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Economy of Cambodia vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Cambodia has a GDP of $46.4B compared to $3.91T for India, ranking 97/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cambodia has $12B in government debt (25.9% of GDP), compared to $3.19T (81.6% of GDP) in India.

Cambodia vs India GDP by year

Cambodia
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cambodia India
2024 $46,352,647,037 $3,909,891,533,858
2023 $42,335,646,896 $3,638,489,096,034
2022 $39,994,532,960 $3,346,107,287,731
2021 $36,790,163,687 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $34,818,073,901 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $36,685,356,408 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $33,145,892,169 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $29,355,665,910 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $26,556,545,153 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $24,174,170,369 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $22,041,463,968 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $19,807,135,253 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $17,826,536,700 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $16,032,622,024 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $13,808,673,288 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $12,502,901,170 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $12,174,303,999 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $10,127,916,460 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $8,350,531,017 $940,259,888,788
2005 $7,066,296,463 $820,383,763,511
2004 $5,883,297,160 $709,152,728,831
2003 $5,046,693,484 $607,700,687,237
2002 $4,501,227,627 $514,939,140,319
2001 $4,145,665,970 $485,440,139,204
2000 $3,694,168,979 $468,395,521,654
1999 $3,517,242,477 $458,821,052,616
1998 $3,120,425,503 $421,351,317,225
1997 $3,443,413,389 $415,867,563,593
1996 $3,506,695,720 $392,896,866,205
1995 $3,441,205,693 $360,281,909,643
1994 $2,791,435,272 $327,274,843,459
1993 $2,533,727,592 $279,295,648,983
1992 $2,491,486,594 $288,208,070,278
1991 $2,054,974,089 $270,105,341,879
1990 $1,402,541,177 $320,979,026,420
1989 $1,353,137,648 $296,042,052,945
1988 $1,662,877,859 $296,589,670,896
1987 $1,036,974,910 $279,033,584,092
1986 $1,167,630,318 $248,985,994,041
1985 $1,102,669,184 $232,511,554,840
1984 $1,021,176,059 $212,157,645,178
1983 $939,291,262 $218,262,146,413
1982 $865,516,040 $200,715,624,831
1981 $815,153,652 $193,491,368,446
1980 $744,384,130 $186,328,579,302
1979 $723,738,503 $152,995,442,498
1978 $766,642,356 $137,302,319,829
1977 $716,261,764 $121,486,641,441
1976 $790,357,255 $102,716,451,980
1975 $749,129,748 $98,473,832,017
1974 - $99,526,597,934
1973 - $85,517,673,173
1972 - $71,464,700,667
1971 - $67,351,404,352
1970 - $62,422,483,055
1969 - $58,447,995,017
1968 - $53,085,455,871
1967 - $50,134,942,204
1966 - $45,581,230,504
1965 - $59,556,105,229
1964 - $56,480,289,941
1963 - $48,421,923,459
1962 - $42,161,481,858
1961 - $39,232,435,784
1960 - $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cambodia vs India by year

Cambodia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cambodia India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,628 $7,967 $2,695 $11,160
2023 $2,430 $7,431 $2,530 $10,323
2022 $2,325 $6,919 $2,347 $9,207
2021 $2,167 $6,226 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $2,082 $5,942 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $2,226 $6,154 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $2,037 $5,617 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $1,826 $5,050 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $1,675 $4,748 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $1,547 $4,434 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $1,432 $4,118 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $1,306 $3,891 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $1,193 $3,583 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $1,089 $3,223 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $952 $2,989 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $876 $2,854 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $866 $2,769 $993 $3,633
2007 $732 $2,566 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $612 $2,297 $802 $3,221
2005 $526 $2,038 $710 $2,937
2004 $444 $1,770 $624 $2,682
2003 $387 $1,598 $544 $2,461
2002 $350 $1,442 $469 $2,277
2001 $328 $1,357 $450 $2,200
2000 $296.4 $1,256 $443 $2,091
1999 $286.8 $1,134 $442 $2,006
1998 $258.8 $1,009 $414 $1,852
1997 $297.6 $994 $416 $1,759
1996 $325 $1,006 $401 $1,695
1995 $343 $1,006 $375 $1,579
1994 $302 $972 $348 $1,467
1993 $294.1 $1,565 $303 $1,374
1992 $307 $1,560 $319 $1,309
1991 $267.3 $1,504 $306 $1,239
1990 $190.2 $1,410 $371 $1,212
1989 $191.3 - $350 -
1988 $244.1 - $358 -
1987 $158.1 - $345 -
1986 $185.8 - $315 -
1985 $182.4 - $301 -
1984 $174.7 - $281 -
1983 $166.7 - $296 -
1982 $159.2 - $278.7 -
1981 $154.3 - $275 -
1980 $143.2 - $271.1 -
1979 $142.2 - $228 -
1978 $147.1 - $209.4 -
1977 $126.4 - $189.6 -
1976 $128.8 - $164.1 -
1975 $113.8 - $161.1 -
1974 - - $166.7 -
1973 - - $146.6 -
1972 - - $125.3 -
1971 - - $120.7 -
1970 - - $114.4 -
1969 - - $109.5 -
1968 - - $101.6 -
1967 - - $98 -
1966 - - $91 -
1965 - - $121.5 -
1964 - - $117.9 -
1963 - - $103.4 -
1962 - - $92.2 -
1961 - - $87.9 -
1960 - - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/india | CC BY

