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Economy of Austria vs Zimbabwe compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Austria has a GDP of $535B compared to $41.5B for Zimbabwe, ranking 30/197 and 102/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $434B in government debt (84.2% of GDP), compared to $39.3B (56.1% of GDP) in Zimbabwe.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Austria
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Zimbabwe
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Austria Zimbabwe
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $6,624,086,313 $83,828,673,167 $1,053,528,036 $4,352,412,133
1961 $7,346,566,038 $88,471,087,748 $1,097,206,526 $4,627,317,329
1962 $7,793,042,529 $90,814,399,431 $1,118,172,226 $4,693,694,849
1963 $8,414,050,621 $94,572,542,282 $1,160,103,724 $4,986,785,325
1964 $9,213,648,656 $100,364,499,311 $1,217,759,447 $4,931,622,909
1965 $10,041,659,445 $103,857,359,442 $1,312,105,394 $5,173,793,733
1966 $10,939,526,219 $109,717,886,300 $1,282,403,936 $5,252,597,339
1967 $11,634,569,522 $113,018,252,763 $1,397,715,282 $5,692,082,627
1968 $12,499,863,917 $118,072,782,528 $1,480,355,355 $5,804,224,338
1969 $13,647,475,854 $125,482,873,519 $1,748,891,294 $6,525,587,027
1970 $15,312,791,744 $134,420,862,376 $1,885,168,339 $7,998,095,583
1971 $17,788,536,733 $141,296,447,063 $2,179,828,710 $8,711,332,686
1972 $21,973,207,929 $150,067,933,491 $2,679,096,597 $9,436,967,074
1973 $29,399,860,145 $157,406,909,711 $3,311,043,292 $9,682,773,143
1974 $35,051,468,640 $163,612,107,623 $3,984,194,614 $10,324,271,738
1975 $39,902,300,703 $163,016,991,844 $4,373,532,601 $10,124,887,003
1976 $42,791,707,448 $170,480,635,018 $4,320,576,877 $10,171,951,417
1977 $51,343,861,460 $179,141,019,238 $4,366,610,469 $9,474,084,021
1978 $61,809,208,756 $178,763,652,138 $4,353,822,343 $9,217,627,910
1979 $73,647,694,287 $188,339,484,584 $5,180,102,910 $9,521,536,366
1980 $81,737,498,405 $191,600,555,442 $6,682,278,300 $10,894,607,028
1981 $70,755,997,062 $191,324,085,936 $8,015,464,252 $12,259,202,844
1982 $70,996,111,963 $195,172,100,329 $8,544,060,905 $12,582,146,675
1983 $71,838,528,420 $200,974,738,307 $7,768,031,182 $12,781,612,134
1984 $67,719,055,773 $201,077,788,420 $6,355,369,172 $12,537,820,762
1985 $69,114,996,010 $206,102,076,591 $5,640,137,575 $13,408,495,654
1986 $98,648,254,169 $210,845,294,932 $6,220,698,247 $13,689,943,883
1987 $123,682,091,859 $213,706,819,793 $6,744,657,033 $13,847,479,160
1988 $132,817,124,707 $220,750,339,733 $7,818,774,177 $14,893,292,646
