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Economy of Austria vs South Korea compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Austria has a GDP of $535B compared to $1.88T for South Korea, ranking 30/197 and 12/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $432B in government debt (80.8% of GDP), compared to $934B (49.8% of GDP) in South Korea.

Austria vs South Korea GDP by year

Austria
South Korea
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria South Korea
2024 $534,790,720,467 $1,875,388,209,407
2023 $516,670,509,629 $1,844,800,934,392
2022 $473,221,298,968 $1,799,363,116,867
2021 $480,466,363,177 $1,942,313,560,966
2020 $434,397,601,558 $1,744,070,276,373
2019 $442,983,642,372 $1,751,045,752,055
2018 $452,582,294,973 $1,824,251,454,307
2017 $414,926,138,133 $1,710,196,756,713
2016 $393,687,359,770 $1,579,150,518,945
2015 $379,546,097,301 $1,539,212,301,136
2014 $438,556,021,078 $1,556,252,422,020
2013 $426,580,502,769 $1,434,669,686,502
2012 $406,750,487,604 $1,335,343,586,438
2011 $428,954,737,064 $1,307,103,477,219
2010 $389,827,789,218 $1,192,830,015,738
2009 $399,290,118,782 $983,065,242,417
2008 $429,234,399,096 $1,091,580,692,542
2007 $386,760,177,589 $1,220,911,904,593
2006 $333,905,979,332 $1,095,175,538,508
2005 $313,952,317,331 $971,740,329,984
2004 $299,210,411,455 $823,251,107,639
2003 $260,779,834,340 $728,516,494,684
2002 $212,837,224,023 $650,014,391,470
2001 $196,477,206,829 $567,564,806,235
2000 $196,181,599,831 $597,487,173,479
1999 $216,421,809,126 $515,697,079,289
1998 $217,068,085,816 $397,297,216,492
1997 $211,724,812,267 $589,202,526,424
1996 $235,952,581,232 $631,196,863,758
1995 $240,094,169,510 $586,286,469,401
1994 $202,738,023,130 $479,181,794,217
1993 $189,634,029,339 $405,705,302,846
1992 $194,314,032,056 $366,921,291,825
1991 $173,113,449,617 $340,851,946,804
1990 $165,811,372,383 $292,064,221,389
1989 $132,584,448,258 $254,236,243,100
1988 $132,817,124,707 $205,477,530,605
1987 $123,682,091,859 $152,240,393,646
1986 $98,648,254,169 $119,965,960,795
1985 $69,114,996,010 $103,764,281,281
1984 $67,719,055,773 $99,749,645,089
1983 $71,838,528,420 $89,621,208,322
1982 $70,996,111,963 $79,921,300,447
1981 $70,755,997,062 $74,287,368,087
1980 $81,737,498,405 $66,547,970,351
1979 $73,647,694,287 $68,083,884,298
1978 $61,809,208,756 $52,824,793,388
1977 $51,343,861,460 $39,064,462,810
1976 $42,791,707,448 $30,371,074,380
1975 $39,902,300,703 $22,126,033,058
1974 $35,051,468,640 $19,860,929,977
1973 $29,399,860,145 $14,067,523,813
1972 $21,973,207,929 $10,990,490,570
1971 $17,788,536,733 $10,005,257,131
1970 $15,312,791,744 $9,085,001,794
1969 $13,647,475,854 $7,743,940,189
1968 $12,499,863,917 $6,167,109,472
1967 $11,634,569,522 $4,895,076,718
1966 $10,939,526,219 $3,957,064,541
1965 $10,041,659,445 $3,141,131,708
1964 $9,213,648,656 $3,476,789,682
1963 $8,414,050,621 $4,007,692,308
1962 $7,793,042,529 $2,826,923,077
1961 $7,346,566,038 $2,427,244,761
1960 $6,624,086,313 $3,973,069,307

