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Economy of Comoros vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Comoros has a GDP of $1.81B compared to $3.96T for India, ranking 182/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

Comoros has $535M in government debt (29.5% of GDP), compared to $3.33T (84.1% of GDP) in India.

Comoros vs India GDP by year

Comoros
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Comoros India
2025 $1,814,920,856 $3,956,067,115,772
2024 $1,610,082,688 $3,760,813,470,501
2023 $1,465,977,684 $3,500,906,030,645
2022 $1,279,542,249 $3,249,938,492,013
2021 $1,299,039,312 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $1,225,039,197 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $1,195,019,532 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $1,188,797,449 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $1,077,439,757 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $1,012,835,493 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $966,029,601 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $1,149,587,562 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $1,116,223,107 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $1,015,842,907 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $1,023,087,476 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $907,979,446 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $905,341,173 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $915,659,108 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $795,673,153 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $688,498,642 $940,259,888,788
2005 $655,375,096 $820,383,763,511
2004 $622,679,660 $709,152,728,831
2003 $546,830,041 $607,700,687,237
2002 $427,360,070 $514,939,140,319
2001 $372,746,486 $485,440,139,204
2000 $339,504,306 $468,395,521,654
1999 $371,921,712 $458,821,052,616
1998 $363,932,160 $421,351,317,225
1997 $362,816,806 $415,867,563,593
1996 $392,488,149 $392,896,866,205
1995 $392,774,714 $360,281,909,643
1994 $314,789,556 $327,274,843,459
1993 $427,750,823 $279,295,648,983
1992 $436,552,922 $288,208,070,278
1991 $400,592,663 $270,105,341,879
1990 $401,561,022 $320,979,026,420
1989 $328,665,081 $296,042,052,945
1988 $336,422,522 $296,589,670,896
1987 $313,292,323 $279,033,584,092
1986 $258,143,903 $248,985,994,041
1985 $191,944,892 $232,511,554,840
1984 $189,102,734 $212,157,645,178
1983 $196,193,380 $218,262,146,413
1982 $202,152,462 $200,715,624,831
1981 $212,958,382 $193,491,368,446
1980 $243,390,496 $186,328,579,302
1979 - $152,995,442,498
1978 - $137,302,319,829
1977 - $121,486,641,441
1976 - $102,716,451,980
1975 - $98,473,832,017
1974 - $99,526,597,934
1973 - $85,517,673,173
1972 - $71,464,700,667
1971 - $67,351,404,352
1970 - $62,422,483,055
1969 - $58,447,995,017
1968 - $53,085,455,871
1967 - $50,134,942,204
1966 - $45,581,230,504
1965 - $59,556,105,229
1964 - $56,480,289,941
1963 - $48,421,923,459
1962 - $42,161,481,858
1961 - $39,232,435,784
1960 - $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Comoros vs India by year

Comoros
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Comoros India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $2,056 - $2,702 -
2024 $1,858 $3,959 $2,592 $11,160
2023 $1,724 $3,812 $2,434 $10,323
2022 $1,534 $3,642 $2,280 $9,207
2021 $1,588 $3,378 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $1,527 $3,245 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $1,519 $3,293 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $1,541 $3,276 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $1,424 $3,347 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $1,365 $3,139 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $1,329 $2,949 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $1,616 $2,938 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $1,603 $2,833 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $1,490 $2,679 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $1,531 $2,472 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $1,387 $2,372 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $1,410 $2,304 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $1,455 $2,262 $993 $3,633
2007 $1,290 $2,178 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $1,138 $2,146 $802 $3,221
2005 $1,106 $2,162 $710 $2,937
2004 $1,072 $2,025 $624 $2,682
2003 $960 $1,949 $544 $2,461
2002 $765 $1,912 $469 $2,277
2001 $681 $1,838 $450 $2,200
2000 $633 $1,741 $443 $2,091
1999 $707 $1,753 $442 $2,006
1998 $704 $1,713 $414 $1,852
1997 $715 $1,723 $416 $1,759
1996 $786 $1,651 $401 $1,695
1995 $801 $1,657 $375 $1,579
1994 $653 $1,564 $348 $1,467
1993 $903 $1,623 $303 $1,374
1992 $939 $1,575 $319 $1,309
1991 $879 $1,464 $306 $1,239
1990 $903 $1,546 $371 $1,212
1989 $759 - $350 -
1988 $798 - $358 -
1987 $763 - $345 -
1986 $646 - $315 -
1985 $494 - $301 -
1984 $501 - $281 -
1983 $534 - $296 -
1982 $566 - $278.7 -
1981 $613 - $275 -
1980 $721 - $271.1 -
1979 - - $228 -
1978 - - $209.4 -
1977 - - $189.6 -
1976 - - $164.1 -
1975 - - $161.1 -
1974 - - $166.7 -
1973 - - $146.6 -
1972 - - $125.3 -
1971 - - $120.7 -
1970 - - $114.4 -
1969 - - $109.5 -
1968 - - $101.6 -
1967 - - $98 -
1966 - - $91 -
1965 - - $121.5 -
1964 - - $117.9 -
1963 - - $103.4 -
1962 - - $92.2 -
1961 - - $87.9 -
1960 - - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/india | CC BY

