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Economy of India vs Uzbekistan compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

India has a GDP of $3.96T compared to $147B for Uzbekistan, ranking 6/197 and 61/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.33T in government debt (84.1% of GDP), compared to $42B (28.6% of GDP) in Uzbekistan.

India vs Uzbekistan GDP by year

India
Uzbekistan
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Uzbekistan
2025 $3,956,067,115,772 $147,038,081,129
2024 $3,760,813,470,501 $121,356,065,241
2023 $3,500,906,030,645 $107,526,539,716
2022 $3,249,938,492,013 $94,286,355,836
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $81,170,051,811
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $70,127,127,133
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $70,170,662,563
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $61,318,332,403
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $72,276,404,058
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $97,871,364,319
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $97,564,568,987
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $91,303,765,114
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $82,674,178,352
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $75,318,846,931
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $67,404,618,405
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $55,544,226,553
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $33,689,223,673
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $29,549,438,884
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $22,311,393,928
2006 $940,259,888,788 $17,330,833,853
2005 $820,383,763,511 $14,307,509,839
2004 $709,152,728,831 $12,030,023,548
2003 $607,700,687,237 $10,134,453,435
2002 $514,939,140,319 $9,687,788,513
2001 $485,440,139,204 $11,401,421,329
2000 $468,395,521,654 $13,760,513,969
1999 $458,821,052,616 $17,078,465,982
1998 $421,351,317,225 $14,988,971,211
1997 $415,867,563,593 $14,744,603,774
1996 $392,896,866,205 $13,948,892,216
1995 $360,281,909,643 $13,350,461,265
1994 $327,274,843,459 $12,899,074,922
1993 $279,295,648,983 $13,099,920,056
1992 $288,208,070,278 $12,953,801,760
1991 $270,105,341,879 $13,800,167,712
1990 $320,979,026,420 $13,362,340,338
1989 $296,042,052,945 $11,948,815,258
1988 $296,589,670,896 $10,722,799,639
1987 $279,033,584,092 $8,523,160,593
1986 $248,985,994,041 -
1985 $232,511,554,840 -
1984 $212,157,645,178 -
1983 $218,262,146,413 -
1982 $200,715,624,831 -
1981 $193,491,368,446 -
1980 $186,328,579,302 -
1979 $152,995,442,498 -
1978 $137,302,319,829 -
1977 $121,486,641,441 -
1976 $102,716,451,980 -
1975 $98,473,832,017 -
1974 $99,526,597,934 -
1973 $85,517,673,173 -
1972 $71,464,700,667 -
1971 $67,351,404,352 -
1970 $62,422,483,055 -
1969 $58,447,995,017 -
1968 $53,085,455,871 -
1967 $50,134,942,204 -
1966 $45,581,230,504 -
1965 $59,556,105,229 -
1964 $56,480,289,941 -
1963 $48,421,923,459 -
1962 $42,161,481,858 -
1961 $39,232,435,784 -
1960 $37,029,883,876 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/uzbekistan | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Uzbekistan by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Uzbekistan
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Uzbekistan
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,702 - $3,968 -
2024 $2,592 $11,160 $3,337 $11,879
2023 $2,434 $10,323 $3,016 $11,107
2022 $2,280 $9,207 $2,699 $10,293
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $2,370 $9,248
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $2,088 $8,452
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $2,129 $8,544
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $1,894 $8,129
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $2,271 $7,818
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $3,128 $6,919
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $3,173 $6,800
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $3,021 $6,610
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $2,781 $6,413
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $2,574 $6,168
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $2,339 $5,949
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $1,957 $5,505
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $1,206 $5,135
2008 $993 $3,633 $1,075 $4,800
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $824 $4,386
2006 $802 $3,221 $649 $3,956
2005 $710 $2,937 $543 $3,618
2004 $624 $2,682 $462 $3,321
2003 $544 $2,461 $394 $3,047
2002 $469 $2,277 $381 $2,902
2001 $450 $2,200 $454 $2,782
2000 $443 $2,091 $555 $2,644
1999 $442 $2,006 $698 $2,522
1998 $414 $1,852 $621 $2,418
1997 $416 $1,759 $621 $2,329
1996 $401 $1,695 $597 $2,214
1995 $375 $1,579 $583 $2,178
1994 $348 $1,467 $574 $2,197
1993 $303 $1,374 $596 $2,318
1992 $319 $1,309 $603 $2,371
1991 $306 $1,239 $658 $2,676
1990 $371 $1,212 $653 $2,665
1989 $350 - $598 -
1988 $358 - $551 -
1987 $345 - $450 -
1986 $315 - - -
1985 $301 - - -
1984 $281 - - -
1983 $296 - - -
1982 $278.7 - - -
1981 $275 - - -
1980 $271.1 - - -
1979 $228 - - -
1978 $209.4 - - -
1977 $189.6 - - -
1976 $164.1 - - -
1975 $161.1 - - -
1974 $166.7 - - -
1973 $146.6 - - -
1972 $125.3 - - -
1971 $120.7 - - -
1970 $114.4 - - -
1969 $109.5 - - -
1968 $101.6 - - -
1967 $98 - - -
1966 $91 - - -
1965 $121.5 - - -
1964 $117.9 - - -
1963 $103.4 - - -
1962 $92.2 - - -
1961 $87.9 - - -
1960 $84.9 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/uzbekistan | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,702, ranking 149/197, compared to $3,968 in Uzbekistan, ranking 134/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while Uzbekistan ranks 125th at $11,879.

