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Economy of Austria vs Tunisia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Austria has a GDP of $535B compared to $51.3B for Tunisia, ranking 30/197 and 93/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $432B in government debt (80.8% of GDP), compared to $42.8B (83.4% of GDP) in Tunisia.

Austria vs Tunisia GDP by year

Austria
Tunisia
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Tunisia
2024 $534,790,720,467 $51,332,285,657
2023 $516,670,509,629 $48,205,328,303
2022 $473,221,298,968 $44,929,920,093
2021 $480,466,363,177 $47,073,234,359
2020 $434,397,601,558 $42,491,780,918
2019 $442,983,642,372 $41,905,642,419
2018 $452,582,294,973 $42,686,504,460
2017 $414,926,138,133 $42,163,530,591
2016 $393,687,359,770 $44,360,072,680
2015 $379,546,097,301 $45,779,494,042
2014 $438,556,021,078 $50,271,812,921
2013 $426,580,502,769 $48,685,446,414
2012 $406,750,487,604 $47,311,401,813
2011 $428,954,737,064 $48,123,325,825
2010 $389,827,789,218 $46,206,091,938
2009 $399,290,118,782 $43,455,740,497
2008 $429,234,399,096 $44,859,439,902
2007 $386,760,177,589 $38,915,353,867
2006 $333,905,979,332 $34,376,664,601
2005 $313,952,317,331 $32,272,186,695
2004 $299,210,411,455 $31,183,885,241
2003 $260,779,834,340 $27,453,902,261
2002 $212,837,224,023 $23,141,616,605
2001 $196,477,206,829 $22,065,832,449
2000 $196,181,599,831 $21,473,528,161
1999 $216,421,809,126 $22,943,202,175
1998 $217,068,085,816 $21,802,893,587
1997 $211,724,812,267 $20,746,210,354
1996 $235,952,581,232 $19,587,161,807
1995 $240,094,169,510 $18,030,876,599
1994 $202,738,023,130 $15,633,174,304
1993 $189,634,029,339 $14,608,335,608
1992 $194,314,032,056 $15,496,708,060
1991 $173,113,449,617 $13,074,782,609
1990 $165,811,372,383 $12,290,568,182
1989 $132,584,448,258 $10,101,851,745
1988 $132,817,124,707 $10,096,245,762
1987 $123,682,091,859 $9,696,715,911
1986 $98,648,254,169 $9,017,806,654
1985 $69,114,996,010 $8,410,226,053
1984 $67,719,055,773 $8,254,541,195
1983 $71,838,528,420 $8,350,582,748
1982 $70,996,111,963 $8,133,580,052
1981 $70,755,997,062 $8,428,445,294
1980 $81,737,498,405 $8,744,134,354
1979 $73,647,694,287 $7,188,863,904
1978 $61,809,208,756 $5,968,460,080
1977 $51,343,861,460 $5,109,324,009
1976 $42,791,707,448 $4,508,191,942
1975 $39,902,300,703 $4,328,965,588
1974 $35,051,468,640 $3,545,868,575
1973 $29,399,860,145 $2,730,813,385
1972 $21,973,207,929 $2,237,556,149
1971 $17,788,536,733 $1,685,162,272
1970 $15,312,791,744 $1,439,238,095
1969 $13,647,475,854 $1,289,904,762
1968 $12,499,863,917 $1,214,666,667
1967 $11,634,569,522 $1,085,714,286
1966 $10,939,526,219 $1,040,952,381
1965 $10,041,659,445 $991,047,619
1964 $9,213,648,656 $1,025,866,792
1963 $8,414,050,621 $1,026,737,600
1962 $7,793,042,529 $880,027,733
1961 $7,346,566,038 $866,155,429
1960 $6,624,086,313 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/tunisia | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Tunisia by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Tunisia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Tunisia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $4,181 $14,521
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $3,951 $14,041
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $3,707 $13,619
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $3,907 $12,444
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $3,549 $11,918
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $3,529 $12,495
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $3,628 $11,841
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $3,619 $11,289
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $3,848 $10,994
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $4,015 $10,783
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $4,459 $10,947
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $4,370 $10,672
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $4,297 $10,615
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $4,421 $10,436
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $4,292 $10,555
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $4,080 $10,237
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $4,255 $9,975
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $3,727 $9,479
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $3,323 $8,729
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $3,147 $8,117
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $3,067 $7,672
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $2,726 $7,098
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $2,321 $6,715
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $2,236 $6,593
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $2,199 $6,279
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $2,376 $5,930
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $2,285 $5,579
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $2,202 $5,333
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $2,107 $5,040
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $1,968 $4,686
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $1,733 $4,555
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $1,649 $4,401
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $1,785 $4,292
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $1,538 $3,975
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $1,476 $3,780
1989 $17,401 - $1,239 -
1988 $17,510 - $1,266 -
1987 $16,329 - $1,245 -
1986 $13,032 - $1,187 -
1985 $9,136 - $1,135 -
1984 $8,956 - $1,143 -
1983 $9,500 - $1,184 -
1982 $9,373 - $1,177 -
1981 $9,348 - $1,247 -
1980 $10,827 - $1,324 -
1979 $9,755 - $1,113 -
1978 $8,173 - $946 -
1977 $6,784 - $830 -
1976 $5,656 - $752 -
1975 $5,265 - $741 -
1974 $4,613 - $624 -
1973 $3,875 - $493 -
1972 $2,913 - $415 -
1971 $2,372 - $320 -
1970 $2,051 - $280.5 -
1969 $1,834 - $257.7 -
1968 $1,686 - $248.9 -
1967 $1,577 - $228 -
1966 $1,494 - $223.8 -
1965 $1,381 - $217.3 -
1964 $1,275 - $228.5 -
1963 $1,173 - $231.9 -
1962 $1,093 - $201.4 -
1961 $1,037 - $200.7 -
1960 $940 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/tunisia | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $58,269, ranking 16/197, compared to $4,181 in Tunisia, ranking 129/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Tunisia ranks 114th at $14,521.

