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Economy of Czech Republic vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

The Czech Republic has a GDP of $347B compared to $3.91T for India, ranking 44/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Czech Republic has $150B in government debt (43.3% of GDP), compared to $3.19T (81.6% of GDP) in India.

Czech Republic vs India GDP by year

Czech Republic
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Czech Republic India
2024 $347,034,062,928 $3,909,891,533,858
2023 $345,059,295,660 $3,638,489,096,034
2022 $301,831,228,326 $3,346,107,287,731
2021 $290,972,714,482 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $251,109,660,603 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $256,794,209,029 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $251,992,360,762 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $221,563,575,696 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $198,160,659,304 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $189,107,698,562 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $210,911,285,078 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $213,024,360,541 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $210,363,223,088 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $231,429,378,717 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $211,168,667,286 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $206,971,882,705 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $236,506,264,754 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $190,040,702,287 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $156,236,258,387 $940,259,888,788
2005 $137,264,185,596 $820,383,763,511
2004 $120,147,899,984 $709,152,728,831
2003 $100,435,924,705 $607,700,687,237
2002 $82,607,869,610 $514,939,140,319
2001 $68,135,304,464 $485,440,139,204
2000 $62,175,642,238 $468,395,521,654
1999 $65,586,562,605 $458,821,052,616
1998 $67,187,217,328 $421,351,317,225
1997 $62,539,765,163 $415,867,563,593
1996 $67,804,105,330 $392,896,866,205
1995 $60,572,381,311 $360,281,909,643
1994 $48,188,478,339 $327,274,843,459
1993 $41,155,654,032 $279,295,648,983
1992 $35,051,065,440 $288,208,070,278
1991 $30,071,014,282 $270,105,341,879
1990 $41,016,881,802 $320,979,026,420
1989 - $296,042,052,945
1988 - $296,589,670,896
1987 - $279,033,584,092
1986 - $248,985,994,041
1985 - $232,511,554,840
1984 - $212,157,645,178
1983 - $218,262,146,413
1982 - $200,715,624,831
1981 - $193,491,368,446
1980 - $186,328,579,302
1979 - $152,995,442,498
1978 - $137,302,319,829
1977 - $121,486,641,441
1976 - $102,716,451,980
1975 - $98,473,832,017
1974 - $99,526,597,934
1973 - $85,517,673,173
1972 - $71,464,700,667
1971 - $67,351,404,352
1970 - $62,422,483,055
1969 - $58,447,995,017
1968 - $53,085,455,871
1967 - $50,134,942,204
1966 - $45,581,230,504
1965 - $59,556,105,229
1964 - $56,480,289,941
1963 - $48,421,923,459
1962 - $42,161,481,858
1961 - $39,232,435,784
1960 - $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Czech Republic vs India by year

Czech Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Czech Republic India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $31,823 $57,285 $2,695 $11,160
2023 $31,762 $55,761 $2,530 $10,323
2022 $28,282 $52,947 $2,347 $9,207
2021 $27,696 $47,796 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $23,473 $44,839 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $24,063 $45,614 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $23,706 $41,638 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $20,913 $39,346 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $18,754 $36,445 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $17,932 $34,093 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $20,038 $32,743 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $20,260 $31,013 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $20,014 $29,466 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $22,049 $29,237 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $20,160 $28,154 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $19,817 $27,713 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $22,775 $27,938 $993 $3,633
2007 $18,453 $26,268 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $15,259 $23,914 $802 $3,221
2005 $13,442 $22,115 $710 $2,937
2004 $11,783 $20,988 $624 $2,682
2003 $9,852 $19,604 $544 $2,461
2002 $8,101 $18,344 $469 $2,277
2001 $6,669 $17,709 $450 $2,200
2000 $6,063 $16,332 $443 $2,091
1999 $6,378 $15,494 $442 $2,006
1998 $6,527 $15,064 $414 $1,852
1997 $6,069 $14,911 $416 $1,759
1996 $6,573 $14,781 $401 $1,695
1995 $5,865 $13,957 $375 $1,579
1994 $4,663 $12,862 $348 $1,467
1993 $3,984 $12,242 $303 $1,374
1992 $3,397 $11,963 $319 $1,309
1991 $2,917 $11,768 $306 $1,239
1990 $3,969 $12,848 $371 $1,212
1989 - - $350 -
1988 - - $358 -
1987 - - $345 -
1986 - - $315 -
1985 - - $301 -
1984 - - $281 -
1983 - - $296 -
1982 - - $278.7 -
1981 - - $275 -
1980 - - $271.1 -
1979 - - $228 -
1978 - - $209.4 -
1977 - - $189.6 -
1976 - - $164.1 -
1975 - - $161.1 -
1974 - - $166.7 -
1973 - - $146.6 -
1972 - - $125.3 -
1971 - - $120.7 -
1970 - - $114.4 -
1969 - - $109.5 -
1968 - - $101.6 -
1967 - - $98 -
1966 - - $91 -
1965 - - $121.5 -
1964 - - $117.9 -
1963 - - $103.4 -
1962 - - $92.2 -
1961 - - $87.9 -
1960 - - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

