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Economy of Austria vs Israel compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Austria has a GDP of $579B compared to $611B for Israel, ranking 29/197 and 27/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $466B in government debt (80.5% of GDP), compared to $418B (68.5% of GDP) in Israel.

Austria vs Israel GDP by year

Austria
Israel
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Israel
2025 $579,470,021,095 $610,777,842,874
2024 $534,790,720,467 $542,284,494,491
2023 $516,670,509,629 $513,393,395,492
2022 $473,221,298,968 $525,157,951,213
2021 $480,466,363,177 $489,735,019,666
2020 $434,397,601,558 $410,908,899,711
2019 $442,983,642,372 $399,207,771,082
2018 $452,582,294,973 $375,470,422,244
2017 $414,926,138,133 $357,360,816,857
2016 $393,687,359,770 $321,083,954,798
2015 $379,546,097,301 $302,841,190,258
2014 $438,556,021,078 $314,376,760,832
2013 $426,580,502,769 $298,045,324,736
2012 $406,750,487,604 $263,172,104,091
2011 $428,954,737,064 $267,739,352,609
2010 $389,827,789,218 $239,372,857,534
2009 $399,290,118,782 $213,112,649,594
2008 $429,234,399,096 $220,952,472,408
2007 $386,760,177,589 $184,448,882,452
2006 $333,905,979,332 $158,706,516,002
2005 $313,952,317,331 $147,346,035,831
2004 $299,210,411,455 $139,925,423,025
2003 $260,779,834,340 $131,278,887,815
2002 $212,837,224,023 $125,215,963,105
2001 $196,477,206,829 $134,889,159,474
2000 $196,181,599,831 $136,409,902,632
1999 $216,421,809,126 $121,329,240,042
1998 $217,068,085,816 $120,468,659,246
1997 $211,724,812,267 $119,389,303,067
1996 $235,952,581,232 $115,051,957,577
1995 $240,094,169,510 $105,432,315,611
1994 $202,738,023,130 $90,684,108,118
1993 $189,634,029,339 $79,806,598,120
1992 $194,314,032,056 $79,408,652,426
1991 $173,113,449,617 $70,954,941,681
1990 $165,811,372,383 $61,978,459,022
1989 $132,584,448,258 $52,411,116,588
1988 $132,817,124,707 $52,618,458,014
1987 $123,682,091,859 $43,022,977,765
1986 $98,648,254,169 $35,812,041,620
1985 $69,114,996,010 $28,887,898,639
1984 $67,719,055,773 $30,626,695,891
1983 $71,838,528,420 $32,655,591,256
1982 $70,996,111,963 $29,237,231,967
1981 $70,755,997,062 $26,865,420,933
1980 $81,737,498,405 $25,379,585,067
1979 $73,647,694,287 $22,595,788,591
1978 $61,809,208,756 $17,690,363,444
1977 $51,343,861,460 $18,245,847,441
1976 $42,791,707,448 $15,946,502,888
1975 $39,902,300,703 $16,131,806,290
1974 $35,051,468,640 $17,162,009,924
1973 $29,399,860,145 $11,895,229,181
1972 $21,973,207,929 $9,216,866,299
1971 $17,788,536,733 $7,048,191,876
1970 $15,312,791,744 $7,402,142,195
1969 $13,647,475,854 $6,293,966,357
1968 $12,499,863,917 $5,455,059,532
1967 $11,634,569,522 $4,759,447,914
1966 $10,939,526,219 $4,700,397,692
1965 $10,041,659,445 $4,326,412,951
1964 $9,213,648,656 $4,021,861,430
1963 $8,414,050,621 $3,533,767,055
1962 $7,793,042,529 $2,964,323,618
1961 $7,346,566,038 $3,706,297,903
1960 $6,624,086,313 $3,068,690,949

