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Economy of DR Congo vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

The DR Congo has a GDP of $91B compared to $3.96T for India, ranking 81/197 and 6/197 by economy size, respectively.

The DR Congo has $18.4B in government debt (20.2% of GDP), compared to $3.33T (84.1% of GDP) in India.

DR Congo vs India GDP by year

DR Congo
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
DR Congo India
2025 $91,030,531,317 $3,956,067,115,772
2024 $75,716,176,105 $3,760,813,470,501
2023 $69,843,655,425 $3,500,906,030,645
2022 $70,422,346,142 $3,249,938,492,013
2021 $59,067,289,574 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $46,691,989,749 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $46,845,900,350 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $46,659,954,092 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $37,537,521,566 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $38,600,224,214 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $40,179,574,490 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $38,352,980,553 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $34,891,189,160 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $30,029,369,929 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $26,392,379,642 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $24,161,641,931 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $18,607,259,481 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $22,723,488,723 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $18,374,807,773 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $15,484,044,535 $940,259,888,788
2005 $12,609,728,573 $820,383,763,511
2004 $10,297,483,481 $709,152,728,831
2003 $8,937,567,060 $607,700,687,237
2002 $8,728,038,525 $514,939,140,319
2001 $7,438,189,100 $485,440,139,204
2000 $19,088,046,306 $468,395,521,654
1999 $4,711,259,427 $458,821,052,616
1998 $6,217,805,821 $421,351,317,225
1997 $6,090,838,693 $415,867,563,593
1996 $5,771,456,952 $392,896,866,205
1995 $5,643,439,376 $360,281,909,643
1994 $5,820,382,248 $327,274,843,459
1993 $10,706,259,937 $279,295,648,983
1992 $8,227,343,907 $288,208,070,278
1991 $9,625,436,873 $270,105,341,879
1990 $9,349,764,580 $320,979,026,420
1989 $9,021,862,775 $296,042,052,945
1988 $8,861,299,977 $296,589,670,896
1987 $7,661,625,473 $279,033,584,092
1986 $8,095,367,168 $248,985,994,041
1985 $7,195,042,616 $232,511,554,840
1984 $7,857,729,193 $212,157,645,178
1983 $11,006,712,650 $218,262,146,413
1982 $13,651,667,371 $200,715,624,831
1981 $12,537,821,038 $193,491,368,446
1980 $14,394,927,495 $186,328,579,302
1979 $15,068,422,236 $152,995,442,498
1978 $15,372,608,002 $137,302,319,829
1977 $12,344,424,764 $121,486,641,441
1976 $9,648,583,225 $102,716,451,980
1975 $10,237,343,174 $98,473,832,017
1974 $9,596,960,180 $99,526,597,934
1973 $7,870,239,461 $85,517,673,173
1972 $6,173,712,814 $71,464,700,667
1971 $5,594,770,359 $67,351,404,352
1970 $4,877,684,910 $62,422,483,055
1969 $5,032,434,970 $58,447,995,017
1968 $3,909,780,539 $53,085,455,871
1967 $3,384,063,372 $50,134,942,204
1966 $4,532,660,182 $45,581,230,504
1965 $4,043,901,818 $59,556,105,229
1964 $2,881,545,273 $56,480,289,941
1963 $6,213,185,743 $48,421,923,459
1962 $3,779,841,429 $42,161,481,858
1961 $3,086,746,857 $39,232,435,784
1960 $3,359,404,118 $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in DR Congo vs India by year

DR Congo
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
DR Congo India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $807 - $2,702 -
2024 $693 $1,821 $2,592 $11,160
2023 $660 $1,731 $2,434 $10,323
2022 $688 $1,590 $2,280 $9,207
2021 $596 $1,402 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $486 $1,089 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $504 $1,056 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $518 $1,049 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $431 $991 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $460 $950 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $496 $910 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $489 $859 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $460 $761 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $410 $648 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $373 $644 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $352 $606 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $280.2 $573 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $353 $584 $993 $3,633
2007 $294.1 $550 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $255.4 $508 $802 $3,221
2005 $214.5 $484 $710 $2,937
2004 $180.7 $456 $624 $2,682
2003 $161.5 $428 $544 $2,461
2002 $162.4 $410 $469 $2,277
2001 $142.7 $404 $450 $2,200
2000 $378 $417 $443 $2,091
1999 $96.3 $452 $442 $2,006
1998 $131.5 $481 $414 $1,852
1997 $132.3 $497 $416 $1,759
1996 $127.4 $526 $401 $1,695
1995 $127 $532 $375 $1,579
1994 $136.5 $540 $348 $1,467
1993 $263.3 $576 $303 $1,374
1992 $209.7 $674 $319 $1,309
1991 $253.8 $762 $306 $1,239
1990 $254.9 $832 $371 $1,212
1989 $254.2 - $350 -
1988 $257.7 - $358 -
1987 $230.1 - $345 -
1986 $250.9 - $315 -
1985 $230.1 - $301 -
1984 $259.8 - $281 -
1983 $376 - $296 -
1982 $482 - $278.7 -
1981 $456 - $275 -
1980 $539 - $271.1 -
1979 $582 - $228 -
1978 $615 - $209.4 -
1977 $509 - $189.6 -
1976 $408 - $164.1 -
1975 $445 - $161.1 -
1974 $428 - $166.7 -
1973 $361 - $146.6 -
1972 $290.5 - $125.3 -
1971 $270.3 - $120.7 -
1970 $242.2 - $114.4 -
1969 $257.1 - $109.5 -
1968 $205.6 - $101.6 -
1967 $183.3 - $98 -
1966 $252.8 - $91 -
1965 $232 - $121.5 -
1964 $169.9 - $117.9 -
1963 $376 - $103.4 -
1962 $235.1 - $92.2 -
1961 $197.1 - $87.9 -
1960 $220.1 - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/india | CC BY

