0.6%
1897 0.1% 0.33%
1896 0.03% 0.88%
1895 0.36% 0.28%
1894 -1.16% -0.24%
1893 -1.31% 0.6%
1892 -0.86% 0.63%
1891 -4.01% 0.61%
1890 -0.26% 0.74%
1889 -1.61% 0.18%
1888 -0.97% 0.13%
1887 -1.09% 0.11%
1886 -0.43% 0.03%
1885 -0.57% 0.01%
1884 -6.43% 0.001%
1883 -0.69% 0.03%
1882 -1.06% 0.001%
1881 -3.91% 0.001%
1880 -1.4% 0.004%
1879 - 0.02%
1878 - 0.02%
1877 - -0.29%
1876 - -0.42%
1875 - 0.005%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/japan | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 4.52% of GDP. This compares to Japan's deficit of $46.7B, or 1.05% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 54 of those years, while Japan ran a deficit in 48 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.08% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.96% of GDP for Japan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Japan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Japan
2025 3.53% 3.17%
2024 2.94% 2.74%
2023 7.81% 3.27%
2022 8.55% 2.5%
2021 2.77% -0.23%
2020 1.38% -0.02%
2019 1.53% 0.47%
2018 2% 0.99%
2017 2.08% 0.48%
2016 0.89% -0.13%
2015 0.9% 0.8%
2014 1.61% 2.76%
2013 2% 0.34%
2012 2.49% -0.04%
2011 3.29% -0.27%
2010 1.81% -0.73%
2009 0.51% -1.35%
2008 3.22% 1.38%
2007 2.17% 0.06%
2006 1.44% 0.25%
2005 2.3% -0.28%
2004 2.06% -0.009%
2003 1.36% -0.26%
2002 1.81% -0.92%
2001 2.65% -0.74%
2000 2.34% -0.68%
1999 0.57% -0.34%
1998 0.92% 0.66%
1997 1.31% 1.75%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/japan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 0.54% in Japan. In 2025, inflation was 3.53% in Austria and 3.17% in Japan.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.22B
Chemicals & pharma $285M
Precious metals & jewellery $200M
Metals $176M
Wood & paper products $173M
Business & finance services $110M
Transport & tourism services $93.4M
Raw materials & minerals $61.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $60.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $51M
Japan
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $754M
Chemicals & pharma $408M
Metals $105M
Miscellaneous $37.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $22.2M
Raw materials & minerals $9.45M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $6.79M
Precious metals & jewellery $3.5M
Wood & paper products $2.72M
Raw agricultural goods $697K

Balance of trade

Austria Japan
Current account balance
$10.4B
2025
$216B
2025
Current account balance ranking
24/190
2025
3/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.79%
2025
+4.86%
2025
Goods imports
$208B
2025
$729B
2025
Goods exports
$214B
2025
$725B
2025
Service imports
$98.3B
2025
$269B
2025
Service exports
$105B
2025
$246B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
22.9%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.7%
2025
22%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Japan
Economic freedom 69.8 70.3
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 36/197
Property rights 95.7 94.2
Government integrity 75 81.1
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 97.9
Tax burden 45.7 63
Government spending 12.8 52
Fiscal health 67.1 41.7
Business freedom 78.7 77.8
Labor freedom 81.6 65.9
Monetary freedom 76.4 74.3
Trade freedom 79.4 76.2
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Japan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Japan
2026 69.8 70.3
2025 69.7 70.2
2024 68.4 67.5
2023 71.1 69.3
2022 73.8 69.9
2021 73.9 74.1
2020 73.3 73.3
2019 72 72.1
2018 71.8 72.3
2017 72.3 69.6
2016 71.7 73.1
2015 71.2 73.3
2014 72.4 72.4
2013 71.8 71.8
2012 70.3 71.6
2011 71.9 72.8
2010 71.6 72.9
2009 71.2 72.8
2008 71.4 73
2007 71.6 72.7
2006 71.1 73.3
2005 68.8 67.3
2004 67.6 64.3
2003 67.6 67.6
2002 67.4 66.7
2001 68.1 70.9
2000 68.4 70.7
1999 64 69.1
1998 65.4 70.2
1997 65.2 70.3
1996 68.9 72.6
1995 70 75

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/japan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 70.3 for Japan, ranking 36/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Japan
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2025
71.4%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2025
26.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.26%
2025
0.96%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$556B
2025
$4.73T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$77,010
2025
$58,920
2025
Total reserves including gold
$53.4B
2025
$1.37T
2025
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2025
3/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$5.61B
2025
$172B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$18.9B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$207B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
16.1%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2025
27.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/japan | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1875–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.