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/israel | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Israel by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Israel
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Israel
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $62,930 - $60,337 -
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $54,217 $57,236
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $52,126 $55,171
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $54,947 $53,619
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $52,258 $46,162
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $44,591 $40,955
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $44,092 $41,325
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $42,269 $40,190
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $41,013 $39,471
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $37,571 $38,189
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $36,138 $35,871
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $38,265 $34,816
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $36,981 $34,827
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $33,269 $32,484
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $34,477 $31,314
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $31,399 $29,456
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $28,470 $28,087
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $30,231 $28,084
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $25,689 $28,307
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $22,500 $26,385
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $21,262 $25,701
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $20,550 $26,078
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $19,624 $24,702
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $19,059 $26,101
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $20,949 $25,806
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $21,690 $25,766
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $19,809 $23,415
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $20,176 $22,927
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $20,457 $22,279
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $20,213 $21,672
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $19,014 $20,642
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $16,796 $19,478
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $15,169 $18,218
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $15,500 $17,553
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $14,337 $16,486
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $13,300 $15,721
1989 $17,401 - $11,601 -
1988 $17,510 - $11,846 -
1987 $16,329 - $9,847 -
1986 $13,032 - $8,330 -
1985 $9,136 - $6,824 -
1984 $8,956 - $7,364 -
1983 $9,500 - $7,955 -
1982 $9,373 - $7,253 -
1981 $9,348 - $6,791 -
1980 $10,827 - $6,545 -
1979 $9,755 - $5,968 -
1978 $8,173 - $4,794 -
1977 $6,784 - $5,050 -
1976 $5,656 - $4,514 -
1975 $5,265 - $4,669 -
1974 $4,613 - $5,082 -
1973 $3,875 - $3,629 -
1972 $2,913 - $2,928 -
1971 $2,372 - $2,297 -
1970 $2,051 - $2,489 -
1969 $1,834 - $2,188 -
1968 $1,686 - $1,946 -
1967 $1,577 - $1,734 -
1966 $1,494 - $1,788 -
1965 $1,381 - $1,688 -
1964 $1,275 - $1,625 -
1963 $1,173 - $1,485 -
1962 $1,093 - $1,293 -
1961 $1,037 - $1,696 -
1960 $940 - $1,452 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/israel | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $62,930, ranking 16/197, compared to $60,337 in Israel, ranking 19/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Israel ranks 36th at $57,236.

Economic indicators

Austria Israel
Gross domestic product
$579B
2025
$611B
2025
GDP rank
29/197
2025
27/197
2025
GDP growth
0.62%
2024-2025
2.93%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$62,930
2025
$60,337
2025
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2025
19/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$57,236
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
36/197
2024
Government debt
$466B
2025
$418B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.5%
2025
68.5%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,654
2025
$41,338
2025
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2025
16/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,467
2026
$48,251
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$211B
2025
$331B
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
195,000
2026
Number of billionaires
9
2026
42
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
27%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
1.8%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.2%
2025
43.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.53%
2024-2025
3.04%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.75%
2026
Unemployment rate
5.78%
2025
3%
2025
Population
9201502
10334048