The Czech Republic's GDP per capita is $31,823, ranking 39/197, compared to $2,695 in India, ranking 143/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Czech Republic ranks 35th at $57,285, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Czech Republic India
Gross domestic product
$347B
2024
$3.91T
2024
GDP rank
44/197
2024
5/197
2024
GDP growth
1.23%
2023-2024
6.49%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$31,823
2024
$2,695
2024
GDP per capita rank
39/197
2024
143/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,285
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
35/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$150B
2024
$3.19T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
43.3%
2024
81.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$13,792
2024
$2,200
2024
Government debt per person rank
43/185
2024
118/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,139
2026
$4,596
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$34.6B
2024
$5.13T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
917,000
2025
Number of billionaires
11
2025
205
2025
Income share by richest 10%
21.5%
2023
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.8%
2023
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
42.8%
2024
28.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.44%
2023-2024
4.95%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
3.5%
2025
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.6%
2024
4.17%
2024
Population
10649126
1480351380

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Czech Republic
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Czech Republic India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 42.8% 43.3% 28.4% 81.6%
2023 43.7% 42.2% 27.9% 80.7%
2022 43% 42.5% 29.1% 82.2%
2021 45% 40.7% 29.9% 83.5%
2020 46.3% 36.9% 31% 88.4%
2019 40.4% 29.6% 26.8% 75.1%
2018 40.1% 31.7% 26.3% 70.4%
2017 38.5% 33.8% 26.2% 69.7%
2016 39.4% 36.2% 27.2% 68.9%
2015 41.7% 39.5% 27.1% 69%
2014 42.3% 41.5% 26.2% 67.1%
2013 42.4% 44.1% 26.6% 67.7%
2012 44.4% 43.8% 27.4% 68%
2011 42.8% 39.4% 27.6% 68.7%
2010 43.2% 36.7% 28% 67.7%
2009 44.5% 33.4% 28.5% 72.7%
2008 40.9% 28.2% 29.3% 74.3%
2007 40.5% 27.3% 26.9% 75.4%
2006 41.5% 27.6% 26.9% 77.9%
2005 42.3% 27.7% 26.9% 82.4%
2004 42.2% 28.3% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 49% 28.1% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 44.4% 25.7% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 43.1% 22.6% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 40.6% 16.9% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 40.9% 15.1% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 41.6% 13.9% 26% 69.3%
1997 41.3% 12.1% 25.2% 69%
1996 41.4% 11.5% 24.4% 67.1%
1995 52.8% 13.5% 25% 70.9%
1994 - - 26.2% 74.8%
1993 - - 26.2% 78.3%
1992 - - 26.7% 78.8%
1991 - - 27.3% 76.7%
1990 - - 25.8% 50.8%
1989 - - 25.7% 50.5%
1988 - - 24.9% 48.9%
1987 - - 22.5% 48.9%
1986 - - 23.2% 47.9%
1985 - - 21.6% 44.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

In 2024, the Czech Republic's government spending was $148B, accounting for 42.8% of its GDP, while India spent $1.11T, or 28.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 43.3% in the Czech Republic and 81.6% in India, ranking 124/185 and 43/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Czech Republic

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Czech Republic India
2024 -1.99% -7.9%
2023 -3.73% -7.4%
2022 -3.07% -8.97%
2021 -4.95% -9.45%
2020 -5.65% -12.9%
2019 0.28% -7.69%
2018 0.88% -6.34%
2017 1.46% -6.23%
2016 0.68% -7.12%
2015 -0.67% -7.21%
2014 -2.09% -7.07%
2013 -1.3% -7%
2012 -3.92% -7.55%
2011 -2.71% -8.35%
2010 -4.14% -8.79%
2009 -5.46% -9.7%
2008 -2% -9.17%
2007 -0.68% -4.59%
2006 -2.19% -6.38%
2005 -3.06% -7.49%
2004 -2.4% -9.22%
2003 -6.87% -11.4%
2002 -6.34% -11.1%
2001 -5.76% -11%
2000 -3.55% -8.41%
1999 -3.08% -8.7%
1998 -4.14% -9.74%
1997 -3.14% -8.28%
1996 -2.98% -6.71%
1995 -12.3% -6.81%
1994 - -8%
1993 - -8.57%
1992 - -7.89%
1991 - -7.9%
1990 - -8.07%
1989 - -7.68%
1988 - -7.01%
1987 - -9.53%
1986 - -10.6%
1985 - -9.58%
1984 - -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 - -0.32%
1938 - -0.16%
1937 - -0.1%
1936 - -0.45%
1935 - -0.4%
1934 - -0.09%
1933 - 0%
1932 - 0.03%
1931 - -0.68%
1930 - -1.02%
1929 - -0.91%
1928 - -0.87%
1927 - -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

