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Economy of Czech Republic vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

The Czech Republic has a GDP of $391B compared to $3.96T for India, ranking 42/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Czech Republic has $174B in government debt (44.6% of GDP), compared to $3.33T (84.1% of GDP) in India.

Czech Republic vs India GDP by year

Czech Republic
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Czech Republic India
2025 $391,026,962,800 $3,956,067,115,772
2024 $347,082,562,221 $3,760,813,470,501
2023 $345,059,295,660 $3,500,906,030,645
2022 $301,831,228,326 $3,249,938,492,013
2021 $290,972,714,482 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $251,109,660,603 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $256,794,209,029 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $251,992,360,762 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $221,563,575,696 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $198,160,659,304 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $189,107,698,562 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $210,911,285,078 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $213,024,360,541 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $210,363,223,088 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $231,429,378,717 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $211,168,667,286 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $206,971,882,705 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $236,506,264,754 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $190,040,702,287 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $156,236,258,387 $940,259,888,788
2005 $137,264,185,596 $820,383,763,511
2004 $120,147,899,984 $709,152,728,831
2003 $100,435,924,705 $607,700,687,237
2002 $82,607,869,610 $514,939,140,319
2001 $68,135,304,464 $485,440,139,204
2000 $62,175,642,238 $468,395,521,654
1999 $65,586,562,605 $458,821,052,616
1998 $67,187,217,328 $421,351,317,225
1997 $62,539,765,163 $415,867,563,593
1996 $67,804,105,330 $392,896,866,205
1995 $60,572,381,311 $360,281,909,643
1994 $48,188,478,339 $327,274,843,459
1993 $41,155,654,032 $279,295,648,983
1992 $35,051,065,440 $288,208,070,278
1991 $30,071,014,282 $270,105,341,879
1990 $41,016,881,802 $320,979,026,420
1989 - $296,042,052,945
1988 - $296,589,670,896
1987 - $279,033,584,092
1986 - $248,985,994,041
1985 - $232,511,554,840
1984 - $212,157,645,178
1983 - $218,262,146,413
1982 - $200,715,624,831
1981 - $193,491,368,446
1980 - $186,328,579,302
1979 - $152,995,442,498
1978 - $137,302,319,829
1977 - $121,486,641,441
1976 - $102,716,451,980
1975 - $98,473,832,017
1974 - $99,526,597,934
1973 - $85,517,673,173
1972 - $71,464,700,667
1971 - $67,351,404,352
1970 - $62,422,483,055
1969 - $58,447,995,017
1968 - $53,085,455,871
1967 - $50,134,942,204
1966 - $45,581,230,504
1965 - $59,556,105,229
1964 - $56,480,289,941
1963 - $48,421,923,459
1962 - $42,161,481,858
1961 - $39,232,435,784
1960 - $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Czech Republic vs India by year

Czech Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Czech Republic India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $35,917 - $2,702 -
2024 $31,828 $57,285 $2,592 $11,160
2023 $31,762 $55,761 $2,434 $10,323
2022 $28,282 $52,947 $2,280 $9,207
2021 $27,696 $47,796 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $23,473 $44,839 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $24,063 $45,614 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $23,706 $41,638 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $20,913 $39,346 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $18,754 $36,445 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $17,932 $34,093 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $20,038 $32,743 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $20,260 $31,013 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $20,014 $29,466 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $22,049 $29,237 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $20,160 $28,154 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $19,817 $27,713 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $22,775 $27,938 $993 $3,633
2007 $18,453 $26,268 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $15,259 $23,914 $802 $3,221
2005 $13,442 $22,115 $710 $2,937
2004 $11,783 $20,988 $624 $2,682
2003 $9,852 $19,604 $544 $2,461
2002 $8,101 $18,344 $469 $2,277
2001 $6,669 $17,709 $450 $2,200
2000 $6,063 $16,332 $443 $2,091
1999 $6,378 $15,494 $442 $2,006
1998 $6,527 $15,064 $414 $1,852
1997 $6,069 $14,911 $416 $1,759
1996 $6,573 $14,781 $401 $1,695
1995 $5,865 $13,957 $375 $1,579
1994 $4,663 $12,862 $348 $1,467
1993 $3,984 $12,242 $303 $1,374
1992 $3,397 $11,963 $319 $1,309
1991 $2,917 $11,768 $306 $1,239
1990 $3,969 $12,848 $371 $1,212
1989 - - $350 -
1988 - - $358 -
1987 - - $345 -
1986 - - $315 -
1985 - - $301 -
1984 - - $281 -
1983 - - $296 -
1982 - - $278.7 -
1981 - - $275 -
1980 - - $271.1 -
1979 - - $228 -
1978 - - $209.4 -
1977 - - $189.6 -
1976 - - $164.1 -
1975 - - $161.1 -
1974 - - $166.7 -
1973 - - $146.6 -
1972 - - $125.3 -
1971 - - $120.7 -
1970 - - $114.4 -
1969 - - $109.5 -
1968 - - $101.6 -
1967 - - $98 -
1966 - - $91 -
1965 - - $121.5 -
1964 - - $117.9 -
1963 - - $103.4 -
1962 - - $92.2 -
1961 - - $87.9 -
1960 - - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