Comoros' GDP per capita is $2,056, ranking 158/197, compared to $2,702 in India, ranking 149/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Comoros ranks 167th at $3,959, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Comoros India
Gross domestic product
$1.81B
2025
$3.96T
2025
GDP rank
182/197
2025
6/197
2025
GDP growth
3.75%
2024-2025
7.57%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$2,056
2025
$2,702
2025
GDP per capita rank
158/197
2025
149/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$3,959
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
167/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$535M
2025
$3.33T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
29.5%
2025
84.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$606
2025
$2,272
2025
Government debt per person rank
161/185
2025
116/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$1,829
2026
$2,974
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$10.6T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
944,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
229
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.6%
2024
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
3.7%
2024
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
19.5%
2025
28.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.2%
2024-2025
2.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
4.39%
2021
4.51%
2025
Population
907554
1483314140

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Comoros
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Comoros India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 19.5% 29.5% 28.5% 84.1%
2024 19.1% 30% 29.3% 84.8%
2023 17.9% 31.5% 29.7% 85%
2022 18.4% 30.2% 30% 84.6%
2021 20% 27.9% 30.7% 85.7%
2020 18.8% 25.5% 31.8% 90.6%
2019 20.1% 22.4% 27.4% 76.7%
2018 19.2% 17.5% 26.8% 71.7%
2017 18.8% 19.4% 26.6% 70.8%
2016 18.9% 15.7% 27.6% 69.8%
2015 19.1% 13.6% 27.3% 69.8%
2014 14.5% 12% 26.2% 67.6%
2013 14.8% 10.5% 26.5% 68%
2012 14.9% 25% 27.2% 68.1%
2011 13.2% 27.6% 27.3% 68.7%
2010 13.3% 30.1% 27.7% 67.7%
2009 13.7% 31.8% 28.1% 72.7%
2008 15.1% 33.4% 28.3% 74.3%
2007 13.1% 36.2% 26.1% 75.4%
2006 12.5% 38.5% 25.6% 77.9%
2005 12.8% 39.9% 26% 82.4%
2004 11.7% 42.4% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 12.8% 44.4% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 14.3% 48.2% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 13% 53% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 9.74% 60.7% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 11.5% 64.5% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 13.1% 69.4% 26% 69.3%
1997 14.5% 70.9% 25.2% 69%
1996 15.5% 75.4% 24.4% 67.1%
1995 18.4% 77.7% 25% 70.9%
1994 21.8% 87.8% 26.2% 74.8%
1993 16.3% 95.7% 26.2% 78.3%
1992 20.4% 101% 26.7% 78.8%
1991 19.9% 103.9% 26.8% 76.7%
1990 20.3% 108.1% 25.4% 50.8%
1989 19.7% 113.7% 25.7% 50.5%
1988 20.2% 119.9% 24.9% 48.9%
1987 22.4% 128.8% 22.5% 48.9%
1986 25.6% 136.6% 23.2% 47.9%
1985 24.8% 142.8% 21.6% 44.3%
1984 23.3% 150.1% 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/india | CC BY

In 2025, Comoros' government spending was $355M, accounting for 19.5% of its GDP, while India spent $1.13T, or 28.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 29.5% in Comoros and 84.1% in India, ranking 157/185 and 38/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Comoros

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Comoros India
2025 -2.34% -7.44%
2024 -2.67% -7.85%
2023 -1.34% -8.37%
2022 -3.93% -9.23%
2021 -2.82% -9.7%
2020 -0.52% -13.2%
2019 -4.3% -7.86%
2018 -1.35% -6.46%
2017 -0.1% -6.33%
2016 -5.52% -7.21%
2015 2.6% -7.28%
2014 -0.33% -6.9%
2013 10.5% -6.78%
2012 1.96% -7.32%
2011 0.86% -8.03%
2010 4.2% -8.53%
2009 0.36% -9.26%
2008 -1.46% -8.15%
2007 -1.18% -3.73%
2006 -1.51% -5.11%
2005 -1.41% -6.64%
2004 -0.98% -9.22%
2003 -2.05% -11.4%
2002 -2.15% -11.1%
2001 -2.13% -11%
2000 -1.14% -8.41%
1999 -0.46% -8.7%
1998 -2% -9.74%
1997 -1.3% -8.28%
1996 -3.43% -6.71%
1995 -4.13% -6.81%
1994 -3.7% -8%
1993 1.27% -8.57%
1992 -1.99% -7.89%
1991 -2.26% -7.44%
1990 -1.03% -7.63%
1989 -1.31% -7.68%
1988 -2.69% -7.01%
1987 -3.11% -9.53%
1986 -4.83% -10.6%
1985 -5.02% -9.58%
1984 -5.7% -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 - -0.32%
1938 - -0.16%
1937 - -0.1%
1936 - -0.45%
1935 - -0.4%
1934 - -0.09%
1933 - 0%
1932 - 0.03%
1931 - -0.68%
1930 - -1.02%
1929 - -0.91%
1928 - -0.87%
1927 - -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/india | CC BY

