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Economy of India vs Kiribati compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

India has a GDP of $3.96T compared to $349M for Kiribati, ranking 6/197 and 192/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.33T in government debt (84.1% of GDP), compared to $27.8M (7.95% of GDP) in Kiribati.

India vs Kiribati GDP by year

India
Kiribati
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Kiribati
2025 $3,956,067,115,772 $349,227,254
2024 $3,760,813,470,501 $343,153,235
2023 $3,500,906,030,645 $291,657,338
2022 $3,249,938,492,013 $271,214,375
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $285,451,584
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $220,909,307
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $216,891,541
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $233,859,230
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $223,029,865
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $206,467,819
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $191,559,399
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $200,287,282
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $201,730,861
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $207,001,546
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $195,970,140
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $165,458,433
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $140,177,384
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $147,017,895
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $138,054,946
2006 $940,259,888,788 $112,338,353
2005 $820,383,763,511 $113,895,437
2004 $709,152,728,831 $104,085,892
2003 $607,700,687,237 $96,105,619
2002 $514,939,140,319 $74,743,869
2001 $485,440,139,204 $64,935,850
2000 $468,395,521,654 $74,910,527
1999 $458,821,052,616 $77,323,978
1998 $421,351,317,225 $74,905,706
1997 $415,867,563,593 $80,205,807
1996 $392,896,866,205 $81,456,854
1995 $360,281,909,643 $68,596,395
1994 $327,274,843,459 $67,055,334
1993 $279,295,648,983 $58,953,596
1992 $288,208,070,278 $61,491,369
1991 $270,105,341,879 $41,247,792
1990 $320,979,026,420 $36,534,295
1989 $296,042,052,945 $37,645,319
1988 $296,589,670,896 $38,278,810
1987 $279,033,584,092 $29,554,413
1986 $248,985,994,041 $25,993,009
1985 $232,511,554,840 $26,126,615
1984 $212,157,645,178 $34,394,167
1983 $218,262,146,413 $31,000,546
1982 $200,715,624,831 $32,742,713
1981 $193,491,368,446 $35,267,489
1980 $186,328,579,302 $33,157,723
1979 $152,995,442,498 $34,466,197
1978 $137,302,319,829 $36,563,965
1977 $121,486,641,441 $31,335,459
1976 $102,716,451,980 $33,246,817
1975 $98,473,832,017 $44,547,454
1974 $99,526,597,934 $69,256,489
1973 $85,517,673,173 $25,645,040
1972 $71,464,700,667 $15,314,346
1971 $67,351,404,352 $12,356,134
1970 $62,422,483,055 $11,560,877
1969 $58,447,995,017 -
1968 $53,085,455,871 -
1967 $50,134,942,204 -
1966 $45,581,230,504 -
1965 $59,556,105,229 -
1964 $56,480,289,941 -
1963 $48,421,923,459 -
1962 $42,161,481,858 -
1961 $39,232,435,784 -
1960 $37,029,883,876 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kiribati | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Kiribati by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Kiribati
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Kiribati
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,702 - $2,559 -
2024 $2,592 $11,160 $2,551 $3,702
2023 $2,434 $10,323 $2,201 $3,486
2022 $2,280 $9,207 $2,079 $3,329
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $2,224 $3,020
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $1,752 $2,711
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $1,750 $2,763
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $1,916 $2,672
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $1,854 $2,562
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $1,743 $2,463
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $1,640 $2,311
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $1,737 $2,084
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $1,772 $2,049
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $1,844 $1,896
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $1,771 $1,786
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $1,522 $1,724
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $1,317 $1,718
2008 $993 $3,633 $1,411 $1,735
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $1,353 $1,792
2006 $802 $3,221 $1,123 $1,728
2005 $710 $2,937 $1,162 $1,617
2004 $624 $2,682 $1,083 $1,579
2003 $544 $2,461 $1,021 $1,578
2002 $469 $2,277 $810 $1,605
2001 $450 $2,200 $719 $1,591
2000 $443 $2,091 $845 $1,638
1999 $442 $2,006 $887 $1,526
1998 $414 $1,852 $874 $1,593
1997 $416 $1,759 $953 $1,535
1996 $401 $1,695 $986 $1,519
1995 $375 $1,579 $844 $1,518
1994 $348 $1,467 $838 $1,469
1993 $303 $1,374 $748 $1,431
1992 $319 $1,309 $792 $1,421
1991 $306 $1,239 $540 $1,139
1990 $371 $1,212 $488 $1,192
1989 $350 - $515 -
1988 $358 - $536 -
1987 $345 - $424 -
1986 $315 - $382 -
1985 $301 - $393 -
1984 $281 - $527 -
1983 $296 - $483 -
1982 $278.7 - $519 -
1981 $275 - $568 -
1980 $271.1 - $542 -
1979 $228 - $573 -
1978 $209.4 - $611 -
1977 $189.6 - $520 -
1976 $164.1 - $548 -
1975 $161.1 - $730 -
1974 $166.7 - $1,131 -
1973 $146.6 - $422 -
1972 $125.3 - $256.2 -
1971 $120.7 - $210.7 -
1970 $114.4 - $201 -
1969 $109.5 - - -
1968 $101.6 - - -
1967 $98 - - -
1966 $91 - - -
1965 $121.5 - - -
1964 $117.9 - - -
1963 $103.4 - - -
1962 $92.2 - - -
1961 $87.9 - - -
1960 $84.9 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kiribati | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,702, ranking 149/197, compared to $2,559 in Kiribati, ranking 152/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Kiribati ranks 169th at $3,702.

