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Economy of Bosnia and Herzegovina vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Bosnia and Herzegovina has a GDP of $29.6B compared to $3.91T for India, ranking 111/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Bosnia and Herzegovina has $8.74B in government debt (29.5% of GDP), compared to $3.19T (81.6% of GDP) in India.

Bosnia and Herzegovina vs India GDP by year

Bosnia and Herzegovina
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Bosnia India
2024 $29,613,572,023 $3,909,891,533,858
2023 $27,592,361,498 $3,638,489,096,034
2022 $24,534,663,636 $3,346,107,287,731
2021 $23,672,712,121 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $20,226,038,370 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $20,482,608,984 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $20,484,058,033 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $18,326,373,136 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $17,116,926,554 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $16,404,348,361 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $18,558,734,107 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $18,179,109,209 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $17,226,735,996 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $18,644,233,537 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $17,176,315,804 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $17,613,949,091 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $19,112,796,623 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $15,778,734,264 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $12,864,841,906 $940,259,888,788
2005 $11,222,796,337 $820,383,763,511
2004 $10,156,541,221 $709,152,728,831
2003 $8,498,894,359 $607,700,687,237
2002 $6,728,220,983 $514,939,140,319
2001 $5,800,615,375 $485,440,139,204
2000 $5,567,772,769 $468,395,521,654
1999 $4,686,256,363 $458,821,052,616
1998 $4,116,774,301 $421,351,317,225
1997 $3,671,909,673 $415,867,563,593
1996 $2,786,045,322 $392,896,866,205
1995 $1,866,572,954 $360,281,909,643
1994 $1,255,802,469 $327,274,843,459
1993 $3,630,668,950 $279,295,648,983
1992 $4,735,044,707 $288,208,070,278
1991 $6,122,959,184 $270,105,341,879
1990 $7,753,478,261 $320,979,026,420
1989 - $296,042,052,945
1988 - $296,589,670,896
1987 - $279,033,584,092
1986 - $248,985,994,041
1985 - $232,511,554,840
1984 - $212,157,645,178
1983 - $218,262,146,413
1982 - $200,715,624,831
1981 - $193,491,368,446
1980 - $186,328,579,302
1979 - $152,995,442,498
1978 - $137,302,319,829
1977 - $121,486,641,441
1976 - $102,716,451,980
1975 - $98,473,832,017
1974 - $99,526,597,934
1973 - $85,517,673,173
1972 - $71,464,700,667
1971 - $67,351,404,352
1970 - $62,422,483,055
1969 - $58,447,995,017
1968 - $53,085,455,871
1967 - $50,134,942,204
1966 - $45,581,230,504
1965 - $59,556,105,229
1964 - $56,480,289,941
1963 - $48,421,923,459
1962 - $42,161,481,858
1961 - $39,232,435,784
1960 - $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bosnia-and-herzegovina/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Bosnia and Herzegovina vs India by year

Bosnia and Herzegovina
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Bosnia India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $9,359 $25,043 $2,695 $11,160
2023 $8,663 $23,376 $2,530 $10,323
2022 $7,656 $21,651 $2,347 $9,207
2021 $7,295 $18,287 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $6,130 $16,370 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $6,122 $16,429 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $6,048 $14,859 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $5,345 $13,627 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $4,929 $12,899 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $4,662 $11,845 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $5,206 $11,168 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $5,035 $10,808 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $4,694 $10,121 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $4,983 $9,761 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $4,506 $9,086 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $4,540 $8,698 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $4,842 $8,587 $993 $3,633
2007 $3,931 $7,686 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $3,166 $6,869 $802 $3,221
2005 $2,740 $5,956 $710 $2,937
2004 $2,453 $5,407 $624 $2,682
2003 $2,034 $4,917 $544 $2,461
2002 $1,607 $4,665 $469 $2,277
2001 $1,388 $4,307 $450 $2,200
2000 $1,338 $4,148 $443 $2,091
1999 $1,135 $3,875 $442 $2,006
1998 $1,007 $3,524 $414 $1,852
1997 $914 $3,041 $416 $1,759
1996 $719 $2,269 $401 $1,695
1995 $502 $1,507 $375 $1,579
1994 $337 $1,269 $348 $1,467
1993 $930 $1,067 $303 $1,374
1992 $1,118 $982 $319 $1,309
1991 $1,373 $975 $306 $1,239
1990 $1,743 $1,043 $371 $1,212
1989 - - $350 -
1988 - - $358 -
1987 - - $345 -
1986 - - $315 -
1985 - - $301 -
1984 - - $281 -
1983 - - $296 -
1982 - - $278.7 -
1981 - - $275 -
1980 - - $271.1 -
1979 - - $228 -
1978 - - $209.4 -
1977 - - $189.6 -
1976 - - $164.1 -
1975 - - $161.1 -
1974 - - $166.7 -
1973 - - $146.6 -
1972 - - $125.3 -
1971 - - $120.7 -
1970 - - $114.4 -
1969 - - $109.5 -
1968 - - $101.6 -
1967 - - $98 -
1966 - - $91 -
1965 - - $121.5 -
1964 - - $117.9 -
1963 - - $103.4 -
1962 - - $92.2 -
1961 - - $87.9 -
1960 - - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bosnia-and-herzegovina/india | CC BY

