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Economy of Austria vs Singapore compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Austria has a GDP of $579B compared to $604B for Singapore, ranking 29/197 and 28/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $466B in government debt (80.5% of GDP), compared to $1.03T (171.3% of GDP) in Singapore.

Austria vs Singapore GDP by year

Austria
Singapore
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Singapore
2025 $579,470,021,095 $603,869,516,999
2024 $534,790,720,467 $572,877,260,178
2023 $516,670,509,629 $511,181,761,244
2022 $473,221,298,968 $514,252,535,239
2021 $480,466,363,177 $441,110,903,525
2020 $434,397,601,558 $351,226,533,656
2019 $442,983,642,372 $376,827,390,962
2018 $452,582,294,973 $377,976,367,877
2017 $414,926,138,133 $344,795,119,214
2016 $393,687,359,770 $320,759,207,439
2015 $379,546,097,301 $307,998,545,269
2014 $438,556,021,078 $314,863,580,758
2013 $426,580,502,769 $307,576,360,585
2012 $406,750,487,604 $295,092,888,077
2011 $428,954,737,064 $279,356,499,090
2010 $389,827,789,218 $239,807,980,591
2009 $399,290,118,782 $194,150,283,772
2008 $429,234,399,096 $193,617,323,539
2007 $386,760,177,589 $180,941,701,358
2006 $333,905,979,332 $148,627,286,361
2005 $313,952,317,331 $127,807,848,728
2004 $299,210,411,455 $115,033,593,101
2003 $260,779,834,340 $97,646,401,096
2002 $212,837,224,023 $92,538,372,870
2001 $196,477,206,829 $89,793,790,670
2000 $196,181,599,831 $96,076,539,926
1999 $216,421,809,126 $86,286,849,755
1998 $217,068,085,816 $85,728,207,782
1997 $211,724,812,267 $100,123,787,215
1996 $235,952,581,232 $96,293,086,513
1995 $240,094,169,510 $87,812,540,788
1994 $202,738,023,130 $73,688,724,431
1993 $189,634,029,339 $60,603,815,716
1992 $194,314,032,056 $52,131,320,033
1991 $173,113,449,617 $45,466,164,978
1990 $165,811,372,383 $36,144,336,769
1989 $132,584,448,258 $30,465,364,739
1988 $132,817,124,707 $25,371,462,488
1987 $123,682,091,859 $20,919,215,578
1986 $98,648,254,169 $18,586,746,057
1985 $69,114,996,010 $19,156,532,746
1984 $67,719,055,773 $19,749,361,098
1983 $71,838,528,420 $17,784,112,150
1982 $70,996,111,963 $16,084,252,378
1981 $70,755,997,062 $14,175,228,844
1980 $81,737,498,405 $11,896,256,783
1979 $73,647,694,287 $9,296,921,724
1978 $61,809,208,756 $7,517,176,355
1977 $51,343,861,460 $6,618,585,074
1976 $42,791,707,448 $6,327,077,974
1975 $39,902,300,703 $5,633,673,930
1974 $35,051,468,640 $5,221,534,956
1973 $29,399,860,145 $3,696,213,333
1972 $21,973,207,929 $2,721,440,981
1971 $17,788,536,733 $2,263,785,444
1970 $15,312,791,744 $1,920,574,150
1969 $13,647,475,854 $1,659,893,768
1968 $12,499,863,917 $1,425,706,091
1967 $11,634,569,522 $1,238,035,816
1966 $10,939,526,219 $1,096,425,608
1965 $10,041,659,445 $974,644,096
1964 $9,213,648,656 $894,153,311
1963 $8,414,050,621 $917,608,012
1962 $7,793,042,529 $826,239,212
1961 $7,346,566,038 $764,629,788
1960 $6,624,086,313 $704,751,700