Economic indicators

India Kiribati
Gross domestic product
$3.96T
2025
$349M
2025
GDP rank
6/197
2025
192/197
2025
GDP growth
7.57%
2024-2025
4.22%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,702
2025
$2,559
2025
GDP per capita rank
149/197
2025
152/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$3,702
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
169/197
2024
Government debt
$3.33T
2025
$27.8M
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.1%
2025
7.95%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,272
2025
$203.4
2025
Government debt per person rank
116/185
2025
181/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,974
2026
$2,170
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$10.6T
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
944,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
229
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
20.9%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
4.4%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
88.2%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.4%
2024-2025
6.5%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.51%
2025
2.79%
2023
Population
1483314140
139471

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Kiribati
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Kiribati
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 28.5% 84.1% 88.2% 7.95%
2024 29.3% 84.8% 86.1% 8.9%
2023 29.7% 85% 94.4% 11.3%
2022 30% 84.6% 87.2% 16.2%
2021 30.7% 85.7% 84% 17.3%
2020 31.8% 90.6% 102.2% 21%
2019 27.4% 76.7% 108.3% 18.5%
2018 26.8% 71.7% 108.8% 19%
2017 26.6% 70.8% 92.1% 20.2%
2016 27.6% 69.8% 99% 21.2%
2015 27.3% 69.8% 90.9% 18.8%
2014 26.2% 67.6% 101.2% 8.97%
2013 26.5% 68% 78% 8.86%
2012 27.2% 68.1% 83.9% 8.13%
2011 27.3% 68.7% 80.9% 8.8%
2010 27.7% 67.7% 75.7% 9.43%
2009 28.1% 72.7% 74.7% 10.3%
2008 28.3% 74.3% 79.4% 13.9%
2007 26.1% 75.4% 77.3% 11.1%
2006 25.6% 77.9% 82.1% 12.9%
2005 26% 82.4% 95.6% 12.1%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 103.8% 13.6%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 84.4% 12.3%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 96.9% 13.3%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 101.3% 17%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 66% 12.7%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 77.6% 11.8%
1998 26% 69.3% 74.7% 9.81%
1997 25.2% 69% 70.9% 10.7%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 68.4% 11%
1995 25% 70.9% 69.6% 12.3%
1994 26.2% 74.8% 54.6% 12.3%
1993 26.2% 78.3% 55.3% 10.9%
1992 26.7% 78.8% 65.9% 7.31%
1991 26.8% 76.7% 82.1% 8.43%
1990 25.4% 50.8% 105.5% 7.72%
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kiribati | CC BY

In 2025, India's government spending was $1.13T, accounting for 28.5% of its GDP, while Kiribati spent $308M, or 88.2% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.1% in India and 7.95% in Kiribati, ranking 38/185 and 182/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Kiribati
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Kiribati
2025 -7.44% -14.5%
2024 -7.85% -14.1%
2023 -8.37% 1.81%
2022 -9.23% -18.2%
2021 -9.7% -10.8%
2020 -13.2% 3.57%
2019 -7.86% 10.8%
2018 -6.46% 5.18%
2017 -6.33% 34.1%
2016 -7.21% 20.1%
2015 -7.28% 42.5%
2014 -6.9% 35%
2013 -6.78% 11.8%
2012 -7.32% -5.43%
2011 -8.03% -17.6%
2010 -8.53% -7.8%
2009 -9.26% -8.56%
2008 -8.15% -15.8%
2007 -3.73% -12.5%
2006 -5.11% -12.3%
2005 -6.64% -9.96%
2004 -9.22% -19.2%
2003 -11.4% -8.93%
2002 -11.1% 3.13%
2001 -11% -10.9%
2000 -8.41% -0.03%
1999 -8.7% -1.81%
1998 -9.74% 14.6%
1997 -8.28% 5.92%
1996 -6.71% -20.2%
1995 -6.81% -5.14%
1994 -8% 0.74%
1993 -8.57% 6.27%
1992 -7.89% 0.79%
1991 -7.44% 3.87%
1990 -7.63% -4.62%
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kiribati | CC BY