Economic indicators

Austria Tunisia
Gross domestic product
$535B
2024
$51.3B
2024
GDP rank
30/197
2024
93/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.66%
2023-2024
1.61%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$58,269
2024
$4,181
2024
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2024
129/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$14,521
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
114/197
2024
Government debt
$432B
2024
$42.8B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.8%
2024
83.4%
2024
Government debt per person
$47,075
2024
$3,487
2024
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2024
94/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,736
2026
$3,951
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$121B
2024
$8.3B
2024
Number of billionaires
9
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
27%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
3.1%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
56%
2024
33.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.94%
2023-2024
7%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
7.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.16%
2024
15.1%
2023
Population
9163419
12437803

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Tunisia
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Tunisia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 56% 80.8% 33.8% 83.4%
2023 52.7% 78.5% 35.7% 84%
2022 53% 78.4% 36.5% 83%
2021 56% 82.4% 33.2% 79.7%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 34.5% 77.7%
2019 49.1% 71% 29.5% 67.3%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 28.7% 72.9%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 28.7% 67.1%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 27.2% 58.9%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 27.4% 52.4%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 27.7% 50.7%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 30.8% 45.6%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 28.3% 49%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 27.9% 43.3%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 24% 38.8%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 24.6% 40.3%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 23.7% 41.4%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 23.3% 42.7%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 22.9% 45.7%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 23% 50%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 23% 51.6%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 23.5% 52.6%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 24.1% 51.6%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 24% 52.2%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 24% 62.9%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 24% 61.9%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 24.2% 58.2%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 24.5% 66.6%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 26.7% 66.8%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 26.6% 65.6%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 25.9% 63.9%
1993 54.3% 61% 26.7% 63.8%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 25.7% 62.1%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 27.6% 63.3%
1990 46.8% 56.2% - -
1989 51.6% 56.6% - -
1988 53.1% 57.7% - -
1987 54.5% 55.5% - -
1986 54.3% 52% - -
1985 53.5% 47.8% - -
1984 52.6% 46% - -
1983 52.4% 43.7% - -
1982 52% 39.7% - -
1981 51.5% 37.5% - -
1980 50% 35.6% - -
1979 49.8% 34.1% - -
1978 50.8% 32.2% - -
1977 47.6% 28.5% - -
1976 47.9% 26.2% - -
1975 46.1% 22.8% - -
1974 42% 16.8% - -
