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Economy of India vs Paraguay compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

India has a GDP of $3.91T compared to $44.5B for Paraguay, ranking 5/197 and 98/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.19T in government debt (81.6% of GDP), compared to $19.9B (44.8% of GDP) in Paraguay.

India vs Paraguay GDP by year

India
Paraguay
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Paraguay
2024 $3,909,891,533,858 $44,458,118,397
2023 $3,638,489,096,034 $43,118,053,175
2022 $3,346,107,287,731 $41,952,910,858
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $39,950,899,939
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $35,432,178,068
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $37,925,338,329
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $40,225,448,341
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $38,997,129,474
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $36,089,700,223
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $36,211,447,840
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $40,377,929,296
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $38,501,122,141
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $33,271,921,136
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $33,756,238,766
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $27,260,886,405
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $22,355,151,162
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $24,615,267,664
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $17,856,393,235
2006 $940,259,888,788 $13,429,430,050
2005 $820,383,763,511 $10,737,500,188
2004 $709,152,728,831 $9,624,440,836
2003 $607,700,687,237 $7,691,367,471
2002 $514,939,140,319 $7,196,260,657
2001 $485,440,139,204 $8,495,806,432
2000 $468,395,521,654 $8,855,705,140
1999 $458,821,052,616 $8,837,070,236
1998 $421,351,317,225 $9,260,481,572
1997 $415,867,563,593 $9,965,225,678
1996 $392,896,866,205 $9,788,391,781
1995 $360,281,909,643 $9,062,131,475
1994 $327,274,843,459 $7,870,982,005
1993 $279,295,648,983 $7,249,533,620
1992 $288,208,070,278 $7,157,424,031
1991 $270,105,341,879 $6,984,367,763
1990 $320,979,026,420 $5,812,114,523
1989 $296,042,052,945 $4,757,732,200
1988 $296,589,670,896 $4,255,683,528
1987 $279,033,584,092 $3,971,044,724
1986 $248,985,994,041 $3,723,993,943
1985 $232,511,554,840 $3,282,449,236
1984 $212,157,645,178 $4,502,462,807
1983 $218,262,146,413 $5,673,248,726
1982 $200,715,624,831 $5,419,411,765
1981 $193,491,368,446 $5,624,515,873
1980 $186,328,579,302 $4,448,087,302
1979 $152,995,442,498 $3,416,777,778
1978 $137,302,319,829 $2,559,857,143
1977 $121,486,641,441 $2,092,158,730
1976 $102,716,451,980 $1,698,960,317
1975 $98,473,832,017 $1,511,420,635
1974 $99,526,597,934 $1,333,475,397
1973 $85,517,673,173 $995,531,746
1972 $71,464,700,667 $769,039,683
1971 $67,351,404,352 $664,571,429
1970 $62,422,483,055 $594,611,111
1969 $58,447,995,017 $556,293,651
1968 $53,085,455,871 $517,650,794
1967 $50,134,942,204 $492,674,603
1966 $45,581,230,504 $465,888,889
1965 $59,556,105,229 $443,587,302
1964 $56,480,289,941 $408,349,206
1963 $48,421,923,459 $383,904,762
1962 $42,161,481,858 $360,698,413
1961 $39,232,435,784 $322,053,713
1960 $37,029,883,876 $288,884,368