1989 $132,584,448,258 $229,331,070,530 $8,290,553,535 $15,667,709,080
1990 $165,811,372,383 $239,296,977,478 $8,788,301,546 $16,762,655,222
1991 $173,113,449,617 $247,532,688,033 $8,646,000,000 $17,689,930,170
1992 $194,314,032,056 $252,714,845,320 $6,755,000,000 $16,095,082,949
1993 $189,634,029,339 $254,046,171,814 $6,567,250,000 $16,264,301,855
1994 $202,738,023,130 $260,148,661,735 $6,894,250,000 $17,766,348,463
1995 $240,094,169,510 $267,089,386,117 $7,115,000,000 $17,794,425,481
1996 $235,952,581,232 $273,007,464,944 $8,557,500,000 $19,638,059,366
1997 $211,724,812,267 $278,865,754,831 $8,534,000,000 $20,164,466,644
1998 $217,068,085,816 $288,606,201,091 $6,405,250,000 $20,746,271,025
1999 $216,421,809,126 $299,463,348,051 $6,861,500,000 $20,576,588,256
2000 $196,181,599,831 $309,014,800,203 $6,693,250,000 $19,947,126,181
2001 $196,477,206,829 $313,084,486,482 $6,780,750,000 $20,234,268,509
2002 $212,837,224,023 $317,731,814,842 $6,345,250,000 $18,434,630,066
2003 $260,779,834,340 $321,358,930,178 $5,730,500,000 $15,301,651,167
2004 $299,210,411,455 $329,602,607,297 $5,808,500,000 $14,413,001,709
2005 $313,952,317,331 $337,250,591,306 $5,758,250,000 $13,589,857,106
2006 $333,905,979,332 $348,276,446,349 $5,446,750,000 $13,119,457,398
2007 $386,760,177,589 $361,424,664,732 $5,294,750,000 $12,640,170,700
2008 $429,234,399,096 $366,677,269,701 $4,418,000,000 $10,406,779,091
2009 $399,290,118,782 $353,527,252,122 $9,670,750,000 $11,787,972,496
2010 $389,827,789,218 $359,922,497,999 $12,047,750,000 $14,107,304,145
2011 $428,954,737,064 $370,459,113,959 $14,109,000,000 $16,109,683,000
2012 $406,750,487,604 $372,786,509,411 $17,123,500,000 $18,794,430,789
2013 $426,580,502,769 $371,851,835,130 $19,100,750,000 $19,168,343,272
2014 $438,556,021,078 $374,662,287,025 $19,505,500,000 $19,623,972,034
2015 $379,546,097,301 $379,546,097,301 $19,973,250,000 $19,973,250,000
2016 $393,687,359,770 $387,581,921,834 $20,559,250,000 $20,124,206,637
2017 $414,926,138,133 $396,388,751,745 $51,035,657,371 $21,076,969,325
2018 $452,582,294,973 $406,235,924,915 $34,141,666,667 $22,132,908,952
2019 $442,983,642,372 $413,365,268,699 $33,357,695,635 $20,731,353,612
2020 $434,397,601,558 $387,247,796,561 $31,980,334,561 $19,110,793,941
2021 $480,466,363,177 $406,312,360,758 $41,287,673,690 $20,729,099,177
2022 $473,221,298,968 $427,972,725,600 $40,757,561,709 $22,001,713,150
2023 $516,670,509,629 $424,607,814,489 $35,871,779,681 $23,178,995,952
2024 $534,790,720,467 $421,809,268,657 $41,539,411,516 $23,582,865,676