Economic indicators

India Uzbekistan
Gross domestic product
$3.96T
2025
$147B
2025
GDP rank
6/197
2025
61/197
2025
GDP growth
7.57%
2024-2025
7.7%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,702
2025
$3,968
2025
GDP per capita rank
149/197
2025
134/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$11,879
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
125/197
2024
Government debt
$3.33T
2025
$42B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
84.1%
2025
28.6%
2025
Government debt per person
$2,272
2025
$1,134
2025
Government debt per person rank
116/185
2025
139/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,974
2026
$3,560
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$10.6T
2025
$23.7B
2025
Number of millionaires
944,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
229
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
24.2%
2025
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
2.4%
2025
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.5%
2025
27.4%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.4%
2024-2025
8.8%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
14%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.51%
2025
5.29%
2020
Population
1483314140
38082870

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Uzbekistan
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Uzbekistan
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 28.5% 84.1% 27.4% 28.6%
2024 29.3% 84.8% 26.1% 30.9%
2023 29.7% 85% 28.6% 30.7%
2022 30% 84.6% 30% 29.2%
2021 30.7% 85.7% 26.1% 30.2%
2020 31.8% 90.6% 24.7% 31.9%
2019 27.4% 76.7% 23.4% 24.3%
2018 26.8% 71.7% 21.2% 16.7%
2017 26.6% 70.8% 19.9% 17.3%
2016 27.6% 69.8% 20.5% 7.21%
2015 27.3% 69.8% 21.7% 5.94%
2014 26.2% 67.6% 22% 5.39%
2013 26.5% 68% 22.3% 5.51%
2012 27.2% 68.1% 21.5% 6.06%
2011 27.3% 68.7% 21.1% 5.65%
2010 27.7% 67.7% 23.7% 5.92%
2009 28.1% 72.7% 24.7% 6.57%
2008 28.3% 74.3% 23.8% 7.5%
2007 26.1% 75.4% 22.4% 8.6%
2006 25.6% 77.9% 22.3% 12.2%
2005 26% 82.4% 25.3% 18.9%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 26.5% 24.2%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 28.4% 28.3%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 31.2% 37.5%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 27.6% 40.4%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 29.6% 26.5%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 30.3% 16.6%
1998 26% 69.3% 31.6% 16.2%
1997 25.2% 69% 28.7% 13.8%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 31.6% -
1995 25% 70.9% 26.5% -
1994 26.2% 74.8% 24.4% -
1993 26.2% 78.3% 35.6% -
1992 26.7% 78.8% 16.2% -
1991 26.8% 76.7% - -
1990 25.4% 50.8% - -
1989 25.7% 50.5% - -
1988 24.9% 48.9% - -
1987 22.5% 48.9% - -
1986 23.2% 47.9% - -
1985 21.6% 44.3% - -
1984 19.8% 41.6% - -
1983 17.8% 39.6% - -
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2025, India's government spending was $1.13T, accounting for 28.5% of its GDP, while Uzbekistan spent $40.2B, or 27.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 84.1% in India and 28.6% in Uzbekistan, ranking 38/185 and 159/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Uzbekistan
2025 -7.44% -1.66%
2024 -7.85% -2.25%
2023 -8.37% -3.85%
2022 -9.23% -3.49%
2021 -9.7% -3.9%
2020 -13.2% -2.8%
2019 -7.86% -0.29%
2018 -6.46% 1.57%
2017 -6.33% 1.04%
2016 -7.21% 0.62%
2015 -7.28% -0.24%
2014 -6.9% 1.68%
2013 -6.78% 1.9%
2012 -7.32% 5.28%
2011 -8.03% 4.56%
2010 -8.53% 2.29%
2009 -9.26% 1.64%
2008 -8.15% 5.38%
2007 -3.73% 3.2%
2006 -5.11% 2.45%
2005 -6.64% -3.17%
2004 -9.22% -3.37%
2003 -11.4% -4.39%
2002 -11.1% -5.69%
2001 -11% -2.95%
2000 -8.41% -3.29%
1999 -8.7% -2.62%
1998 -9.74% -2.74%
1997 -8.28% -1.85%
1996 -6.71% -1.41%
1995 -6.81% -1.59%
1994 -8% -4.03%
1993 -8.57% -10.8%
1992 -7.89% 6.44%
1991 -7.44% -
1990 -7.63% -
1989 -7.68% -
1988 -7.01% -
1987 -9.53% -
1986 -10.6% -
1985 -9.58% -
1984 -8.54% -
1983 -7.28% -
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/uzbekistan | CC BY