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/paraguay | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Paraguay by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Paraguay
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Paraguay
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,695 $11,160 $6,416 $18,524
2023 $2,530 $10,323 $6,300 $17,564
2022 $2,347 $9,207 $6,206 $16,347
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $5,977 $15,406
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $5,365 $14,309
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $5,821 $14,150
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $6,258 $14,139
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $6,152 $13,977
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $5,775 $13,329
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $5,879 $12,679
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $6,652 $12,607
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $6,436 $12,137
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $5,642 $10,954
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $5,805 $11,442
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $4,751 $10,893
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $3,942 $9,802
2008 $993 $3,633 $4,385 $9,867
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $3,212 $9,179
2006 $802 $3,221 $2,439 $8,561
2005 $710 $2,937 $1,971 $8,007
2004 $624 $2,682 $1,786 $7,686
2003 $544 $2,461 $1,444 $7,276
2002 $469 $2,277 $1,368 $6,924
2001 $450 $2,200 $1,638 $6,916
2000 $443 $2,091 $1,736 $6,937
1999 $442 $2,006 $1,766 $7,080
1998 $414 $1,852 $1,890 $7,227
1997 $416 $1,759 $2,079 $7,299
1996 $401 $1,695 $2,088 $7,040
1995 $375 $1,579 $1,979 $6,966
1994 $348 $1,467 $1,760 $6,542
1993 $303 $1,374 $1,662 $6,234
1992 $319 $1,309 $1,683 $5,952
1991 $306 $1,239 $1,685 $5,873
1990 $371 $1,212 $1,440 $5,637
1989 $350 - $1,211 -
1988 $358 - $1,114 -
1987 $345 - $1,069 -
1986 $315 - $1,031 -
1985 $301 - $935 -
1984 $281 - $1,319 -
1983 $296 - $1,710 -
1982 $278.7 - $1,680 -
1981 $275 - $1,793 -
1980 $271.1 - $1,457 -
1979 $228 - $1,149 -
1978 $209.4 - $883 -
1977 $189.6 - $740 -
1976 $164.1 - $616 -
1975 $161.1 - $562 -
1974 $166.7 - $508 -
1973 $146.6 - $389 -
1972 $125.3 - $308 -
1971 $120.7 - $272.1 -
1970 $114.4 - $249 -
1969 $109.5 - $238.2 -
1968 $101.6 - $226.8 -
1967 $98 - $220.9 -
1966 $91 - $213.9 -
1965 $121.5 - $208.7 -
1964 $117.9 - $197 -
1963 $103.4 - $189.9 -
1962 $92.2 - $182.8 -
1961 $87.9 - $167.1 -
1960 $84.9 - $153.4 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/paraguay | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,695, ranking 143/197, compared to $6,416 in Paraguay, ranking 109/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Paraguay ranks 102nd at $18,524.

Economic indicators

India Paraguay
Gross domestic product
$3.91T
2024
$44.5B
2024
GDP rank
5/197
2024
98/197
2024
GDP growth
6.49%
2023-2024
4.25%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,695
2024
$6,416
2024
GDP per capita rank
143/197
2024
109/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$18,524
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
102/197
2024
Government debt
$3.19T
2024
$19.9B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
81.6%
2024
44.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,200
2024
$2,872
2024
Government debt per person rank
118/185
2024
103/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,596
2026
$6,136
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$5.13T
2024
$313M
1999
Number of millionaires
917,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
205
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
35%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
2%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.4%
2024
21%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.95%
2023-2024
3.84%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
6%
2024
Unemployment rate
4.17%
2024
5.69%
2024
Population
1480351380
7120169