The DR Congo's GDP per capita is $807, ranking 187/197, compared to $2,702 in India, ranking 149/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the DR Congo ranks 190th at $1,821, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

DR Congo India
Gross domestic product
$91B
2025
$3.96T
2025
GDP rank
81/197
2025
6/197
2025
GDP growth
5.76%
2024-2025
7.57%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$807
2025
$2,702
2025
GDP per capita rank
187/197
2025
149/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$1,821
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
190/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$18.4B
2025
$3.33T
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
20.2%
2025
84.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$163
2025
$2,272
2025
Government debt per person rank
183/185
2025
116/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,203
2026
$2,974
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$10.6T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
944,000
2026
Number of billionaires n/a
229
2026
Income share by richest 10%
35.7%
2020
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.1%
2020
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
17.2%
2025
28.5%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
2.89%
2015-2016
2.4%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate
13.5%
2026
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
1.47%
2020
4.51%
2025
Population
118386491
1483314140

Spending and national debt comparison by year

DR Congo
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
DR Congo India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 17.2% 20.2% 28.5% 84.1%
2024 16.5% 15.8% 29.3% 84.8%
2023 15.9% 15.7% 29.7% 85%
2022 17.1% 14.7% 30% 84.6%
2021 13.5% 14% 30.7% 85.7%
2020 13.4% 11.6% 31.8% 90.6%
2019 15.2% 9.72% 27.4% 76.7%
2018 12.2% 9.19% 26.8% 71.7%
2017 11.2% 8.42% 26.6% 70.8%
2016 14.3% 10.6% 27.6% 69.8%
2015 15.9% 10.2% 27.3% 69.8%
2014 13.5% 8.74% 26.2% 67.6%
2013 11.7% 8.26% 26.5% 68%
2012 13.2% 7.58% 27.2% 68.1%
2011 13.5% 7.81% 27.3% 68.7%
2010 15.2% 31.8% 27.7% 67.7%
2009 12.3% 91.6% 28.1% 72.7%
2008 9.94% 80.3% 28.3% 74.3%
2007 7.98% 85.1% 26.1% 75.4%
2006 7.35% 107.5% 25.6% 77.9%
2005 7.5% 112% 26% 82.4%
2004 7.18% 164.1% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 8.87% 114.5% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 4.17% 136% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 4.16% 185.4% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 2.49% 135% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 2.15% - 25.8% 71.3%
1998 2.78% - 26% 69.3%
1997 2.51% - 25.2% 69%
1996 2.17% - 24.4% 67.1%
1995 - - 25% 70.9%
1994 - - 26.2% 74.8%
1993 - - 26.2% 78.3%
1992 - - 26.7% 78.8%
1991 - - 26.8% 76.7%
1990 - - 25.4% 50.8%
1989 - - 25.7% 50.5%
1988 - - 24.9% 48.9%
1987 - - 22.5% 48.9%
1986 - - 23.2% 47.9%
1985 - - 21.6% 44.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/india | CC BY

In 2025, the DR Congo's government spending was $15.6B, accounting for 17.2% of its GDP, while India spent $1.13T, or 28.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 20.2% in the DR Congo and 84.1% in India, ranking 173/185 and 38/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
DR Congo

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
DR Congo India
2025 -2.75% -7.44%
2024 -1.66% -7.85%
2023 -1.59% -8.37%
2022 -0.87% -9.23%
2021 -1.58% -9.7%
2020 -3.49% -13.2%
2019 -3.41% -7.86%
2018 -1.35% -6.46%
2017 -0.01% -6.33%
2016 -0.91% -7.21%
2015 -1.2% -7.28%
2014 3.87% -6.9%
2013 3.5% -6.78%
2012 1.93% -7.32%
2011 -0.71% -8.03%
2010 -0.8% -8.53%
2009 1.04% -9.26%
2008 -0.28% -8.15%
2007 1.21% -3.73%
2006 2.09% -5.11%
2005 1.38% -6.64%
2004 -0.17% -9.22%
2003 -3.92% -11.4%
2002 0.89% -11.1%
2001 -1.13% -11%
2000 -1.85% -8.41%
1999 -1.35% -8.7%
1998 -1.55% -9.74%
1997 -1.06% -8.28%
1996 -0.56% -6.71%
1995 - -6.81%
1994 - -8%
1993 - -8.57%
1992 - -7.89%
1991 - -7.44%
1990 - -7.63%
1989 - -7.68%
1988 - -7.01%
1987 - -9.53%
1986 - -10.6%
1985 - -9.58%
1984 - -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 - -0.32%
1938 - -0.16%
1937 - -0.1%
1936 - -0.45%
1935 - -0.4%
1934 - -0.09%
1933 - 0%
1932 - 0.03%
1931 - -0.68%
1930 - -1.02%
1929 - -0.91%
1928 - -0.87%
1927 - -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/india | CC BY