1973 41.5% 16.7% - -
1972 40.1% 16.7% - -
1971 40% 17.4% - -
1970 39.5% 18.6% - -
1969 40.7% 16.8% - -
1968 40.9% 16.8% - -
1967 40.7% 15.6% - -
1966 38.7% 14.1% - -
1965 38.3% 14.8% - -
1964 38.7% 15.5% - -
1963 38.6% 15.6% - -
1962 37.6% 15.5% - -
1961 35.7% 16% - -
1960 36.3% 17.7% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/tunisia | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government spending was $300B, accounting for 56% of its GDP, while Tunisia spent $17.4B, or 33.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.8% in Austria and 83.4% in Tunisia, ranking 44/185 and 40/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Tunisia
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Tunisia
2024 -4.64% -5.92%
2023 -2.62% -7.03%
2022 -3.31% -6.91%
2021 -5.69% -7.6%
2020 -8.2% -9.06%
2019 0.54% -3.6%
2018 0.2% -4.27%
2017 -0.78% -5.61%
2016 -1.45% -5.87%
2015 -0.48% -4.95%
2014 -1.92% -3.11%
2013 -1.99% -7.05%
2012 -2.18% -4.9%
2011 -2.48% -3.19%
2010 -4.46% -0.46%
2009 -5.38% -2.59%
2008 -1.57% -0.62%
2007 -1.56% -2.47%
2006 -2.61% -2.33%
2005 -2.59% -2.59%
2004 -4.94% -2.1%
2003 -1.84% -2.64%
2002 -1.43% -2.55%
2001 -0.71% -2.87%
2000 -2.07% -3.22%
1999 -2.63% -3.05%
1998 -2.68% -2.84%
1997 -2.38% -3.7%
1996 -4.38% -5.18%
1995 -6.17% -4.53%
1994 -5.04% -2.87%
1993 -4.57% -3.22%
1992 -2.15% -3.45%
1991 -2.96% -5.25%
1990 -2.58% -
1989 -3.07% -
1988 -3.43% -
1987 -4.33% -
1986 -3.84% -
1985 -2.71% -
1984 -2.67% -
1983 -4.22% -
1982 -3.29% -
1981 -1.79% -
1980 -1.62% -
1979 -2.3% -
1978 -2.67% -
1977 -2.11% -
1976 -3.61% -
1975 -2.41% -
1974 1.23% -
1973 1.24% -
1972 1.97% -
1971 1.46% -
1970 1.16% -
1969 -0.08% -
1968 -0.83% -
1967 -0.56% -
1966 1.73% -
1965 1.38% -
1964 0.48% -
1963 -0.5% -
1962 1.12% -
1961 1.68% -
1960 -0.49% -
1959 -2.16% -
1958 -3.52% -
1957 -0.7% -
1956 -0.78% -
1955 -0.5% -
1954 -0.35% -
1953 -0.24% -
1952 -0.73% -
1951 -1.57% -
1950 -7.72% -
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/tunisia | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.8B, equivalent to 4.64% of GDP. This compares to Tunisia's deficit of $3.04B, or 5.92% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while Tunisia ran a deficit in 34 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.86% of GDP, compared to deficit of 4.05% of GDP for Tunisia.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Tunisia
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Tunisia
2024 2.94% 7%
2023 7.81% 9.3%
2022 8.55% 8.3%
2021 2.77% 5.7%
2020 1.38% 5.6%
2019 1.53% 6.7%
2018 2% 7.3%
2017 2.08% 5.3%
2016 0.89% 3.6%
2015 0.9% 4.4%
2014 1.61% 4.6%
2013 2% 5.3%
2012 2.49% 4.6%
2011 3.29% 3.2%
2010 1.81% 4.4%
2009 0.51% 3.5%
2008 3.22% 4.9%
2007 2.17% 3.4%
2006 1.44% 4.1%
2005 2.3% 2%
2004 2.06% 3.7%
2003 1.36% 2.7%
2002 1.81% 2.7%
2001 2.65% 1.9%
2000 2.34% 2.8%
1999 0.57% 2.8%
1998 0.92% 3.1%
1997 1.31% 3.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/tunisia | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 4.52% in Tunisia. In 2024, inflation was 2.94% in Austria and 7% in Tunisia.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $48.6M
Chemicals & pharma $13.4M
Metals $7.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $7.5M
Wood & paper products $7.46M
Textiles & consumer goods $5.98M
Animal & marine products $2.18M
Raw materials & minerals $1.7M
Miscellaneous $446K
Weapons & explosives $234K
Tunisia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $149M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.24M
Metals $1.42M
Raw agricultural goods $1.01M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $557K
Chemicals & pharma $323K
Wood & paper products $134K
Animal & marine products $41K
Raw materials & minerals $18K