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Paraguay
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Paraguay
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 28.4% 81.6% 21% 44.8%
2023 27.9% 80.7% 21.5% 41.1%
2022 29.1% 82.2% 20.2% 40.5%
2021 29.9% 83.5% 20.4% 37.5%
2020 31% 88.4% 22.6% 36.9%
2019 26.8% 75.1% 20.1% 25.8%
2018 26.3% 70.4% 18.5% 22.3%
2017 26.2% 69.7% 18.1% 19.8%
2016 27.2% 68.9% 17.7% 19.4%
2015 27.1% 69% 18% 18.6%
2014 26.2% 67.1% 17.1% 15.6%
2013 26.6% 67.7% 17.1% 13.5%
2012 27.4% 68% 17.6% 12.3%
2011 27.6% 68.7% 14.7% 11.1%
2010 28% 67.7% 13.3% 13%
2009 28.5% 72.7% 14.3% 14.9%
2008 29.3% 74.3% 11.8% 16%
2007 26.9% 75.4% 13.1% 16.8%
2006 26.9% 77.9% 14.1% 21%
2005 26.9% 82.4% 14% 28.3%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 14% 36%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 14.6% 37.5%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 17.6% 50.5%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 19% 37.1%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 19.6% 33.6%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 19.2% 32%
1998 26% 69.3% 18% 22.1%
1997 25.2% 69% 18.1% 18%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 16.9% 16.8%
1995 25% 70.9% 15.7% 17.6%
1994 26.2% 74.8% 14.5% 18.7%
1993 26.2% 78.3% 12.9% 26.6%
1992 26.7% 78.8% 13% 34.4%
1991 27.3% 76.7% 11.4% 49.4%
1990 25.8% 50.8% 10.5% 67%
1989 25.7% 50.5% 11.8% 52.9%
1988 24.9% 48.9% 9.75% 58.9%
1987 22.5% 48.9% 10.1% 68.7%
1986 23.2% 47.9% 9.25% 57.1%
1985 21.6% 44.3% 11.4% 54.7%
1984 19.8% 41.6% 13% 31%
1983 17.8% 39.6% 13% 22.6%
1982 17.8% 41.7% 13.2% 21.3%
1981 16.6% 37.2% 13.3% 17.4%
1980 17.5% 38% 11.6% 17.4%
1979 15.6% 32.2% 11.7% 19.7%
1978 15% 30.8% 11.9% 20.9%
1977 13.9% 29.9% 11.2% 18.8%
1976 14.4% 31.3% 9.8% 14.1%
1975 12.7% 29.5% 10.5% 12.6%
1974 11.3% 29% 9.44% 12.5%
1973 12.9% 34.1% 11.2% 15.4%
1972 13.5% 37.2% 12.5% 18.2%
1971 12.4% 37.6% 12.3% 18.9%
1970 11.7% 38.1% 13.3% 19.2%
1969 11.5% 38.8% 14% -
1968 12.6% 40.3% 13.5% -
1967 13.8% 38.5% 12.2% -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/paraguay | CC BY

In 2024, India's government spending was $1.11T, accounting for 28.4% of its GDP, while Paraguay spent $9.33B, or 21% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 81.6% in India and 44.8% in Paraguay, ranking 43/185 and 120/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Paraguay
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Paraguay
2024 -7.9% -2.12%
2023 -7.4% -3.81%
2022 -8.97% -2.64%
2021 -9.45% -3.39%
2020 -12.9% -5.72%
2019 -7.69% -2.44%
2018 -6.34% -1.01%
2017 -6.23% -0.44%
2016 -7.12% -0.37%
2015 -7.21% -0.44%
2014 -7.07% -0.27%
2013 -7% -1.16%
2012 -7.55% -0.58%
2011 -8.35% 1.29%
2010 -8.79% 1.54%
2009 -9.7% 0.59%
2008 -9.17% 2.29%
2007 -4.59% 1.27%
2006 -6.38% 0.91%
2005 -7.49% 0.74%
2004 -9.22% 1.33%
2003 -11.4% -0.07%
2002 -11.1% -1.89%
2001 -11% 0.07%
2000 -8.41% -0.55%
1999 -8.7% 2.67%
1998 -9.74% 4.28%
1997 -8.28% 3%
1996 -6.71% 2.43%
1995 -6.81% 2.78%
1994 -8% 4.59%
1993 -8.57% 4.27%
1992 -7.89% 3.1%
1991 -7.9% 3.41%
1990 -8.07% 7.56%
1989 -7.68% 5.48%
1988 -7.01% 3.01%
1987 -9.53% 2.68%
1986 -10.6% 3.08%
1985 -9.58% 0.85%
1984 -8.54% -0.42%
1983 -7.28% 0.27%
1982 -6.78% 1.52%
1981 -6.07% 0.15%
1980 -7.27% 3.4%
1979 -4.87% 4.13%
1978 -4.45% -3.42%
1977 -4.1% -0.19%
1976 -4.1% -0.06%
1975 -3.11% -1.24%
1974 -2.3% 1.67%
1973 -3.53% -0.91%
1972 -3.14% -2.51%
1971 -2.9% -1.25%
1970 -2.35% -1.26%
1969 -2.66% -1.62%
1968 -3.98% -2.34%
1967 -4.97% -1.7%
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/paraguay | CC BY

In 2024, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $309B, equivalent to 7.9% of GDP. This compares to Paraguay's deficit of $942M, or 2.12% of GDP.