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/south-korea | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs South Korea by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
South Korea
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria South Korea
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $36,239 $61,051
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $35,674 $57,430
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $34,822 $55,509
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $37,518 $51,718
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $33,646 $47,881
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $33,827 $46,511
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $35,364 $45,511
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $33,297 $43,156
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $30,832 $41,673
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $30,172 $39,794
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $30,667 $37,032
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $28,449 $35,844
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $26,601 $35,062
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $26,175 $33,944
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $24,071 $33,120
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $19,937 $30,740
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $22,252 $31,211
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $25,078 $30,255
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $22,610 $27,972
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $20,167 $26,179
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $17,122 $24,658
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $15,212 $22,920
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $13,643 $22,173
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $11,981 $20,442
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $12,710 $19,237
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $11,063 $17,421
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $8,583 $15,500
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $12,822 $16,241
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $13,865 $15,164
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $13,002 $13,921
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $10,734 $12,551
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $9,180 $11,349
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $8,387 $10,468
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $7,873 $9,724
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $6,813 $8,567
1989 $17,401 - $5,989 -
1988 $17,510 - $4,889 -
1987 $16,329 - $3,658 -
1986 $13,032 - $2,911 -
1985 $9,136 - $2,543 -
1984 $8,956 - $2,469 -
1983 $9,500 - $2,246 -
1982 $9,373 - $2,032 -
1981 $9,348 - $1,918 -
1980 $10,827 - $1,746 -
1979 $9,755 - $1,814 -
1978 $8,173 - $1,429 -
1977 $6,784 - $1,073 -
1976 $5,656 - $847 -
1975 $5,265 - $627 -
1974 $4,613 - $572 -
1973 $3,875 - $412 -
1972 $2,913 - $328 -
1971 $2,372 - $304 -
1970 $2,051 - $281.8 -
1969 $1,834 - $245.5 -
1968 $1,686 - $200 -
1967 $1,577 - $162.5 -
1966 $1,494 - $134.4 -
1965 $1,381 - $109.4 -
1964 $1,275 - $124.2 -
1963 $1,173 - $147 -
1962 $1,093 - $106.6 -
1961 $1,037 - $94.2 -
1960 $940 - $158.8 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/south-korea | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $58,269, ranking 16/197, compared to $36,239 in South Korea, ranking 31/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while South Korea ranks 33rd at $61,051.

Economic indicators

Austria South Korea
Gross domestic product
$535B
2024
$1.88T
2024
GDP rank
30/197
2024
12/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.66%
2023-2024
2%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$58,269
2024
$36,239
2024
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2024
31/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$61,051
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
33/197
2024
Government debt
$432B
2024
$934B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.8%
2024
49.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$47,075
2024
$18,052
2024
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2024
33/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,736
2026
$27,215
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$121B
2024
$1.56T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
1,301,000
2025
Number of billionaires
9
2025
30
2025
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
24.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
2.9%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
56%
2024
22.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.94%
2023-2024
2.32%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
2.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.16%
2024
2.78%
2024
Population
9163419
51649918

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
South Korea
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria South Korea
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 56% 80.8% 22.5% 49.8%
2023 52.7% 78.5% 23.1% 50.5%
2022 53% 78.4% 26.7% 49.8%
2021 56% 82.4% 24.1% 48%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 23.7% 45.9%
2019 49.1% 71% 21.3% 39.7%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 19.3% 37.9%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 18.6% 38%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 18.5% 39.1%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 18.8% 38.8%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 18.8% 37.9%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 19% 36%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 18.8% 33.5%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 18.3% 31.7%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 17.9% 28.3%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 19.5% 28.8%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 19.1% 25.9%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 18.8% 26.3%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 18.7% 27%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 18.2% 24.9%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 18.5% 21.6%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 17.9% 19.1%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 15.9% 16.4%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 16.9% 16.6%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 16% 16.1%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 16.1% 15.8%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 16% 13.8%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 13.9% 9.69%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 14% 7.81%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 13.5% 8.48%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 15.4% 9.63%
1993 54.3% 61% 15.1% 10.9%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 15.5% 11.6%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 15.4% 11.9%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 15.2% 12.8%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 15% 12.4%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 13.9% 12.7%
1987 54.5% 55.5% 14.3% 15.3%
1986 54.3% 52% 14.9% 14.5%
1985 53.5% 47.8% 15.5% 16.2%
1984 52.6% 46% 15.6% 16.9%
1983 52.4% 43.7% 16% 19.3%
1982 52% 39.7% 17.8% 20.5%
1981 51.5% 37.5% 16.3% 18.8%
1980 50% 35.6% 16.8% 18.6%
1979 49.8% 34.1% 16.3% 15.7%
1978 50.8% 32.2% 15.7% 18.4%
1977 47.6% 28.5% 17.7% 20.1%
1976 47.9% 26.2% 17% 20.4%
1975 46.1% 22.8% 18.8% 21.5%
1974 42% 16.8% 16.1% 18.6%
1973 41.5% 16.7% 14.2% 17.9%
1972 40.1% 16.7% 18.5% 18.3%
1971 40% 17.4% 18.5% 14.5%
1970 39.5% 18.6% 17.5% 6.95%
1969 40.7% 16.8% 19.8% 2.63%
1968 40.9% 16.8% 18.5% 2.76%
1967 40.7% 15.6% 16.7% 3.74%
1966 38.7% 14.1% 16% 4.44%
1965 38.3% 14.8% 13.1% 6.14%
1964 38.7% 15.5% 12.1% 6.57%
1963 38.6% 15.6% 15.4% 9.21%
1962 37.6% 15.5% 22.3% 13%
1961 35.7% 16% 21.2% 13.4%
1960 36.3% 17.7% 17.9% 13.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/south-korea | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government spending was $300B, accounting for 56% of its GDP, while South Korea spent $423B, or 22.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.8% in Austria and 49.8% in South Korea, ranking 44/185 and 110/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