In 2024, the Czech Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $6.92B, equivalent to 1.99% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $309B, or 7.9% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, the Czech Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, the Czech Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 3.16% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.29% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Czech Republic

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Czech Republic India
2024 2.44% 4.95%
2023 10.7% 5.65%
2022 15.1% 6.7%
2021 3.84% 5.13%
2020 3.16% 6.62%
2019 2.85% 3.73%
2018 2.15% 3.94%
2017 2.45% 3.33%
2016 0.68% 4.95%
2015 0.31% 4.91%
2014 0.34% 6.67%
2013 1.44% 10%
2012 3.29% 9.48%
2011 1.92% 8.91%
2010 1.47% 12%
2009 1.02% 10.9%
2008 6.36% 8.35%
2007 2.85% 6.37%
2006 2.53% 5.8%
2005 1.86% 4.25%
2004 2.76% 3.77%
2003 0.12% 3.81%
2002 1.9% 4.3%
2001 4.66% 3.78%
2000 3.78% 4.01%
1999 2.14% 4.67%
1998 10.7% 13.2%
1997 8.6% 7.16%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, the Czech Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.62%, compared with 6.33% in India. In 2024, inflation was 2.44% in the Czech Republic and 4.95% in India.

Top exports between countries

Czech Republic
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $816M
Transport & tourism services $88.2M
Chemicals & pharma $84.5M
Metals $53.7M
Raw materials & minerals $52M
Textiles & consumer goods $28.7M
Business & finance services $17.3M
IT & IP services $17.1M
Wood & paper products $5.24M
Weapons & explosives $5.21M
India
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.87B
Chemicals & pharma $107M
Textiles & consumer goods $82.6M
Metals $43.8M
Weapons & explosives $14.9M
Raw materials & minerals $14.7M
Precious metals & jewellery $4.1M
Raw agricultural goods $2.97M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.31M
Wood & paper products $798K

Balance of trade

Czech Republic India
Current account balance
$6.05B
2024
-$32.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
31/190
2024
186/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.74%
2024
-0.82%
2024
Goods imports
$179B
2024
$727B
2024
Goods exports
$197B
2024
$447B
2024
Service imports
$38B
2024
$197B
2024
Service exports
$42.5B
2024
$375B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
62.6%
2024
23.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
68.9%
2024
21.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Czech Republic India
Economic freedom 73.2 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 25/197 146/197
Property rights 89.8 48.3
Government integrity 64.7 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 92.1 52.6
Tax burden 78.8 71.2
Government spending 44.2 75.7
Fiscal health 82.5 6.7
Business freedom 76.8 67.4
Labor freedom 55.1 59
Monetary freedom 75 70.9
Trade freedom 79.4 61
Investment freedom 70 40
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Czech Republic
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Czech Republic India
2026 73.2 52.5
2025 72.9 53
2024 70.2 52.9
2023 71.9 52.9
2022 74.4 53.9
2021 73.8 56.5
2020 74.8 56.5
2019 73.7 55.2
2018 74.2 54.5
2017 73.3 52.6
2016 73.2 56.2
2015 72.5 54.6
2014 72.2 55.7
2013 70.9 55.2
2012 69.9 54.6
2011 70.4 54.6
2010 69.8 53.8
2009 69.4 54.4
2008 68.1 54.1
2007 67.4 53.9
2006 66.4 52.2
2005 64.6 54.2
2004 67 51.5
2003 67.5 51.2
2002 66.5 51.2
2001 70.2 49
2000 68.6 47.4
1999 69.7 50.2
1998 68.4 49.7
1997 68.8 49.7
1996 68.1 47.4
1995 67.8 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Czech Republic is 73.2, ranking 25/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Czech Republic India
Services, % of GDP
60.2%
2024
49.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
29.2%
2024
24.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.9%
2024
16.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$322B
2024
$3.84T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$54,800
2024
$11,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$146B
2024
$643B
2024
Total reserves ranking
22/177
2024
5/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.87B
2024
-$2.89B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.1B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$11.2B
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.38%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
10.2%
2021
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.3%
2024
32.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.