Cambodia's GDP per capita is $2,628, ranking 145/197, compared to $2,695 in India, ranking 143/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cambodia ranks 142nd at $7,967, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Cambodia India
Gross domestic product
$46.4B
2024
$3.91T
2024
GDP rank
97/197
2024
5/197
2024
GDP growth
5.98%
2023-2024
6.49%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,628
2024
$2,695
2024
GDP per capita rank
145/197
2024
143/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$7,967
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
142/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$12B
2024
$3.19T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
25.9%
2024
81.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$681
2024
$2,200
2024
Government debt per person rank
156/185
2024
118/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,258
2026
$4,596
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$5.13T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
917,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
205
2025
Income share by richest 10% n/a
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10% n/a
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
17.3%
2024
28.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
0.9%
2023-2024
4.95%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
0.26%
2023
4.17%
2024
Population
18113986
1480351380

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cambodia
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cambodia India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 17.3% 25.9% 28.4% 81.6%
2023 19.1% 26.3% 27.9% 80.7%
2022 18.7% 25.5% 29.1% 82.2%
2021 21% 25.9% 29.9% 83.5%
2020 20.3% 25.2% 31% 88.4%
2019 17.6% 20.8% 26.8% 75.1%
2018 16.1% 21.1% 26.3% 70.4%
2017 16.2% 22.6% 26.2% 69.7%
2016 15.2% 21.8% 27.2% 68.9%
2015 14.5% 23.3% 27.1% 69%
2014 16.5% 24.2% 26.2% 67.1%
2013 16.4% 24.4% 26.6% 67.7%
2012 17.1% 24.9% 27.4% 68%
2011 16.5% 23.8% 27.6% 68.7%
2010 17% 23.4% 28% 67.7%
2009 17% 23.7% 28.5% 72.7%
2008 13.1% 23% 29.3% 74.3%
2007 12.3% 25.1% 26.9% 75.4%
2006 11.3% 26.7% 26.9% 77.9%
2005 11% 31.7% 26.9% 82.4%
2004 12.6% 38.7% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 14.5% 39.8% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 16.1% 37.8% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 14.5% 33.5% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 14.9% 34.9% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 13.8% 34.6% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 13.4% 37.2% 26% 69.3%
1997 12.4% 31.4% 25.2% 69%
1996 15.7% 30.1% 24.4% 67.1%
1995 - - 25% 70.9%
1994 - - 26.2% 74.8%
1993 - - 26.2% 78.3%
1992 - - 26.7% 78.8%
1991 - - 27.3% 76.7%
1990 - - 25.8% 50.8%
1989 - - 25.7% 50.5%
1988 - - 24.9% 48.9%
1987 - - 22.5% 48.9%
1986 - - 23.2% 47.9%
1985 - - 21.6% 44.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/india | CC BY

In 2024, Cambodia's government spending was $8B, accounting for 17.3% of its GDP, while India spent $1.11T, or 28.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 25.9% in Cambodia and 81.6% in India, ranking 164/185 and 43/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cambodia

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cambodia India
2024 -2.67% -7.9%
2023 -2.83% -7.4%
2022 -0.29% -8.97%
2021 -5.18% -9.45%
2020 -2.53% -12.9%
2019 2.19% -7.69%
2018 0.28% -6.34%
2017 -0.76% -6.23%
2016 -0.29% -7.12%
2015 -0.65% -7.21%
2014 -1.24% -7.07%
2013 -2.01% -7%
2012 -3.57% -7.55%
2011 -3.76% -8.35%
2010 -3.09% -8.79%
2009 -3.98% -9.7%
2008 0.43% -9.17%
2007 0.62% -4.59%
2006 -0.15% -6.38%
2005 -0.34% -7.49%
2004 -3.23% -9.22%
2003 -5.69% -11.4%
2002 -6.07% -11.1%
2001 -4.95% -11%
2000 -4.76% -8.41%
1999 -3.79% -8.7%
1998 -5.35% -9.74%
1997 -3.7% -8.28%
1996 -7.53% -6.71%
1995 - -6.81%
1994 - -8%
1993 - -8.57%
1992 - -7.89%
1991 - -7.9%
1990 - -8.07%
1989 - -7.68%
1988 - -7.01%
1987 - -9.53%
1986 - -10.6%
1985 - -9.58%
1984 - -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 - -0.32%
1938 - -0.16%
1937 - -0.1%
1936 - -0.45%
1935 - -0.4%
1934 - -0.09%
1933 - 0%
1932 - 0.03%
1931 - -0.68%
1930 - -1.02%
1929 - -0.91%
1928 - -0.87%
1927 - -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/india | CC BY

In 2024, Cambodia's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $1.24B, equivalent to 2.67% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $309B, or 7.9% of GDP.