In 2025, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $294B, equivalent to 7.44% of GDP. This compares to Uzbekistan's deficit of $2.43B, or 1.66% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 34 of those years, while Uzbekistan ran a deficit in 21 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.15% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.83% of GDP for Uzbekistan.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Uzbekistan
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Uzbekistan
2025 2.4% 8.8%
2024 4.95% 9.6%
2023 5.65% 10%
2022 6.7% 11.4%
2021 5.13% 10.8%
2020 6.62% 12.9%
2019 3.73% 14.5%
2018 3.94% 17.5%
2017 3.33% 13.9%
2016 4.95% 8.8%
2015 4.91% 8.5%
2014 6.67% 9.1%
2013 10% 11.7%
2012 9.48% 11.9%
2011 8.91% 12.4%
2010 12% 12.3%
2009 10.9% 12.3%
2008 8.35% 13.1%
2007 6.37% 11.2%
2006 5.8% 13.1%
2005 4.25% 10.7%
2004 3.77% 7.3%
2003 3.81% 12.5%
2002 4.3% 27.3%
2001 3.78% 27.3%
2000 4.01% 25%
1999 4.67% 29.1%
1998 13.2% 29%
1997 7.16% 70.9%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/uzbekistan | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.2%, compared with 16.3% in Uzbekistan. In 2025, inflation was 2.4% in India and 8.8% in Uzbekistan.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Animal & marine products $275M
Chemicals & pharma $144M
Raw agricultural goods $96.1M
Machinery & equipment $84M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $18.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $10.5M
Raw materials & minerals $7.6M
Metals $7.21M
Precious metals & jewellery $1.82M
Miscellaneous $1.24M
Uzbekistan
Export category Export value
Metals $6.41M
Raw materials & minerals $4.69M
Precious metals & jewellery $3.28M
Wood & paper products $2.91M
Raw agricultural goods $2.65M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.36M
Machinery & equipment $1.13M
Animal & marine products $628K
Chemicals & pharma $506K
Government & miscellaneous services $375K

Balance of trade

India Uzbekistan
Current account balance
-$16.5B
2025
-$5.78B
2025
Current account balance ranking
182/190
2025
167/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.42%
2025
-3.93%
2025
Goods imports
$761B
2025
$38.5B
2025
Goods exports
$450B
2025
$23B
2025
Service imports
$203B
2025
$13.6B
2025
Service exports
$412B
2025
$9.27B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
24%
2025
35.4%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
22.3%
2025
22%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Uzbekistan
Economic freedom 52.5 60.3
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 94/197
Property rights 48.3 43.1
Government integrity 37.8 32
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 13.7
Tax burden 71.2 95
Government spending 75.7 73.7
Fiscal health 6.7 79.9
Business freedom 67.4 62.5
Labor freedom 59 48.4
Monetary freedom 70.9 65.1
Trade freedom 61 80.6
Investment freedom 40 70
Financial freedom 40 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Uzbekistan
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Uzbekistan
2026 52.5 60.3
2025 53 58
2024 52.9 55.9
2023 52.9 56.5
2022 53.9 55.7
2021 56.5 58.3
2020 56.5 57.2
2019 55.2 53.3
2018 54.5 51.5
2017 52.6 52.3
2016 56.2 46
2015 54.6 47
2014 55.7 46.5
2013 55.2 46
2012 54.6 45.8
2011 54.6 45.8
2010 53.8 47.5
2009 54.4 50.5
2008 54.1 51.9
2007 53.9 51.5
2006 52.2 48.7
2005 54.2 45.8
2004 51.5 39.1
2003 51.2 38.3
2002 51.2 38.5
2001 49 38.2
2000 47.4 38.1
1999 50.2 33.8
1998 49.7 31.5
1997 49.7 -
1996 47.4 -
1995 45.1 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/uzbekistan | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 60.3 for Uzbekistan, ranking 94/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Uzbekistan
Services, % of GDP
49.3%
2025
46.5%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
25.2%
2025
32.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.2%
2025
16.6%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$4.04T
2025
$136B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,600
2025
$13,640
2025
Total reserves including gold
$700B
2025
$41.2B
2024
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2025
53/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$3.41B
2025
-$4.24B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$2.97B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
$36.7M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.47%
2024
9.37%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
5.8%
2025
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
34.6%
2025
33.3%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.