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/singapore | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Singapore by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Singapore
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Singapore
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $62,930 - $98,814 -
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $94,897 $150,689
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $86,383 $143,786
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $91,228 $143,095
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $80,885 $132,617
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $61,773 $101,518
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $66,069 $105,335
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $67,033 $103,963
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $61,436 $95,744
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $57,204 $89,902
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $55,646 $87,156
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $57,565 $84,555
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $56,967 $83,088
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $55,548 $82,108
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $53,891 $80,052
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $47,237 $75,401
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $38,927 $66,213
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $40,009 $67,735
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $39,433 $68,805
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $33,768 $64,061
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $29,961 $58,822
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $27,608 $54,384
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $23,730 $48,778
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $22,160 $45,083
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $21,700 $43,109
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $23,853 $43,781
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $21,797 $39,949
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $21,829 $37,560
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $26,376 $39,286
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $26,233 $36,873
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $24,915 $35,090
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $21,552 $33,058
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $18,290 $30,062
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $16,136 $27,022
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $14,502 $25,530
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $11,862 $23,815
1989 $17,401 - $10,395 -
1988 $17,510 - $8,914 -
1987 $16,329 - $7,539 -
1986 $13,032 - $6,800 -
1985 $9,136 - $7,002 -
1984 $8,956 - $7,228 -
1983 $9,500 - $6,633 -
1982 $9,373 - $6,078 -
1981 $9,348 - $5,597 -
1980 $10,827 - $4,928 -
1979 $9,755 - $3,901 -
1978 $8,173 - $3,194 -
1977 $6,784 - $2,846 -
1976 $5,656 - $2,759 -
1975 $5,265 - $2,490 -
1974 $4,613 - $2,342 -
1973 $3,875 - $1,685 -
1972 $2,913 - $1,264 -
1971 $2,372 - $1,071 -
1970 $2,051 - $926 -
1969 $1,834 - $813 -
1968 $1,686 - $709 -
1967 $1,577 - $626 -
1966 $1,494 - $567 -
1965 $1,381 - $517 -
1964 $1,275 - $486 -
1963 $1,173 - $511 -
1962 $1,093 - $472 -
1961 $1,037 - $449 -
1960 $940 - $428 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/singapore | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $62,930, ranking 16/197, compared to $98,814 in Singapore, ranking 7/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Singapore ranks 2nd at $150,689.

Economic indicators

Austria Singapore
Gross domestic product
$579B
2025
$604B
2025
GDP rank
29/197
2025
28/197
2025
GDP growth
0.62%
2024-2025
5.03%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$62,930
2025
$98,814
2025
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2025
7/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$150,689
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
2/197
2024
Government debt
$466B
2025
$1.03T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.5%
2025
171.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,654
2025
$169,228
2025
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2025
1/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,467
2026
$51,296
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$211B
2025
$824B
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
244,000
2026
Number of billionaires
9
2026
55
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
n/a
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
n/a
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.2%
2025
15.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.53%
2024-2025
0.9%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
5.78%
2025
3.26%
2025
Population
9201502
6167445