Over the past 29 years, Cambodia recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 29 years. On average, Cambodia posted an annual deficit equal to 2.58% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.34% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cambodia

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cambodia India
2024 0.9% 4.95%
2023 2.1% 5.65%
2022 5.3% 6.7%
2021 2.9% 5.13%
2020 2.9% 6.62%
2019 2% 3.73%
2018 2.4% 3.94%
2017 2.9% 3.33%
2016 3% 4.95%
2015 1.2% 4.91%
2014 3.9% 6.67%
2013 2.9% 10%
2012 2.9% 9.48%
2011 5.5% 8.91%
2010 4% 12%
2009 -0.7% 10.9%
2008 25% 8.35%
2007 7.7% 6.37%
2006 6.1% 5.8%
2005 6.3% 4.25%
2004 3.9% 3.77%
2003 1% 3.81%
2002 0% 4.3%
2001 -0.1% 3.78%
2000 -0.8% 4.01%
1999 2% 4.67%
1998 12.9% 13.2%
1997 10.5% 7.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/india | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Cambodia has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 4.24%, compared with 6.33% in India. In 2024, inflation was 0.9% in Cambodia and 4.95% in India.

Top exports between countries

Cambodia
Export category Export value
Textiles & consumer goods $48.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $48.2M
Machinery & equipment $46.9M
Metals $4.14M
Raw agricultural goods $3.66M
Animal & marine products $1.07M
Chemicals & pharma $900K
Raw materials & minerals $641K
Precious metals & jewellery $119K
Miscellaneous $53K
India
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $65.5M
Machinery & equipment $41.6M
Animal & marine products $20.4M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $19.1M
Metals $17.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $15.7M
Raw agricultural goods $4M
Raw materials & minerals $3.78M
Miscellaneous $1.14M
Wood & paper products $884K

Balance of trade

Cambodia India
Current account balance
$228M
2024
-$32.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
65/190
2024
186/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.49%
2024
-0.82%
2024
Goods imports
$31.2B
2024
$727B
2024
Goods exports
$26.8B
2024
$447B
2024
Service imports
$3.08B
2024
$197B
2024
Service exports
$4.97B
2024
$375B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
72.1%
2024
23.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71.4%
2024
21.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cambodia India
Economic freedom 58.7 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 108/197 146/197
Property rights 38.1 48.3
Government integrity 18.9 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 21.2 52.6
Tax burden 90.3 71.2
Government spending 89.9 75.7
Fiscal health 92.7 6.7
Business freedom 60.8 67.4
Labor freedom 48.3 59
Monetary freedom 77 70.9
Trade freedom 67.8 61
Investment freedom 50 40
Financial freedom 50 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cambodia
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cambodia India
2026 58.7 52.5
2025 58.2 53
2024 55.6 52.9
2023 56.5 52.9
2022 57.1 53.9
2021 57.3 56.5
2020 57.3 56.5
2019 57.8 55.2
2018 58.7 54.5
2017 59.5 52.6
2016 57.9 56.2
2015 57.5 54.6
2014 57.4 55.7
2013 58.5 55.2
2012 57.6 54.6
2011 57.9 54.6
2010 56.6 53.8
2009 56.6 54.4
2008 55.9 54.1
2007 55.9 53.9
2006 56.7 52.2
2005 60 54.2
2004 61.1 51.5
2003 63.7 51.2
2002 60.7 51.2
2001 59.6 49
2000 59.3 47.4
1999 59.9 50.2
1998 59.8 49.7
1997 52.8 49.7
1996 - 47.4
1995 - 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cambodia is 58.7, ranking 108/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cambodia India
Services, % of GDP
35.6%
2024
49.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
41.8%
2024
24.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.6%
2024
16.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$44.9B
2024
$3.84T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$7,910
2024
$11,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$22.5B
2024
$643B
2024
Total reserves ranking
58/177
2024
5/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$4.22B
2024
-$2.89B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$4.39B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$172M
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
7.41%
2024
2.38%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
17.7%
2012
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.2%
2024
32.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cambodia/india | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.