Balance of trade

Austria Tunisia
Current account balance
$8.19B
2024
-$775M
2024
Current account balance ranking
25/190
2024
117/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.53%
2024
-1.51%
2024
Goods imports
$195B
2024
$18.7B
2024
Goods exports
$201B
2024
$8.95B
2024
Service imports
$90.5B
2024
$3.92B
2024
Service exports
$96.6B
2024
$11.2B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.1%
2024
56.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.7%
2024
50%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Tunisia
Economic freedom 69.8 48.1
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 172/197
Property rights 95.7 55.7
Government integrity 75 42.1
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 39.7
Tax burden 45.7 68.5
Government spending 12.8 62.5
Fiscal health 67.1 16
Business freedom 78.7 59.4
Labor freedom 81.6 55.8
Monetary freedom 76.4 72.4
Trade freedom 79.4 54.6
Investment freedom 60 20
Financial freedom 70 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Tunisia
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Tunisia
2026 69.8 48.1
2025 69.7 49.1
2024 68.4 48.8
2023 71.1 52.9
2022 73.8 54.2
2021 73.9 56.6
2020 73.3 55.8
2019 72 55.4
2018 71.8 58.9
2017 72.3 55.7
2016 71.7 57.6
2015 71.2 57.7
2014 72.4 57.3
2013 71.8 57
2012 70.3 58.6
2011 71.9 58.5
2010 71.6 58.9
2009 71.2 58
2008 71.4 60.1
2007 71.6 60.3
2006 71.1 57.5
2005 68.8 55.4
2004 67.6 58.4
2003 67.6 58.1
2002 67.4 60.2
2001 68.1 60.8
2000 68.4 61.3
1999 64 61.1
1998 65.4 63.9
1997 65.2 63.8
1996 68.9 63.9
1995 70 63.4

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/tunisia | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 48.1 for Tunisia, ranking 172/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Tunisia
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
62.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
22.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.22%
2024
9.74%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$503B
2024
$47.7B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$74,160
2024
$14,230
2024
Total reserves including gold
$35.4B
2024
$9.34B
2024
Total reserves ranking
53/177
2024
80/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$135M
2024
-$725M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$760M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$34.6M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
10.9%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
16.6%
2021
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
7.86%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/tunisia | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2020–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.