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Singapore
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Singapore
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55.2% 80.5% 15.5% 171.3%
2024 55.2% 79.2% 14.3% 166%
2023 52.2% 77.8% 14.6% 170.4%
2022 53% 78.1% 14.9% 153.3%
2021 56% 82.4% 15.4% 139.9%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 24% 147.1%
2019 49.1% 71% 14% 127.7%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 13.9% 109.2%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 13.6% 107.3%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 15.2% 105.9%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 14.4% 102.1%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 12.6% 97.7%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 10.9% 98.2%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 9.83% 106.7%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 9.66% 103.1%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 10.2% 98.7%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 15.9% 101.7%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 14% 97.9%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 9.01% 87.8%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 12.3% 86.5%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 12.4% 92.7%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 14.1% 95.7%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 15.6% 99.1%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 15.9% 96.3%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 18.2% 94.5%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 16.1% 82.3%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 15.9% 85.3%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 18.1% 84.6%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 14.5% 70.8%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 18.1% 71.3%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 13.8% 69.8%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 11.7% 70.7%
1993 54.3% 61% 14.5% 71.2%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 14.5% 79%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 15.9% 76.4%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 15.1% 73.5%
1989 51.6% 56.6% - -
1988 53.1% 57.7% - -
1987 54.5% 55.5% - -
1986 54.3% 52% - -
1985 53.5% 47.8% - -
1984 52.6% 46% - -
1983 52.4% 43.7% - -
1982 52% 39.7% - -
1981 51.5% 37.5% - -
1980 50% 35.6% - -
1979 49.8% 34.1% - -
1978 50.8% 32.2% - -
1977 47.6% 28.5% - -
1976 47.9% 26.2% - -
1975 46.1% 22.8% - -
1974 42% 16.8% - -
1973 41.5% 16.7% - -
1972 40.1% 16.7% - -
1971 40% 17.4% - -
1970 39.5% 18.6% - -
1969 40.7% 16.8% - -
1968 40.9% 16.8% - -
1967 40.7% 15.6% - -
1966 38.7% 14.1% - -
1965 38.3% 14.8% - -
1964 38.7% 15.5% - -
1963 38.6% 15.6% - -
1962 37.6% 15.5% - -
1961 35.7% 16% - -
1960 36.3% 17.7% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/singapore | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government spending was $320B, accounting for 55.2% of its GDP, while Singapore spent $93.3B, or 15.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.5% in Austria and 171.3% in Singapore, ranking 42/185 and 5/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Singapore
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Singapore
2025 -4.52% 4.16%
2024 -4.68% 3.79%
2023 -2.59% 3.42%
2022 -3.41% 1.2%
2021 -5.69% 1.11%
2020 -8.2% -6.68%
2019 0.54% 3.76%
2018 0.2% 3.67%
2017 -0.78% 5.23%
2016 -1.45% 3.24%
2015 -0.48% 2.86%
2014 -1.92% 4.6%
2013 -1.99% 5.96%
2012 -2.18% 7.34%
2011 -2.48% 7.96%
2010 -4.46% 5.68%
2009 -5.38% -0.09%
2008 -1.57% 3.59%
2007 -1.56% 7.12%
2006 -2.61% 2.16%
2005 -2.59% 2.56%
2004 -4.94% 2.06%
2003 -1.84% 0.68%
2002 -1.43% 2.23%
2001 -0.71% 1.2%
2000 -2.07% 4.59%
1999 -2.63% 5.2%
1998 -2.68% 2.41%
1997 -2.38% 5.66%
1996 -4.38% 1.98%
1995 -6.17% 4.8%
1994 -5.04% 7.9%
1993 -4.57% 4.36%
1992 -2.15% 2.7%
1991 -2.96% 0.68%
1990 -2.58% 1.97%
1989 -3.07% -
1988 -3.43% -
1987 -4.33% -
1986 -3.84% -
1985 -2.71% -
1984 -2.67% -
1983 -4.22% -
1982 -3.29% -
1981 -1.79% -
1980 -1.62% -
1979 -2.3% -
1978 -2.67% -
1977 -2.11% -
1976 -3.61% -
1975 -2.41% -
1974 1.23% -
1973 1.24% -
1972 1.97% -
1971 1.46% -
1970 1.16% -
1969 -0.08% -
1968 -0.83% -
1967 -0.56% -
1966 1.73% -
1965 1.38% -
1964 0.48% -
1963 -0.5% -
1962 1.12% -
1961 1.68% -
1960 -0.49% -
1959 -2.16% -
1958 -3.52% -
1957 -0.7% -
1956 -0.78% -
1955 -0.5% -
1954 -0.35% -
1953 -0.24% -
1952 -0.73% -
1951 -1.57% -
1950 -7.72% -
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/singapore | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 4.52% of GDP. This compares to Singapore's surplus of $25.1B, or 4.16% of GDP.