Economic indicators

Austria Zimbabwe
Gross domestic product
$535B
2024
$41.5B
2024
GDP rank
30/197
2024
102/197
2024
GDP growth
3.51%
2023-2024
15.8%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$58,269
2024
$2,497
2024
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2024
148/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$71,622
2024
$5,928
2024
Government debt
$434B
2024
$39.3B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.2%
2026
56.1%
2026
Government debt per person
$47,318
2024
$2,362
2024
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2024
115/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,548
2026
$2,797
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$121B
2024
$2.46B
1999
Number of billionaires
9
2025
1
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
40.5%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
1.9%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.9%
2026
18.3%
2026
Consumer prices inflation
2.94%
2023-2024
18.2%
2025-2026
Central bank interest rate n/a
35%
2024
Unemployment rate
5.16%
2024
9.29%
2023
Population
9164347
17277165

GDP per capita in Austria vs Zimbabwe

Austria's GDP per capita is $58,269, ranking 16/197, compared to $2,497 in Zimbabwe, ranking 148/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 21st at $71,622, while Zimbabwe ranks 154th at $5,928.

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Zimbabwe
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Austria Zimbabwe
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $940 - $276.6 -
1961 $1,037 - $279.2 -
1962 $1,093 - $275.7 -
1963 $1,173 - $277.1 -
1964 $1,275 - $281.9 -
1965 $1,381 - $294.3 -
1966 $1,494 - $278.7 -
1967 $1,577 - $294.4 -
1968 $1,686 - $302 -
1969 $1,834 - $346 -
1970 $2,051 - $361 -
1971 $2,372 - $406 -
1972 $2,913 - $483 -
1973 $3,875 - $579 -
1974 $4,613 - $674 -
1975 $5,265 - $717 -
1976 $5,656 - $687 -
1977 $6,784 - $677 -
1978 $8,173 - $665 -
1979 $9,755 - $779 -
1980 $10,827 - $949 -
1981 $9,348 - $1,069 -
1982 $9,373 - $1,096 -
1983 $9,500 - $959 -
1984 $8,956 - $757 -
1985 $9,136 - $649 -
1986 $13,032 - $693 -
1987 $16,329 - $726 -
1988 $17,510 - $816 -
1989 $17,401 - $840 -
1990 $21,596 $19,383 $867 $2,757
1991 $22,323 $20,522 $831 $2,930
1992 $24,783 $21,195 $631 $2,651
1993 $23,987 $21,632 $605 $2,703
1994 $25,546 $22,538 $634 $3,012
1995 $30,207 $23,588 $648 $3,051
1996 $29,646 $24,418 $767 $3,372
1997 $26,572 $25,295 $751 $3,457
1998 $27,212 $26,529 $552 $3,527
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $582 $3,491
2000 $24,487 $29,215 $563 $3,429
2001 $24,430 $29,556 $566 $3,533
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $525 $3,238
2003 $32,110 $31,963 $468 $2,708
2004 $36,614 $33,523 $470 $2,591
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $461 $2,496
2006 $40,382 $37,396 $431 $2,454
2007 $46,623 $39,194 $414 $2,396
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $341 $1,987
2009 $47,857 $40,666 $736 $2,233
2010 $46,611 $41,740 $902 $2,661
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $1,038 $3,047
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $1,239 $3,472
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $1,363 $3,784
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $1,373 $3,903
2015 $43,915 $49,563 $1,387 $4,046
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $1,408 $4,275
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $3,445 $10,756
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $2,271 $3,993
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $2,184 $4,166
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $2,060 $4,179
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $2,614 $4,827
2022 $52,337 $70,735 $2,536 $5,396
2023 $56,580 $70,479 $2,195 $5,791
2024 $58,269 $71,622 $2,497 $5,928

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Austria's government spending was $301B, accounting for 55.9% of its GDP, while Zimbabwe's spent $7.74B, or 18.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.2% in Austria and 56.1% in Zimbabwe, ranking 38/185 and 91/185, respectively.

Austria
Government spending

Government debt
Zimbabwe
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Austria Zimbabwe
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 36.3% 17.7% - -
1961 35.7% 16% - -
1962 37.6% 15.5% - -
1963 38.6% 15.6% - -
1964 38.7% 15.5% - -
1965 38.3% 14.8% - -
1966 38.7% 14.1% - -
1967 40.7% 15.6% - -
1968 40.9% 16.8% - -
1969 40.7% 16.8% - -
1970 39.5% 18.5% - -
1971 40% 17.3% - -
1972 40.1% 16.6% - -
1973 41.5% 16.6% - -
1974 42% 16.7% - -
1975 46.1% 22.7% - -
1976 47.9% 26% - -
1977 47.6% 28.3% - -
1978 50.8% 32% - -
1979 49.8% 33.9% - -
1980 50% 35.4% - -
1981 51.5% 37.3% - -
1982 52% 39.5% - -
1983 52.4% 43.4% - -
1984 52.6% 45.8% - -
1985 53.5% 47.5% - -
1986 54.3% 51.7% - -
1987 54.5% 55.2% - -
1988 53.1% 57.4% - -
1989 51.6% 56.3% - -
1990 46.8% 56.2% - -
1991 47.9% 56.4% - -
1992 49.3% 56.3% - -
1993 54.3% 61% - -
1994 54.3% 64.1% - -
1995 56.1% 68.2% - -
1996 55.9% 68.2% - -
1997 52.5% 63.4% - -
1998 54.4% 69.2% - -
1999 50.5% 61.3% - -
2000 50.9% 66.1% - -
2001 51.8% 67.2% - -
2002 51.6% 67.4% - -
2003 51.8% 66.4% - -
2004 54.3% 65.9% - -
2005 51.7% 69.4% 15.5% 33.1%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 8.46% 39.4%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 5.06% 44.7%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 3.75% 61.1%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 11.7% 58.7%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 18.4% 47.6%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 23.2% 42.9%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 20.6% 38.4%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 20.6% 37%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 20.4% 42.3%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 20.8% 48%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 23.6% 49.9%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 27.9% 68.9%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 20.3% 48.1%
2019 49.1% 71% 14.3% 82.3%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 13.8% 84.5%
2021 56% 82.4% 18.6% 58.2%
2022 53.1% 78.3% 21.5% 99.5%
2023 52.6% 78.4% 20% 96.6%
2024 56.3% 81.2% 18.6% 94.6%
2025 56.2% 82.9% 19.1% 58.6%
2026 55.9% 84.2% 18.3% 56.1%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was -$25.1B, equivalent to -4.69% of GDP. This compares to Zimbabwe's deficit of -$856M, or -2.06% of GDP.