The Czech Republic's GDP per capita is $35,917, ranking 35/197, compared to $2,702 in India, ranking 149/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Czech Republic ranks 35th at $57,285, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Czech Republic India
Gross domestic product
$391B
2025
$3.96T
2025
GDP rank
42/197
2025
6/197
2025
GDP growth
2.58%
2024-2025
7.57%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$35,917
2025
$2,702
2025
GDP per capita rank
35/197
2025
149/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$57,285
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
35/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$174B
2025
$3.33T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
44.6%
2025
84.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$16,026
2025
$2,272
2025
Government debt per person rank
42/185
2025
116/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$22,312
2026
$2,974
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$55.4B
2025
$10.6T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
944,000
2026
Number of billionaires
11
2026
229
2026
Income share by richest 10%
21.5%
2023
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.8%
2023
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
43.5%
2025
28.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.46%
2024-2025
2.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
3.5%
2025
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
2.8%
2025
4.51%
2025
Population
10742283
1483314140

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Czech Republic
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Czech Republic India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 43.5% 44.6% 28.5% 84.1%
2024 42.9% 43.3% 29.3% 84.8%
2023 43.7% 42.2% 29.7% 85%
2022 43% 42.5% 30% 84.6%
2021 45% 40.7% 30.7% 85.7%
2020 46.3% 36.9% 31.8% 90.6%
2019 40.4% 29.6% 27.4% 76.7%
2018 40.1% 31.7% 26.8% 71.7%
2017 38.5% 33.8% 26.6% 70.8%
2016 39.4% 36.2% 27.6% 69.8%
2015 41.7% 39.5% 27.3% 69.8%
2014 42.3% 41.5% 26.2% 67.6%
2013 42.4% 44.1% 26.5% 68%
2012 44.4% 43.8% 27.2% 68.1%
2011 42.8% 39.4% 27.3% 68.7%
2010 43.2% 36.7% 27.7% 67.7%
2009 44.5% 33.4% 28.1% 72.7%
2008 40.9% 28.2% 28.3% 74.3%
2007 40.5% 27.3% 26.1% 75.4%
2006 41.5% 27.6% 25.6% 77.9%
2005 42.3% 27.7% 26% 82.4%
2004 42.2% 28.3% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 49% 28.1% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 44.4% 25.7% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 43.1% 22.6% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 40.6% 16.9% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 40.9% 15.1% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 41.6% 13.9% 26% 69.3%
1997 41.3% 12.1% 25.2% 69%
1996 41.4% 11.5% 24.4% 67.1%
1995 52.8% 13.5% 25% 70.9%
1994 - - 26.2% 74.8%
1993 - - 26.2% 78.3%
1992 - - 26.7% 78.8%
1991 - - 26.8% 76.7%
1990 - - 25.4% 50.8%
1989 - - 25.7% 50.5%
1988 - - 24.9% 48.9%
1987 - - 22.5% 48.9%
1986 - - 23.2% 47.9%
1985 - - 21.6% 44.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

In 2025, the Czech Republic's government spending was $170B, accounting for 43.5% of its GDP, while India spent $1.13T, or 28.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 44.6% in the Czech Republic and 84.1% in India, ranking 119/185 and 38/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Czech Republic

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Czech Republic India
2025 -2.03% -7.44%
2024 -2.03% -7.85%
2023 -3.73% -8.37%
2022 -3.07% -9.23%
2021 -4.95% -9.7%
2020 -5.65% -13.2%
2019 0.28% -7.86%
2018 0.88% -6.46%
2017 1.46% -6.33%
2016 0.68% -7.21%
2015 -0.67% -7.28%
2014 -2.09% -6.9%
2013 -1.3% -6.78%
2012 -3.92% -7.32%
2011 -2.71% -8.03%
2010 -4.14% -8.53%
2009 -5.46% -9.26%
2008 -2% -8.15%
2007 -0.68% -3.73%
2006 -2.19% -5.11%
2005 -3.06% -6.64%
2004 -2.4% -9.22%
2003 -6.87% -11.4%
2002 -6.34% -11.1%
2001 -5.76% -11%
2000 -3.55% -8.41%
1999 -3.08% -8.7%
1998 -4.14% -9.74%
1997 -3.14% -8.28%
1996 -2.98% -6.71%
1995 -12.3% -6.81%
1994 - -8%
1993 - -8.57%
1992 - -7.89%
1991 - -7.44%
1990 - -7.63%
1989 - -7.68%
1988 - -7.01%
1987 - -9.53%
1986 - -10.6%
1985 - -9.58%
1984 - -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 - -0.32%
1938 - -0.16%
1937 - -0.1%
1936 - -0.45%
1935 - -0.4%
1934 - -0.09%
1933 - 0%
1932 - 0.03%
1931 - -0.68%
1930 - -1.02%
1929 - -0.91%
1928 - -0.87%
1927 - -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