In 2025, the DR Congo's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $2.51B, equivalent to 2.75% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $294B, or 7.44% of GDP.

Over the past 30 years, the DR Congo recorded a fiscal deficit in 22 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 30 years. On average, the DR Congo posted an annual deficit equal to 0.54% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.2% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
DR Congo

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
DR Congo India
2025 - 2.4%
2024 - 4.95%
2023 - 5.65%
2022 - 6.7%
2021 - 5.13%
2020 - 6.62%
2019 - 3.73%
2018 - 3.94%
2017 - 3.33%
2016 2.89% 4.95%
2015 0.74% 4.91%
2014 1.24% 6.67%
2013 0.81% 10%
2012 9.72% 9.48%
2011 15.3% 8.91%
2010 7.1% 12%
2009 2.8% 10.9%
2008 17.3% 8.35%
2007 16.9% 6.37%
2006 13.1% 5.8%
2005 21.3% 4.25%
2004 3.99% 3.77%
2003 12.9% 3.81%
2002 31.5% 4.3%
2001 360% 3.78%
2000 514% 4.01%
1999 284.9% 4.67%
1998 29.1% 13.2%
1997 198.5% 7.16%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/india | CC BY

Over the past 20 years, the DR Congo has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 77.2%, compared with 6.86% in India. In 2016, inflation was 2.89% in the DR Congo and 2.4% in India.

Top exports between countries

DR Congo
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $69.9M
Metals $28.8M
Raw materials & minerals $13.3M
Raw agricultural goods $6.09M
Weapons & explosives $3M
Precious metals & jewellery $1.9M
Machinery & equipment $1.11M
Chemicals & pharma $61K
Wood & paper products $45K
Textiles & consumer goods $11K
India
Export category Export value
Chemicals & pharma $270M
Machinery & equipment $202M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $36.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $32.3M
Animal & marine products $22.7M
Raw materials & minerals $17.6M
Metals $13.8M
Wood & paper products $11.2M
Raw agricultural goods $9.26M
Miscellaneous $3.67M

Balance of trade

DR Congo India
Current account balance
-$3.94B
2025
-$16.5B
2025
Current account balance ranking
157/190
2025
182/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
-4.33%
2025
-0.42%
2025
Goods imports
$33B
2025
$761B
2025
Goods exports
$35.9B
2025
$450B
2025
Service imports
$5.02B
2025
$203B
2025
Service exports
$548M
2025
$412B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.9%
2025
24%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
43.4%
2025
22.3%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

DR Congo India
Economic freedom 47 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 176/197 146/197
Property rights 15.4 48.3
Government integrity 12.8 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 11.7 52.6
Tax burden 73.8 71.2
Government spending 91.2 75.7
Fiscal health 95.9 6.7
Business freedom 32.3 67.4
Labor freedom 54.2 59
Monetary freedom 58.6 70.9
Trade freedom 68.2 61
Investment freedom 30 40
Financial freedom 20 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

DR Congo
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
DR Congo India
2026 47 52.5
2025 47.3 53
2024 47.6 52.9
2023 47.9 52.9
2022 47.6 53.9
2021 49 56.5
2020 49.5 56.5
2019 50.3 55.2
2018 52.1 54.5
2017 56.4 52.6
2016 46.4 56.2
2015 45 54.6
2014 40.6 55.7
2013 39.6 55.2
2012 41.1 54.6
2011 40.7 54.6
2010 41.4 53.8
2009 42.8 54.4
2008 - 54.1
2007 - 53.9
2006 - 52.2
2005 - 54.2
2004 - 51.5
2003 - 51.2
2002 - 51.2
2001 - 49
2000 34.8 47.4
1999 34 50.2
1998 40.6 49.7
1997 39.5 49.7
1996 39.5 47.4
1995 41.4 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/dr-congo/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the DR Congo is 47, ranking 176/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

DR Congo India
Services, % of GDP
48%
2025
49.3%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
39.7%
2025
25.2%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
8.93%
2025
16.2%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$81.3B
2025
$4.04T
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$1,850
2025
$11,600
2025
Total reserves including gold
$5.1B
2023
$700B
2025
Total reserves ranking
102/177
2023
5/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
-$1.87B
2025
-$3.41B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$2.92B
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$198M
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
0.64%
2024
2.47%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
56.2%
2020
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
31.7%
2025
34.6%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2024–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.