Over the past 20 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 18 of those years, while Zimbabwe ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to -2.67% of GDP, compared to deficit of -3.07% of GDP for Zimbabwe.

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Zimbabwe
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Zimbabwe
1880 -1.4% -
1881 -3.91% -
1882 -1.06% -
1883 -0.69% -
1884 -6.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1886 -0.43% -
1887 -1.09% -
1888 -0.97% -
1889 -1.61% -
1890 -0.26% -
1891 -4.01% -
1892 -0.86% -
1893 -1.31% -
1894 -1.16% -
1895 0.36% -
1896 0.03% -
1897 0.1% -
1898 -0.17% -
1899 -0.08% -
1900 -0.05% -
1901 -0.56% -
1902 -0.75% -
1903 -0.97% -
1904 -1.12% -
1905 -0.71% -
1906 -0.05% -
1907 -2.73% -
1908 -1.24% -
1909 -5.51% -
1910 -0.42% -
1911 0.03% -
1912 -0.69% -
1913 -0.69% -
1914 -0.69% -
1915 -0.69% -
1916 -0.69% -
1917 -0.69% -
1918 -0.69% -
1919 -0.69% -
1920 -0.69% -
1921 -0.69% -
1922 -0.69% -
1923 -0.69% -
1924 -5.69% -
1925 -4.96% -
1926 -6.18% -
1927 -7.3% -
1928 -7.63% -
1929 -6.83% -
1930 -9.68% -
1931 -11.5% -
1932 -9.16% -
1933 -3.55% -
1934 -5.28% -
1935 -5.46% -
1936 -3.91% -
1937 -2.84% -
1938 -2.84% -
1939 -2.84% -
1940 -2.84% -
1941 -2.84% -
1942 -2.84% -
1943 -2.84% -
1944 -2.84% -
1945 -2.84% -
1946 -2.84% -
1947 -2.84% -
1948 -9.3% -
1949 -9.23% -
1950 -7.72% -
1951 -1.57% -
1952 -0.73% -
1953 -0.24% -
1954 -0.35% -
1955 -0.5% -
1956 -0.78% -
1957 -0.7% -
1958 -3.52% -
1959 -2.16% -
1960 -0.49% -
1961 1.68% -
1962 1.12% -
1963 -0.5% -
1964 0.48% -
1965 1.38% -
1966 1.73% -
1967 -0.56% -
1968 -0.83% -
1969 -0.08% -
1970 1.16% -
1971 1.46% -
1972 1.97% -
1973 1.24% -
1974 1.23% -
1975 -2.41% -
1976 -3.61% -
1977 -2.11% -
1978 -2.67% -
1979 -2.3% -
1980 -1.62% -
1981 -1.79% -
1982 -3.29% -
1983 -4.22% -
1984 -2.67% -
1985 -2.71% -
1986 -3.84% -
1987 -4.33% -
1988 -3.43% -
1989 -3.07% -
1990 -2.58% -
1991 -2.96% -
1992 -2.15% -
1993 -4.57% -
1994 -5.04% -
1995 -6.17% -
1996 -4.38% -
1997 -2.38% -
1998 -2.68% -
1999 -2.63% -
2000 -2.07% -
2001 -0.71% -
2002 -1.43% -
2003 -1.84% -
2004 -4.94% -
2005 -2.59% -5.12%
2006 -2.61% -2.07%
2007 -1.56% -2.47%
2008 -1.57% -1.77%
2009 -5.38% -2.06%
2010 -4.46% -0.15%
2011 -2.48% -2.45%
2012 -2.18% -0.18%
2013 -1.99% -0.97%
2014 -1.92% -1.02%
2015 -0.48% -2.04%
2016 -1.45% -6.59%
2017 -0.78% -10.4%
2018 0.2% -5.57%
2019 0.54% -2.64%
2020 -8.2% -0.49%
2021 -5.69% -3.22%
2022 -3.42% -4.88%
2023 -2.61% -5.32%
2024 -4.69% -2.06%
2025 -4.08% -0.5%
2026 -3.56% 0.44%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 28 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 93.4% in Zimbabwe. In 2024, inflation was 2.94% in Austria and 18.2% in Zimbabwe.