Bosnia and Herzegovina's GDP per capita is $9,359, ranking 87/197, compared to $2,695 in India, ranking 143/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks 83rd at $25,043, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Bosnia India
Gross domestic product
$29.6B
2024
$3.91T
2024
GDP rank
111/197
2024
5/197
2024
GDP growth
2.97%
2023-2024
6.49%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$9,359
2024
$2,695
2024
GDP per capita rank
87/197
2024
143/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$25,043
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
83/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$8.74B
2024
$3.19T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
29.5%
2024
81.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,763
2024
$2,200
2024
Government debt per person rank
107/185
2024
118/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$8,501
2026
$4,596
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$5.13T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
917,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
205
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25.1%
2011
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.9%
2011
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
43.3%
2024
28.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.7%
2023-2024
4.95%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
10.7%
2024
4.17%
2024
Population
3116111
1480351380

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Bosnia and Herzegovina
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Bosnia India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 43.3% 29.5% 28.4% 81.6%
2023 41.7% 29% 27.9% 80.7%
2022 39.4% 31.2% 29.1% 82.2%
2021 40.6% 35.8% 29.9% 83.5%
2020 45.4% 37.2% 31% 88.4%
2019 39.9% 32.8% 26.8% 75.1%
2018 40.4% 34.5% 26.3% 70.4%
2017 40% 38.6% 26.2% 69.7%
2016 41.5% 44.9% 27.2% 68.9%
2015 42.7% 46.4% 27.1% 69%
2014 46.2% 47.1% 26.2% 67.1%
2013 44.5% 43.8% 26.6% 67.7%
2012 46.9% 43.6% 27.4% 68%
2011 46.4% 40.9% 27.6% 68.7%
2010 48.7% 42.2% 28% 67.7%
2009 49% 36.4% 28.5% 72.7%
2008 48.4% 30.3% 29.3% 74.3%
2007 45.2% 18.2% 26.9% 75.4%
2006 44.2% 20.6% 26.9% 77.9%
2005 44.5% 24.9% 26.9% 82.4%
2004 45.6% 25.5% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 47.3% 27.6% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 47.4% 31.1% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 50.2% 35.1% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 56.2% 34.6% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 57.5% 56% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 54.4% 54.4% 26% 69.3%
1997 - - 25.2% 69%
1996 - - 24.4% 67.1%
1995 - - 25% 70.9%
1994 - - 26.2% 74.8%
1993 - - 26.2% 78.3%
1992 - - 26.7% 78.8%
1991 - - 27.3% 76.7%
1990 - - 25.8% 50.8%
1989 - - 25.7% 50.5%
1988 - - 24.9% 48.9%
1987 - - 22.5% 48.9%
1986 - - 23.2% 47.9%
1985 - - 21.6% 44.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bosnia-and-herzegovina/india | CC BY

In 2024, Bosnia and Herzegovina's government spending was $12.8B, accounting for 43.3% of its GDP, while India spent $1.11T, or 28.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 29.5% in Bosnia and Herzegovina and 81.6% in India, ranking 159/185 and 43/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Bosnia and Herzegovina

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Bosnia India
2024 -1.88% -7.9%
2023 -1.67% -7.4%
2022 0.15% -8.97%
2021 -0.18% -9.45%
2020 -4.5% -12.9%
2019 1.37% -7.69%
2018 1.63% -6.34%
2017 1.79% -6.23%
2016 0.34% -7.12%
2015 -0.19% -7.21%
2014 -2.87% -7.07%
2013 -1.28% -7%
2012 -2.68% -7.55%
2011 -2.73% -8.35%
2010 -4.06% -8.79%
2009 -5.34% -9.7%
2008 -3.82% -9.17%
2007 0.17% -4.59%
2006 2.08% -6.38%
2005 0.74% -7.49%
2004 -0.18% -9.22%
2003 -0.44% -11.4%
2002 -2.99% -11.1%
2001 -3.44% -11%
2000 -4.63% -8.41%
1999 -2.78% -8.7%
1998 -0.98% -9.74%
1997 - -8.28%
1996 - -6.71%
1995 - -6.81%
1994 - -8%
1993 - -8.57%
1992 - -7.89%
1991 - -7.9%
1990 - -8.07%
1989 - -7.68%
1988 - -7.01%
1987 - -9.53%
1986 - -10.6%
1985 - -9.58%
1984 - -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 - -0.32%
1938 - -0.16%
1937 - -0.1%
1936 - -0.45%
1935 - -0.4%
1934 - -0.09%
1933 - 0%
1932 - 0.03%
1931 - -0.68%
1930 - -1.02%
1929 - -0.91%
1928 - -0.87%
1927 - -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/bosnia-and-herzegovina/india | CC BY

In 2024, Bosnia and Herzegovina's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $557M, equivalent to 1.88% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $309B, or 7.9% of GDP.