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Israel
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Israel
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55.2% 80.5% 43.6% 68.5%
2024 55.2% 79.2% 43.7% 67.7%
2023 52.2% 77.8% 39.6% 61.3%
2022 53% 78.1% 36.9% 60.3%
2021 56% 82.4% 40.1% 67.7%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 44.8% 71.1%
2019 49.1% 71% 38.7% 59.3%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 39.2% 60.1%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 38.4% 59.8%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 37.9% 61.7%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 37.6% 62.8%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 38.3% 65.8%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 39.7% 66%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 39.6% 66.9%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 39.3% 67.2%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 39.7% 69%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 41.4% 72.6%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 41.2% 70.2%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 40.2% 70.8%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 41.6% 77.7%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 42.3% 85.2%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 43% 88.3%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 45.4% 89.7%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 50% 87.2%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 46.1% 81.1%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 43.4% 77.2%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 53.6% 94.8%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 55% 101%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 52.6% 99.3%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 53.2% 100.3%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 52.8% 102.3%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 41.7% 110.2%
1993 54.3% 61% 42.2% 118.3%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 44.1% 119.6%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 34.4% 123.7%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 46.8% 138.3%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 47.5% 147.4%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 46.5% 145.4%
1987 54.5% 55.5% 52.8% 143.2%
1986 54.3% 52% 55.7% 162.5%
1985 53.5% 47.8% 65.2% 199%
1984 52.6% 46% - 284%
1983 52.4% 43.7% - 260.5%
1982 52% 39.7% 69.7% -
1981 51.5% 37.5% 71.8% -
1980 50% 35.6% 69.4% 154.3%
1979 49.8% 34.1% 70.1% 155.5%
1978 50.8% 32.2% 62.2% 133.6%
1977 47.6% 28.5% 69.1% 142%
1976 47.9% 26.2% 66.3% 97.4%
1975 46.1% 22.8% 62% 85.1%
1974 42% 16.8% - 79.8%
1973 41.5% 16.7% - 62.1%
1972 40.1% 16.7% - 63.9%
1971 40% 17.4% - -
1970 39.5% 18.6% 41.6% -
1969 40.7% 16.8% 41.1% -
1968 40.9% 16.8% 39.4% -
1967 40.7% 15.6% 33.9% -
1966 38.7% 14.1% 29.6% -
1965 38.3% 14.8% 27.8% -
1964 38.7% 15.5% 28.2% -
1963 38.6% 15.6% 26.9% -
1962 37.6% 15.5% 27.7% -
1961 35.7% 16% 30.3% -
1960 36.3% 17.7% 30.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/israel | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government spending was $320B, accounting for 55.2% of its GDP, while Israel spent $266B, or 43.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.5% in Austria and 68.5% in Israel, ranking 42/185 and 60/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Israel
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Israel
2025 -4.52% -5.22%
2024 -4.68% -8.07%
2023 -2.59% -5.38%
2022 -3.41% 0.3%
2021 -5.69% -3.37%
2020 -8.2% -10.6%
2019 0.54% -3.79%
2018 0.2% -3.58%
2017 -0.78% -1.17%
2016 -1.45% -1.78%
2015 -0.48% -1.2%
2014 -1.92% -2.28%
2013 -1.99% -4.07%
2012 -2.18% -4.46%
2011 -2.48% -3.43%
2010 -4.46% -3.72%
2009 -5.38% -6.53%
2008 -1.57% -3.49%
2007 -1.56% -0.43%
2006 -2.61% -0.94%
2005 -2.59% -2.74%
2004 -4.94% -3.4%
2003 -1.84% -5.03%
2002 -1.43% -8.21%
2001 -0.71% -4.06%
2000 -2.07% -0.8%
1999 -2.63% -6.26%
1998 -2.68% -7.99%
1997 -2.38% -4.84%
1996 -4.38% -5.97%
1995 -6.17% -4.28%
1994 -5.04% -5.62%
1993 -4.57% -5.62%
1992 -2.15% -8%
1991 -2.96% -7.04%
1990 -2.58% -9.67%
1989 -3.07% -9.03%
1988 -3.43% -7.57%
1987 -4.33% -7.47%
1986 -3.84% -7.51%
1985 -2.71% -14.2%
1984 -2.67% -
1983 -4.22% -
1982 -3.29% -13.8%
1981 -1.79% -23.5%
1980 -1.62% -19.6%
1979 -2.3% -16.7%
1978 -2.67% -14.7%
1977 -2.11% -20.3%
1976 -3.61% -19.4%
1975 -2.41% -19.6%
1974 1.23% -
1973 1.24% -
1972 1.97% -
1971 1.46% -
1970 1.16% -16%
1969 -0.08% -15.3%
1968 -0.83% -11.7%
1967 -0.56% -7.68%
1966 1.73% -4.35%
1965 1.38% -2.72%
1964 0.48% -3.65%
1963 -0.5% -4.41%
1962 1.12% -4.09%
1961 1.68% -5.86%
1960 -0.49% -6.62%
1959 -2.16% -7.23%
1958 -3.52% -8.31%
1957 -0.7% -7.17%
1956 -0.78% -9.3%
1955 -0.5% -4.3%
1954 -0.35% -7.84%
1953 -0.24% -8.32%
1952 -0.73% -7.19%
1951 -1.57% -8.13%
1950 -7.72% -10.7%
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/israel | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 4.52% of GDP. This compares to Israel's deficit of $31.9B, or 5.22% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 54 of those years, while Israel ran a deficit in 59 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.08% of GDP, compared to deficit of 7.31% of GDP for Israel.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Israel
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Israel
2025 3.53% 3.04%
2024 2.94% 3.07%
2023 7.81% 4.23%
2022 8.55% 4.41%
2021 2.77% 1.48%
2020 1.38% -0.58%
2019 1.53% 0.82%
2018 2% 0.81%
2017 2.08% 0.25%
2016 0.89% -0.54%
2015 0.9% -0.62%
2014 1.61% 0.47%
2013 2% 1.59%
2012 2.49% 1.68%
2011 3.29% 3.49%
2010 1.81% 2.7%
2009 0.51% 3.37%
2008 3.22% 4.53%
2007 2.17% 0.47%
2006 1.44% 2.05%
2005 2.3% 1.34%
2004 2.06% -0.42%
2003 1.36% 0.71%
2002 1.81% 5.8%
2001 2.65% 1.12%
2000 2.34% 1.03%
1999 0.57% 5.19%
1998 0.92% 5.49%
1997 1.31% 8.95%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/israel | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 2.27% in Israel. In 2025, inflation was 3.53% in Austria and 3.04% in Israel.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $253M
Machinery & equipment $187M
Metals $61.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $25.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $22.5M
Wood & paper products $21.1M
Precious metals & jewellery $15M
Raw materials & minerals $9.74M
Raw agricultural goods $1.71M
Weapons & explosives $873K
Israel
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $95.1M
Metals $22.5M
Chemicals & pharma $15M
Raw materials & minerals $2.95M
Precious metals & jewellery $2.68M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.24M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.6M
Raw agricultural goods $1.46M
Wood & paper products $998K
Manufacturing & construction services $500K