In 2025, the Czech Republic's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $7.92B, equivalent to 2.03% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $294B, or 7.44% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, the Czech Republic recorded a fiscal deficit in 27 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, the Czech Republic posted an annual deficit equal to 3.13% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.15% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Czech Republic

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Czech Republic India
2025 2.46% 2.4%
2024 2.44% 4.95%
2023 10.7% 5.65%
2022 15.1% 6.7%
2021 3.84% 5.13%
2020 3.16% 6.62%
2019 2.85% 3.73%
2018 2.15% 3.94%
2017 2.45% 3.33%
2016 0.68% 4.95%
2015 0.31% 4.91%
2014 0.34% 6.67%
2013 1.44% 10%
2012 3.29% 9.48%
2011 1.92% 8.91%
2010 1.47% 12%
2009 1.02% 10.9%
2008 6.36% 8.35%
2007 2.85% 6.37%
2006 2.53% 5.8%
2005 1.86% 4.25%
2004 2.76% 3.77%
2003 0.12% 3.81%
2002 1.9% 4.3%
2001 4.66% 3.78%
2000 3.78% 4.01%
1999 2.14% 4.67%
1998 10.7% 13.2%
1997 8.6% 7.16%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, the Czech Republic has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.58%, compared with 6.2% in India. In 2025, inflation was 2.46% in the Czech Republic and 2.4% in India.

Top exports between countries

Czech Republic
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.12B
Transport & tourism services $132M
Chemicals & pharma $72.5M
Metals $65.7M
Raw materials & minerals $52.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $47.9M
IT & IP services $14.5M
Business & finance services $13.6M
Weapons & explosives $7.24M
Wood & paper products $6.17M
India
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $826M
Chemicals & pharma $104M
Textiles & consumer goods $86.8M
Metals $48.7M
Weapons & explosives $39.9M
Raw materials & minerals $18.9M
Raw agricultural goods $3.78M
Precious metals & jewellery $3.57M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.53M
Wood & paper products $1.21M

Balance of trade

Czech Republic India
Current account balance
$2.44B
2025
-$16.5B
2025
Current account balance ranking
41/190
2025
182/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+0.62%
2025
-0.42%
2025
Goods imports
$197B
2025
$761B
2025
Goods exports
$215B
2025
$450B
2025
Service imports
$42.9B
2025
$203B
2025
Service exports
$47.5B
2025
$412B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
61.1%
2025
24%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
66.9%
2025
22.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Czech Republic India
Economic freedom 73.2 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 25/197 146/197
Property rights 89.8 48.3
Government integrity 64.7 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 92.1 52.6
Tax burden 78.8 71.2
Government spending 44.2 75.7
Fiscal health 82.5 6.7
Business freedom 76.8 67.4
Labor freedom 55.1 59
Monetary freedom 75 70.9
Trade freedom 79.4 61
Investment freedom 70 40
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Czech Republic
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Czech Republic India
2026 73.2 52.5
2025 72.9 53
2024 70.2 52.9
2023 71.9 52.9
2022 74.4 53.9
2021 73.8 56.5
2020 74.8 56.5
2019 73.7 55.2
2018 74.2 54.5
2017 73.3 52.6
2016 73.2 56.2
2015 72.5 54.6
2014 72.2 55.7
2013 70.9 55.2
2012 69.9 54.6
2011 70.4 54.6
2010 69.8 53.8
2009 69.4 54.4
2008 68.1 54.1
2007 67.4 53.9
2006 66.4 52.2
2005 64.6 54.2
2004 67 51.5
2003 67.5 51.2
2002 66.5 51.2
2001 70.2 49
2000 68.6 47.4
1999 69.7 50.2
1998 68.4 49.7
1997 68.8 49.7
1996 68.1 47.4
1995 67.8 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Czech Republic is 73.2, ranking 25/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Czech Republic India
Services, % of GDP
60.8%
2025
49.3%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
28.7%
2025
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.95%
2025
16.2%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$359B
2025
$4.04T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$57,870
2025
$11,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$176B
2025
$700B
2025
Total reserves ranking
21/177
2025
5/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.88B
2025
-$3.41B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.5B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$12.9B
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
2.47%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
10.2%
2021
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
26.8%
2025
34.6%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/czech-republic/india | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.