In 2025, Comoros' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $42.4M, equivalent to 2.34% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $294B, or 7.44% of GDP.

Over the past 42 years, Comoros recorded a fiscal deficit in 35 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 42 years. On average, Comoros posted an annual deficit equal to 1.44% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.22% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Comoros

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Comoros India
2025 3.2% 2.4%
2024 5% 4.95%
2023 8.5% 5.65%
2022 12.4% 6.7%
2021 0% 5.13%
2020 0.8% 6.62%
2019 3.7% 3.73%
2018 1.7% 3.94%
2017 0.1% 3.33%
2016 0.8% 4.95%
2015 0.9% 4.91%
2014 0% 6.67%
2013 0.4% 10%
2012 5.9% 9.48%
2011 2.2% 8.91%
2010 3.9% 12%
2009 4.8% 10.9%
2008 4.8% 8.35%
2007 4.5% 6.37%
2006 3.4% 5.8%
2005 3% 4.25%
2004 4.5% 3.77%
2003 3.7% 3.81%
2002 3.6% 4.3%
2001 5.6% 3.78%
2000 5.9% 4.01%
1999 1.1% 4.67%
1998 1.2% 13.2%
1997 1.5% 7.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/india | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Comoros has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 3.35%, compared with 6.2% in India. In 2025, inflation was 3.2% in Comoros and 2.4% in India.

Top exports between countries

Comoros
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $4.8M
Metals $367K
Machinery & equipment $13K
Chemicals & pharma $7K
India
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $15.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $9.37M
Animal & marine products $7.7M
Chemicals & pharma $3.24M
Machinery & equipment $3.04M
Metals $2.95M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.74M
Wood & paper products $300K
Miscellaneous $80K
Raw materials & minerals $52K

Balance of trade

Comoros India
Current account balance
-$24.6M
2023
-$16.5B
2025
Current account balance ranking
73/190
2023
182/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-1.68%
2023
-0.42%
2025
Goods imports
$299M
2023
$761B
2025
Goods exports
$32.1M
2023
$450B
2025
Service imports
$205M
2023
$203B
2025
Service exports
$116M
2023
$412B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
31.6%
2025
24%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
9.3%
2025
22.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Comoros India
Economic freedom 52.7 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 145/197 146/197
Property rights 25.3 48.3
Government integrity 17.9 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 23.1 52.6
Tax burden 65.3 71.2
Government spending 89.8 75.7
Fiscal health 86 6.7
Business freedom 55.3 67.4
Labor freedom 56.2 59
Monetary freedom 73.8 70.9
Trade freedom 64.2 61
Investment freedom 45 40
Financial freedom 30 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Comoros
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Comoros India
2026 52.7 52.5
2025 51.4 53
2024 52 52.9
2023 53.5 52.9
2022 50.4 53.9
2021 55.7 56.5
2020 53.7 56.5
2019 55.4 55.2
2018 56.2 54.5
2017 55.8 52.6
2016 52.4 56.2
2015 52.1 54.6
2014 51.4 55.7
2013 47.5 55.2
2012 45.7 54.6
2011 43.8 54.6
2010 44.9 53.8
2009 43.3 54.4
2008 - 54.1
2007 - 53.9
2006 - 52.2
2005 - 54.2
2004 - 51.5
2003 - 51.2
2002 - 51.2
2001 - 49
2000 - 47.4
1999 - 50.2
1998 - 49.7
1997 - 49.7
1996 - 47.4
1995 - 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Comoros is 52.7, ranking 145/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Comoros India
Services, % of GDP
48.8%
2025
49.3%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
9.87%
2025
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
36.6%
2025
16.2%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1.72B
2025
$4.04T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$4,260
2025
$11,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$409M
2025
$700B
2025
Total reserves ranking
163/177
2025
5/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$5.35M
2023
-$3.41B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$7.1M
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$0
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
1.52%
2024
2.47%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
44.8%
2020
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
11.8%
2025
34.6%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/comoros/india | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.