Over the past 58 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 58 of those years, while Paraguay ran a deficit in 28 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 7.17% of GDP, compared to surplus of 0.53% of GDP for Paraguay.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Paraguay
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Paraguay
2024 4.95% 3.84%
2023 5.65% 4.63%
2022 6.7% 9.77%
2021 5.13% 4.79%
2020 6.62% 1.77%
2019 3.73% 2.76%
2018 3.94% 3.98%
2017 3.33% 3.6%
2016 4.95% 4.09%
2015 4.91% 3.13%
2014 6.67% 5.03%
2013 10% 2.68%
2012 9.48% 3.68%
2011 8.91% 8.25%
2010 12% 4.65%
2009 10.9% 2.59%
2008 8.35% 10.2%
2007 6.37% 8.13%
2006 5.8% 9.59%
2005 4.25% 6.81%
2004 3.77% 4.32%
2003 3.81% 14.2%
2002 4.3% 10.5%
2001 3.78% 7.27%
2000 4.01% 8.98%
1999 4.67% 6.75%
1998 13.2% 11.6%
1997 7.16% 6.95%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/paraguay | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.33%, compared with 6.23% in Paraguay. In 2024, inflation was 4.95% in India and 3.84% in Paraguay.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $74.9M
Machinery & equipment $62.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $21.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $11.8M
Metals $9.77M
Raw materials & minerals $5.3M
Raw agricultural goods $1.37M
Wood & paper products $548K
Miscellaneous $168K
Weapons & explosives $27K
Paraguay
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $70.7M
Metals $25.3M
Chemicals & pharma $4.72M
Machinery & equipment $824K
Animal & marine products $684K
Textiles & consumer goods $40K
Wood & paper products $32K
Raw agricultural goods $31K
Raw materials & minerals $2K

Balance of trade

India Paraguay
Current account balance
-$32.1B
2024
-$1.53B
2024
Current account balance ranking
186/190
2024
133/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.82%
2024
-3.44%
2024
Goods imports
$727B
2024
$15.8B
2024
Goods exports
$447B
2024
$14.9B
2024
Service imports
$197B
2024
$2.54B
2024
Service exports
$375B
2024
$2.65B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.5%
2024
39.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.2%
2024
37.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Paraguay
Economic freedom 52.5 66.4
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 61/197
Property rights 48.3 44.2
Government integrity 37.8 27.3
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 38.4
Tax burden 71.2 95.9
Government spending 75.7 86.9
Fiscal health 6.7 83
Business freedom 67.4 72
Labor freedom 59 44.1
Monetary freedom 70.9 76.5
Trade freedom 61 78.4
Investment freedom 40 80
Financial freedom 40 70

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Paraguay
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Paraguay
2026 52.5 66.4
2025 53 65.2
2024 52.9 60.1
2023 52.9 61
2022 53.9 62.9
2021 56.5 62.6
2020 56.5 63
2019 55.2 61.8
2018 54.5 62.1
2017 52.6 62.4
2016 56.2 61.5
2015 54.6 61.1
2014 55.7 62
2013 55.2 61.1
2012 54.6 61.8
2011 54.6 62.3
2010 53.8 61.3
2009 54.4 61
2008 54.1 60
2007 53.9 58.3
2006 52.2 55.6
2005 54.2 53.4
2004 51.5 56.7
2003 51.2 58.2
2002 51.2 59.6
2001 49 60.3
2000 47.4 64
1999 50.2 63.7
1998 49.7 65.2
1997 49.7 67.3
1996 47.4 67.1
1995 45.1 65.9

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/paraguay | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 66.4 for Paraguay, ranking 61/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Paraguay
Services, % of GDP
49.9%
2024
48.7%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
32.5%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.3%
2024
10.7%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.84T
2024
$43.7B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,000
2024
$17,930
2024
Total reserves including gold
$643B
2024
$9.89B
2023
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2024
76/177
2023
Net foreign direct investment
-$2.89B
2024
-$335M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$1.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$166M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.38%
2024
4.58%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
20.1%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.9%
2024
22.8%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/paraguay | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.