Balance of trade

Austria Israel
Current account balance
$10.4B
2025
$8.53B
2025
Current account balance ranking
24/190
2025
26/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.79%
2025
+1.4%
2025
Goods imports
$208B
2025
$102B
2025
Goods exports
$214B
2025
$76.2B
2025
Service imports
$98.3B
2025
$53.2B
2025
Service exports
$105B
2025
$92.4B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
25.4%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.7%
2025
27.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Israel
Economic freedom 69.8 68.4
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 47/197
Property rights 95.7 73.1
Government integrity 75 66.2
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 68.1
Tax burden 45.7 60.2
Government spending 12.8 52
Fiscal health 67.1 60.8
Business freedom 78.7 72.4
Labor freedom 81.6 56.8
Monetary freedom 76.4 78.2
Trade freedom 79.4 82.8
Investment freedom 60 70
Financial freedom 70 80

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Israel
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Israel
2026 69.8 68.4
2025 69.7 69.9
2024 68.4 70.1
2023 71.1 68.9
2022 73.8 68
2021 73.9 73.8
2020 73.3 74
2019 72 72.8
2018 71.8 72.2
2017 72.3 69.7
2016 71.7 70.7
2015 71.2 70.5
2014 72.4 68.4
2013 71.8 66.9
2012 70.3 67.8
2011 71.9 68.5
2010 71.6 67.7
2009 71.2 67.6
2008 71.4 66.3
2007 71.6 64.8
2006 71.1 64.4
2005 68.8 62.6
2004 67.6 61.4
2003 67.6 62.7
2002 67.4 66.9
2001 68.1 66.1
2000 68.4 65.5
1999 64 68.3
1998 65.4 68
1997 65.2 62.7
1996 68.9 62
1995 70 61.5

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/israel | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 68.4 for Israel, ranking 47/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Israel
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2025
72.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2025
17.2%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.26%
2025
1.29%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$556B
2025
$569B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$77,010
2025
$58,870
2025
Total reserves including gold
$53.4B
2025
$229B
2025
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2025
18/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$5.61B
2025
-$11.8B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$14.8B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$9.92B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
22%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2025
24.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1999, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2017–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.