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Economy of India vs Vanuatu compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

India has a GDP of $3.96T compared to $1.35B for Vanuatu, ranking 6/197 and 185/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.33T in government debt (84.1% of GDP), compared to $554M (40.9% of GDP) in Vanuatu.

India vs Vanuatu GDP by year

India
Vanuatu
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Vanuatu
2025 $3,956,067,115,772 $1,353,658,841
2024 $3,760,813,470,501 $1,297,956,615
2023 $3,500,906,030,645 $1,188,137,265
2022 $3,249,938,492,013 $1,151,863,790
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $1,093,826,089
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $1,017,403,363
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $1,061,547,513
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $1,034,402,941
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $998,536,155
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $908,725,513
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $855,360,240
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $879,185,478
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $863,347,172
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $747,839,698
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $770,153,588
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $670,712,980
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $592,622,319
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $590,748,429
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $516,392,923
2006 $940,259,888,788 $439,358,587
2005 $820,383,763,511 $394,962,433
2004 $709,152,728,831 $364,996,869
2003 $607,700,687,237 $314,471,413
2002 $514,939,140,319 $262,596,536
2001 $485,440,139,204 $257,926,882
2000 $468,395,521,654 $272,014,628
1999 $458,821,052,616 $268,006,973
1998 $421,351,317,225 $262,293,411
1997 $415,867,563,593 $272,771,209
1996 $392,896,866,205 $261,370,044
1995 $360,281,909,643 $249,333,250
1994 $327,274,843,459 $233,701,301
1993 $279,295,648,983 $200,491,853
1992 $288,208,070,278 $209,088,825
1991 $270,105,341,879 $201,334,169
1990 $320,979,026,420 $168,879,207
1989 $296,042,052,945 $154,013,202
1988 $296,589,670,896 $158,351,368
1987 $279,033,584,092 $139,464,174
1986 $248,985,994,041 $126,498,935
1985 $232,511,554,840 $131,856,421
1984 $212,157,645,178 $144,482,515
1983 $218,262,146,413 $117,389,554
1982 $200,715,624,831 $114,501,913
1981 $193,491,368,446 $113,781,796
1980 $186,328,579,302 $121,185,498
1979 $152,995,442,498 $119,258,835
1978 $137,302,319,829 -
1977 $121,486,641,441 -
1976 $102,716,451,980 -
1975 $98,473,832,017 -
1974 $99,526,597,934 -
1973 $85,517,673,173 -
1972 $71,464,700,667 -
1971 $67,351,404,352 -
1970 $62,422,483,055 -
1969 $58,447,995,017 -
1968 $53,085,455,871 -
1967 $50,134,942,204 -
1966 $45,581,230,504 -
1965 $59,556,105,229 -
1964 $56,480,289,941 -
1963 $48,421,923,459 -
1962 $42,161,481,858 -
1961 $39,232,435,784 -
1960 $37,029,883,876 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/vanuatu | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Vanuatu by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Vanuatu
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Vanuatu
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,702 - $4,039 -
2024 $2,592 $11,160 $3,960 $3,606
2023 $2,434 $10,323 $3,708 $3,568
2022 $2,280 $9,207 $3,680 $3,453
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $3,576 $3,136
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $3,404 $3,118
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $3,636 $3,315
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $3,626 $3,233
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $3,585 $3,146
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $3,340 $3,030
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $3,214 $2,966
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $3,378 $2,890
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $3,393 $2,832
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $3,005 $2,834
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $3,163 $2,816
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $2,815 $2,733
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $2,546 $2,730
2008 $993 $3,633 $2,604 $2,701
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $2,334 $2,573
2006 $802 $3,221 $2,035 $2,496
2005 $710 $2,937 $1,874 $2,287
2004 $624 $2,682 $1,774 $2,157
2003 $544 $2,461 $1,567 $2,070
2002 $469 $2,277 $1,341 $1,995
2001 $450 $2,200 $1,350 $2,125
2000 $443 $2,091 $1,460 $2,206
1999 $442 $2,006 $1,472 $2,084
1998 $414 $1,852 $1,471 $2,091
1997 $416 $1,759 $1,562 $2,087
1996 $401 $1,695 $1,529 $1,998
1995 $375 $1,579 $1,492 $1,961
1994 $348 $1,467 $1,431 $1,946
1993 $303 $1,374 $1,257 $1,789
1992 $319 $1,309 $1,344 $1,777
1991 $306 $1,239 $1,326 $1,737
1990 $371 $1,212 $1,141 $1,670
1989 $350 - $1,067 -
1988 $358 - $1,125 -
1987 $345 - $1,017 -
1986 $315 - $946 -
1985 $301 - $1,012 -
1984 $281 - $1,137 -
1983 $296 - $947 -
1982 $278.7 - $946 -
1981 $275 - $962 -
1980 $271.1 - $1,048 -
1979 $228 - $1,055 -
1978 $209.4 - - -
1977 $189.6 - - -
1976 $164.1 - - -
1975 $161.1 - - -
1974 $166.7 - - -
1973 $146.6 - - -
1972 $125.3 - - -
1971 $120.7 - - -
1970 $114.4 - - -
1969 $109.5 - - -
1968 $101.6 - - -
1967 $98 - - -
1966 $91 - - -
1965 $121.5 - - -
1964 $117.9 - - -
1963 $103.4 - - -
1962 $92.2 - - -
1961 $87.9 - - -
1960 $84.9 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/vanuatu | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,702, ranking 149/197, compared to $4,039 in Vanuatu, ranking 133/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Vanuatu ranks 170th at $3,606.