Inflation
Austria

Zimbabwe
Year Inflation
Austria Zimbabwe
1997 1.31% -1%
1998 0.92% -28%
1999 0.57% -13.4%
2000 2.34% 4.5%
2001 2.65% -37.2%
2002 1.81% -34.4%
2003 1.36% -8.6%
2004 2.06% 113.6%
2005 2.3% -31.5%
2006 1.44% 33%
2007 2.17% -72.7%
2008 3.22% 157%
2009 0.51% 6.2%
2010 1.81% 3%
2011 3.29% 3.5%
2012 2.49% 3.7%
2013 2% 1.6%
2014 1.61% -0.2%
2015 0.9% -2.4%
2016 0.89% -1.6%
2017 2.08% 0.9%
2018 2% 10.6%
2019 1.53% 255.3%
2020 1.38% 557%
2021 2.77% 98.5%
2022 8.55% 193.4%
2023 7.81% 667%
2024 2.94% 736%
2025 - 89%
2026 - 18.2%

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $4.94M
Machinery & equipment $1.33M
Chemicals & pharma $985K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $332K
Raw materials & minerals $62K
Wood & paper products $38K
Metals $20K
Animal & marine products $11K
Miscellaneous $1K
Zimbabwe
Export category Export value
Precious metals & jewellery $98K

Balance of trade

Austria Zimbabwe
Current account balance
$8.19B
2024
$501M
2024
Current account balance ranking
25/190
2024
62/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.53%
2024
+1.21%
2024
Goods imports
$195B
2024
$9.06B
2024
Goods exports
$201B
2024
$7.79B
2024
Service imports
$90.5B
2024
$1.66B
2024
Service exports
$96.6B
2024
$457M
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.1%
2024
23.4%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.7%
2024
18%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Zimbabwe
Economic freedom 69.7 35.1
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 191/197
Property rights 97 20.7
Government integrity 75.4 20.7
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 15.8
Tax burden 46.3 73.6
Government spending 13.5 87.6
Fiscal health 63.7 44.4
Business freedom 81.7 39.3
Labor freedom 81.8 33.2
Monetary freedom 72.7 0
Trade freedom 79.6 50.4
Investment freedom 60 25
Financial freedom 70 10

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.7, ranking 38/197, compared to 35.1 for Zimbabwe, ranking 191/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Austria
Zimbabwe
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Zimbabwe
1995 70 48.5
1996 68.9 46.7
1997 65.2 48
1998 65.4 44.6
1999 64 47.2
2000 68.4 48.7
2001 68.1 38.8
2002 67.4 36.7
2003 67.6 36.7
2004 67.6 34.4
2005 68.8 35.2
2006 71.1 33.5
2007 71.6 32
2008 71.4 29.5
2009 71.2 22.7
2010 71.6 21.4
2011 71.9 22.1
2012 70.3 26.3
2013 71.8 28.6
2014 72.4 35.5
2015 71.2 37.6
2016 71.7 38.2
2017 72.3 44
2018 71.8 44
2019 72 40.4
2020 73.3 43.1
2021 73.9 39.5
2022 73.8 33.1
2023 71.1 39
2024 68.4 38.2
2025 69.7 35.1

More economic indicators

Austria Zimbabwe
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
50.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
35%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.22%
2024
8.69%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$503B
2024
$39.9B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$71,860
2024
$5,870
2024
Total reserves including gold
$35.4B
2024
$485M
2024
Total reserves ranking
53/177
2024
157/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$135M
2024
-$465M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$465M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$131M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
n/a
3.44%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
38.3%
2019
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
8.85%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.