Over the past 36 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 34 of those years, while Singapore ran a deficit in 2 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.9% of GDP, compared to surplus of 3.36% of GDP for Singapore.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Singapore
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Singapore
2025 3.53% 0.9%
2024 2.94% 2.39%
2023 7.81% 4.83%
2022 8.55% 6.13%
2021 2.77% 2.32%
2020 1.38% -0.17%
2019 1.53% 0.57%
2018 2% 0.44%
2017 2.08% 0.58%
2016 0.89% -0.53%
2015 0.9% -0.52%
2014 1.61% 1.03%
2013 2% 2.36%
2012 2.49% 4.58%
2011 3.29% 5.25%
2010 1.81% 2.83%
2009 0.51% 0.59%
2008 3.22% 6.64%
2007 2.17% 2.11%
2006 1.44% 0.97%
2005 2.3% 0.43%
2004 2.06% 1.66%
2003 1.36% 0.51%
2002 1.81% -0.39%
2001 2.65% 1%
2000 2.34% 1.36%
1999 0.57% 0.02%
1998 0.92% -0.27%
1997 1.31% 2%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/singapore | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 1.71% in Singapore. In 2025, inflation was 3.53% in Austria and 0.9% in Singapore.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $326M
Chemicals & pharma $67.8M
IT & IP services $45.4M
Business & finance services $43.2M
Transport & tourism services $41.1M
Metals $38.9M
Textiles & consumer goods $31.2M
Precious metals & jewellery $25.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $9.15M
Wood & paper products $8.95M
Singapore
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $182M
Precious metals & jewellery $8.03M
Chemicals & pharma $8M
Textiles & consumer goods $5.27M
Raw materials & minerals $4.31M
Animal & marine products $2.67M
Metals $2.6M
Miscellaneous $216K
Wood & paper products $143K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $88K

Balance of trade

Austria Singapore
Current account balance
$10.4B
2025
$101B
2025
Current account balance ranking
24/190
2025
8/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.79%
2025
+16.7%
2025
Goods imports
$208B
2025
$475B
2025
Goods exports
$214B
2025
$652B
2025
Service imports
$98.3B
2025
$385B
2025
Service exports
$105B
2025
$422B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
142.5%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.7%
2025
177.9%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Singapore
Economic freedom 69.8 84.4
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 1/197
Property rights 95.7 89.2
Government integrity 75 86.1
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 58.3
Tax burden 45.7 89.5
Government spending 12.8 93.4
Fiscal health 67.1 80
Business freedom 78.7 90.6
Labor freedom 81.6 77
Monetary freedom 76.4 83.5
Trade freedom 79.4 95
Investment freedom 60 90
Financial freedom 70 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Singapore
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Singapore
2026 69.8 84.4
2025 69.7 84.1
2024 68.4 83.5
2023 71.1 83.9
2022 73.8 84.4
2021 73.9 89.7
2020 73.3 89.4
2019 72 89.4
2018 71.8 88.8
2017 72.3 88.6
2016 71.7 87.8
2015 71.2 89.4
2014 72.4 89.4
2013 71.8 88
2012 70.3 87.5
2011 71.9 87.2
2010 71.6 86.1
2009 71.2 87.1
2008 71.4 87.3
2007 71.6 87.1
2006 71.1 88
2005 68.8 88.6
2004 67.6 88.9
2003 67.6 88.2
2002 67.4 87.4
2001 68.1 87.8
2000 68.4 87.7
1999 64 86.9
1998 65.4 87
1997 65.2 87.3
1996 68.9 86.5
1995 70 86.3

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/singapore | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 84.4 for Singapore, ranking 1/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Singapore
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2025
71.6%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2025
22.7%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.26%
2025
0.02%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$556B
2025
$500B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$77,010
2025
$135,750
2025
Total reserves including gold
$53.4B
2025
$432B
2025
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2025
11/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$5.61B
2025
-$64.9B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$135B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$63.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
n/a
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2025
22.5%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/singapore | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.