Economic indicators

India Vanuatu
Gross domestic product
$3.96T
2025
$1.35B
2025
GDP rank
6/197
2025
185/197
2025
GDP growth
7.57%
2024-2025
3.05%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,702
2025
$4,039
2025
GDP per capita rank
149/197
2025
133/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$3,606
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
170/197
2024
Government debt
$3.33T
2025
$554M
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.1%
2025
40.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,272
2025
$1,654
2025
Government debt per person rank
116/185
2025
125/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,974
2026
$2,801
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$10.6T
2025
n/a
Number of millionaires
944,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
229
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
24.7%
2019
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
3%
2019
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
35.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.4%
2024-2025
0.66%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
n/a
Unemployment rate
4.51%
2025
1.41%
2025
Population
1483314140
346488

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Vanuatu
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Vanuatu
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 28.5% 84.1% 35.5% 40.9%
2024 29.3% 84.8% 33.1% 39.1%
2023 29.7% 85% 38.9% 39.2%
2022 30% 84.6% 38.5% 39.2%
2021 30.7% 85.7% 38.6% 42.2%
2020 31.8% 90.6% 38.8% 42.9%
2019 27.4% 76.7% 35.1% 39.8%
2018 26.8% 71.7% 29.4% 40%
2017 26.6% 70.8% 32.7% 46.4%
2016 27.6% 69.8% 31.2% 37.6%
2015 27.3% 69.8% 38.1% 32.2%
2014 26.2% 67.6% 20.5% 17.8%
2013 26.5% 68% 20.1% 16.4%
2012 27.2% 68.1% 22.1% 17.4%
2011 27.3% 68.7% 22.7% 19.3%
2010 27.7% 67.7% 25.6% 18.3%
2009 28.1% 72.7% 24.9% 19.1%
2008 28.3% 74.3% 25.1% 19.2%
2007 26.1% 75.4% 20.3% 17.6%
2006 25.6% 77.9% 18.2% 20%
2005 26% 82.4% 16.5% 23.8%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 16.7% 27.5%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 17% 34.6%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 20.2% 35.1%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 20.2% 33.5%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 23% 32.6%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 21.6% 27.7%
1998 26% 69.3% 25.2% 25.4%
1997 25.2% 69% 20.1% 20.7%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 22.1% 20.8%
1995 25% 70.9% 25.3% 21.8%
1994 26.2% 74.8% 22% 19.5%
1993 26.2% 78.3% 23.7% 18.3%
1992 26.7% 78.8% 28.8% 19%
1991 26.8% 76.7% 30% 14.4%
1990 25.4% 50.8% - -
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/vanuatu | CC BY

In 2025, India's government spending was $1.13T, accounting for 28.5% of its GDP, while Vanuatu spent $480M, or 35.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.1% in India and 40.9% in Vanuatu, ranking 38/185 and 131/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Vanuatu
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Vanuatu
2025 -7.44% -3.88%
2024 -7.85% -2.46%
2023 -8.37% -0.78%
2022 -9.23% -5.96%
2021 -9.7% 2.07%
2020 -13.2% -1.74%
2019 -7.86% 2.48%
2018 -6.46% 5.53%
2017 -6.33% -1.06%
2016 -7.21% -0.64%
2015 -7.28% -8.13%
2014 -6.9% 1.26%
2013 -6.78% -0.22%
2012 -7.32% -1.54%
2011 -8.03% -1.98%
2010 -8.53% -2.38%
2009 -9.26% -0.76%
2008 -8.15% -0.04%
2007 -3.73% 0.25%
2006 -5.11% 0.44%
2005 -6.64% 1.68%
2004 -9.22% 0.72%
2003 -11.4% -1.22%
2002 -11.1% -3.29%
2001 -11% -3.01%
2000 -8.41% -5.67%
1999 -8.7% -0.5%
1998 -9.74% -6.01%
1997 -8.28% -0.46%
1996 -6.71% -1.61%
1995 -6.81% -2.34%
1994 -8% -1.35%
1993 -8.57% -3.32%
1992 -7.89% -2.1%
1991 -7.44% -2.54%
1990 -7.63% -
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/vanuatu | CC BY