Over the past 27 years, Bosnia and Herzegovina recorded a fiscal deficit in 19 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Bosnia and Herzegovina posted an annual deficit equal to 1.42% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.4% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Bosnia and Herzegovina

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Bosnia India
2024 1.7% 4.95%
2023 6.1% 5.65%
2022 14% 6.7%
2021 2% 5.13%
2020 -1.1% 6.62%
2019 0.6% 3.73%
2018 1.4% 3.94%
2017 0.8% 3.33%
2016 -1.6% 4.95%
2015 -1% 4.91%
2014 -0.9% 6.67%
2013 -0.1% 10%
2012 2.1% 9.48%
2011 4% 8.91%
2010 2.1% 12%
2009 -0.4% 10.9%
2008 7.4% 8.35%
2007 1.5% 6.37%
2006 6.1% 5.8%
2005 3.6% 4.25%
2004 0.3% 3.77%
2003 0.5% 3.81%
2002 0.3% 4.3%
2001 3.2% 3.78%
2000 5% 4.01%
1999 2.8% 4.67%
1998 -0.3% 13.2%
1997 5.7% 7.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/bosnia-and-herzegovina/india | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Bosnia and Herzegovina has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 6.33% in India. In 2024, inflation was 1.7% in Bosnia and Herzegovina and 4.95% in India.

Top exports between countries

Bosnia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $8.04M
Weapons & explosives $3.19M
IT & IP services $1.44M
Raw materials & minerals $510K
Metals $434K
Animal & marine products $368K
Wood & paper products $367K
Transport & tourism services $118K
Chemicals & pharma $71K
Textiles & consumer goods $67K
India
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $6.79M
Chemicals & pharma $5.04M
Raw materials & minerals $2.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $2.59M
Metals $525K
Raw agricultural goods $330K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $248K
Wood & paper products $107K
Animal & marine products $80K
Miscellaneous $32K

Balance of trade

Bosnia India
Current account balance
-$1.03B
2024
-$32.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
123/190
2024
186/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-3.47%
2024
-0.82%
2024
Goods imports
$14.8B
2024
$727B
2024
Goods exports
$8.36B
2024
$447B
2024
Service imports
$1.27B
2024
$197B
2024
Service exports
$3.74B
2024
$375B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.3%
2024
23.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
40.9%
2024
21.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Bosnia India
Economic freedom 63.1 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 83/197 146/197
Property rights 46.9 48.3
Government integrity 36.8 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 36.1 52.6
Tax burden 93.9 71.2
Government spending 48.4 75.7
Fiscal health 96.2 6.7
Business freedom 65.1 67.4
Labor freedom 62.7 59
Monetary freedom 77.5 70.9
Trade freedom 69 61
Investment freedom 65 40
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Bosnia and Herzegovina
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Bosnia India
2026 63.1 52.5
2025 63.5 53
2024 62 52.9
2023 62.9 52.9
2022 63.4 53.9
2021 62.9 56.5
2020 62.6 56.5
2019 61.9 55.2
2018 61.4 54.5
2017 60.2 52.6
2016 58.6 56.2
2015 59 54.6
2014 58.4 55.7
2013 57.3 55.2
2012 57.3 54.6
2011 57.5 54.6
2010 56.2 53.8
2009 53.1 54.4
2008 53.9 54.1
2007 54.4 53.9
2006 55.6 52.2
2005 48.8 54.2
2004 44.7 51.5
2003 40.6 51.2
2002 37.4 51.2
2001 36.6 49
2000 45.1 47.4
1999 29.4 50.2
1998 29.4 49.7
1997 - 49.7
1996 - 47.4
1995 - 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/bosnia-and-herzegovina/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Bosnia and Herzegovina is 63.1, ranking 83/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Bosnia India
Services, % of GDP
56.6%
2024
49.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
22.4%
2024
24.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.53%
2024
16.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$27.8B
2024
$3.84T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$24,990
2024
$11,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$9.42B
2024
$643B
2024
Total reserves ranking
79/177
2024
5/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$885M
2024
-$2.89B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$1B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$119M
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
4.93%
2024
2.38%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
16.9%
2015
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
27.5%
2024
32.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/bosnia-and-herzegovina/india | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2016–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.