In 2025, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $294B, equivalent to 7.44% of GDP. This compares to Kiribati's deficit of $50.6M, or 14.5% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 36 of those years, while Kiribati ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.12% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.51% of GDP for Kiribati.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Kiribati
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Kiribati
2025 2.4% 6.5%
2024 4.95% 2.5%
2023 5.65% 9.3%
2022 6.7% 5.3%
2021 5.13% 2.1%
2020 6.62% 2.6%
2019 3.73% -1.8%
2018 3.94% 0.6%
2017 3.33% 0.4%
2016 4.95% 1.9%
2015 4.91% 0.6%
2014 6.67% 2.1%
2013 10% -1.5%
2012 9.48% -3%
2011 8.91% 1.5%
2010 12% -3.9%
2009 10.9% 9.8%
2008 8.35% 13.7%
2007 6.37% 3.6%
2006 5.8% -1%
2005 4.25% -0.4%
2004 3.77% -0.7%
2003 3.81% 1.6%
2002 4.3% 3.2%
2001 3.78% 6%
2000 4.01% 0.4%
1999 4.67% 1.8%
1998 13.2% 3.7%
1997 7.16% 2.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kiribati | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.2%, compared with 2.4% in Kiribati. In 2025, inflation was 2.4% in India and 6.5% in Kiribati.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Metals $1.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $689K
Chemicals & pharma $407K
Textiles & consumer goods $402K
Machinery & equipment $97K
Animal & marine products $89K
Raw materials & minerals $53K
Raw agricultural goods $52K
Wood & paper products $11K
Weapons & explosives $8K
Kiribati
Export category Export value

Balance of trade

India Kiribati
Current account balance
-$16.5B
2025
-$61.3M
2025
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2025
77/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.42%
2025
-17.6%
2025
Goods imports
$761B
2025
$270M
2025
Goods exports
$450B
2025
$17.3M
2025
Service imports
$203B
2025
$110M
2025
Service exports
$412B
2025
$8.63M
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
24%
2025
97.6%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.3%
2025
4.52%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Kiribati
Economic freedom 52.5 50.8
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 158/197
Property rights 48.3 69.6
Government integrity 37.8 50.5
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 54.6
Tax burden 71.2 72.6
Government spending 75.7 0
Fiscal health 6.7 19.8
Business freedom 67.4 60.2
Labor freedom 59 65.3
Monetary freedom 70.9 76.7
Trade freedom 61 80
Investment freedom 40 30
Financial freedom 40 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Kiribati
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Kiribati
2026 52.5 50.8
2025 53 50.9
2024 52.9 51.3
2023 52.9 58.8
2022 53.9 59.2
2021 56.5 44.4
2020 56.5 45.2
2019 55.2 47.3
2018 54.5 50.8
2017 52.6 50.9
2016 56.2 46.2
2015 54.6 46.4
2014 55.7 46.3
2013 55.2 45.9
2012 54.6 46.9
2011 54.6 44.8
2010 53.8 43.7
2009 54.4 45.7
2008 54.1 -
2007 53.9 -
2006 52.2 -
2005 54.2 -
2004 51.5 -
2003 51.2 -
2002 51.2 -
2001 49 -
2000 47.4 -
1999 50.2 -
1998 49.7 -
1997 49.7 -
1996 47.4 -
1995 45.1 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kiribati | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 50.8 for Kiribati, ranking 158/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Kiribati
Services, % of GDP
49.3%
2025
70.3%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
11.8%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.2%
2025
23.2%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.04T
2025
$537M
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,600
2025
$6,080
2025
Total reserves including gold
$700B
2025
n/a
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2025
n/a
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.41B
2025
-$4.14M
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$8.07M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$16.4K
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.47%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
5.5%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
34.6%
2025
29.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/kiribati | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.