In 2025, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $294B, equivalent to 7.44% of GDP. This compares to Vanuatu's deficit of $52.6M, or 3.88% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 35 of those years, while Vanuatu ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.13% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.44% of GDP for Vanuatu.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Vanuatu
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Vanuatu
2025 2.4% 0.66%
2024 4.95% 1.14%
2023 5.65% 11.2%
2022 6.7% 6.68%
2021 5.13% 2.34%
2020 6.62% 5.33%
2019 3.73% 2.76%
2018 3.94% 2.33%
2017 3.33% 3.08%
2016 4.95% 0.84%
2015 4.91% 2.48%
2014 6.67% 0.8%
2013 10% 1.46%
2012 9.48% 1.35%
2011 8.91% 0.87%
2010 12% 2.76%
2009 10.9% 4.3%
2008 8.35% 4.84%
2007 6.37% 3.94%
2006 5.8% 2.04%
2005 4.25% 1.2%
2004 3.77% 1.42%
2003 3.81% 3.02%
2002 4.3% 1.96%
2001 3.78% 3.58%
2000 4.01% 2.54%
1999 4.67% 2%
1998 13.2% 3.28%
1997 7.16% 2.83%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/vanuatu | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.2%, compared with 2.86% in Vanuatu. In 2025, inflation was 2.4% in India and 0.66% in Vanuatu.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.85M
Chemicals & pharma $1.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $309K
Wood & paper products $279K
Textiles & consumer goods $240K
Metals $111K
Raw materials & minerals $85K
Weapons & explosives $77K
Raw agricultural goods $21K
Miscellaneous $15K
Vanuatu
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $71K
Wood & paper products $12K
Textiles & consumer goods $1K

Balance of trade

India Vanuatu
Current account balance
-$16.5B
2025
-$127M
2022
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2025
83/190
2022
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.42%
2025
-11.1%
2022
Goods imports
$761B
2025
$350M
2022
Goods exports
$450B
2025
$73.6M
2022
Service imports
$203B
2025
$230M
2022
Service exports
$412B
2025
$78.5M
2022
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
24%
2025
48%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.3%
2025
25.3%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Vanuatu
Economic freedom 52.5 61.1
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 92/197
Property rights 48.3 62.1
Government integrity 37.8 48.3
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 67.9
Tax burden 71.2 96.9
Government spending 75.7 48.1
Fiscal health 6.7 78.8
Business freedom 67.4 50.3
Labor freedom 59 41
Monetary freedom 70.9 72.1
Trade freedom 61 62
Investment freedom 40 65
Financial freedom 40 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Vanuatu
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Vanuatu
2026 52.5 61.1
2025 53 61.8
2024 52.9 62.2
2023 52.9 62.1
2022 53.9 62.9
2021 56.5 60.5
2020 56.5 60.7
2019 55.2 56.4
2018 54.5 69.5
2017 52.6 67.4
2016 56.2 60.8
2015 54.6 61.1
2014 55.7 59.5
2013 55.2 56.6
2012 54.6 56.6
2011 54.6 56.7
2010 53.8 56.4
2009 54.4 58.4
2008 54.1 -
2007 53.9 -
2006 52.2 -
2005 54.2 -
2004 51.5 -
2003 51.2 -
2002 51.2 -
2001 49 -
2000 47.4 -
1999 50.2 -
1998 49.7 -
1997 49.7 -
1996 47.4 -
1995 45.1 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/vanuatu | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 61.1 for Vanuatu, ranking 92/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Vanuatu
Services, % of GDP
49.3%
2025
56.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
10.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.2%
2025
26.6%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$4.04T
2025
$1.48B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,600
2025
$4,970
2025
Total reserves including gold
$700B
2025
$615M
2024
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2025
152/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.41B
2025
-$9.21M
2022
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$28.9M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$2.79M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.47%
2024
1.88%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
15.9%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
34.6%
2025
26.1%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/vanuatu | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2011–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.