South Korea
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria South Korea
2024 -4.64% -0.78%
2023 -2.62% -0.67%
2022 -3.31% -1.49%
2021 -5.69% -0.02%
2020 -8.2% -2.11%
2019 0.54% 0.35%
2018 0.2% 2.42%
2017 -0.78% 2.08%
2016 -1.45% 1.56%
2015 -0.48% 0.5%
2014 -1.92% 0.57%
2013 -1.99% 0.79%
2012 -2.18% 1.63%
2011 -2.48% 1.72%
2010 -4.46% 1.61%
2009 -5.38% 0.24%
2008 -1.57% 1.58%
2007 -1.56% 2.49%
2006 -2.61% 1.18%
2005 -2.59% 0.95%
2004 -4.94% 0.09%
2003 -1.84% 1.51%
2002 -1.43% 3.23%
2001 -0.71% 2.42%
2000 -2.07% 3.91%
1999 -2.63% 1.15%
1998 -2.68% 1.09%
1997 -2.38% 2.31%
1996 -4.38% 2.3%
1995 -6.17% 2.16%
1994 -5.04% 2.06%
1993 -4.57% 3.21%
1992 -2.15% 2.42%
1991 -2.96% 1.94%
1990 -2.58% 2.98%
1989 -3.07% 2.27%
1988 -3.43% 2.85%
1987 -4.33% 1.7%
1986 -3.84% 0.8%
1985 -2.71% 0.47%
1984 -2.67% 0.78%
1983 -4.22% 1.05%
1982 -3.29% -0.41%
1981 -1.79% 0.99%
1980 -1.62% 0.46%
1979 -2.3% 0.47%
1978 -2.67% -0.27%
1977 -2.11% -1.81%
1976 -3.61% -0.87%
1975 -2.41% -3.68%
1974 1.23% -2.78%
1973 1.24% -1.72%
1972 1.97% -4.33%
1971 1.46% -1.3%
1970 1.16% -0.52%
1969 -0.08% -2.85%
1968 -0.83% -2.36%
1967 -0.56% -2.87%
1966 1.73% -4.27%
1965 1.38% -3.43%
1964 0.48% -4.1%
1963 -0.5% -4.32%
1962 1.12% -7.82%
1961 1.68% -9.48%
1960 -0.49% -5.18%
1959 -2.16% -6.52%
1958 -3.52% -10%
1957 -0.7% -10.1%
1956 -0.78% -10.8%
1955 -0.5% -10.6%
1954 -0.35% -10.3%
1953 -0.24% -4.14%
1952 -0.73% -
1951 -1.57% -
1950 -7.72% -
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/south-korea | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.8B, equivalent to 4.64% of GDP. This compares to South Korea's deficit of $14.7B, or 0.78% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 53 of those years, while South Korea ran a deficit in 25 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.08% of GDP for South Korea.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

South Korea
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria South Korea
2024 2.94% 2.32%
2023 7.81% 3.6%
2022 8.55% 5.09%
2021 2.77% 2.5%
2020 1.38% 0.54%
2019 1.53% 0.38%
2018 2% 1.48%
2017 2.08% 1.94%
2016 0.89% 0.97%
2015 0.9% 0.71%
2014 1.61% 1.27%
2013 2% 1.3%
2012 2.49% 2.19%
2011 3.29% 4.03%
2010 1.81% 2.94%
2009 0.51% 2.76%
2008 3.22% 4.67%
2007 2.17% 2.53%
2006 1.44% 2.24%
2005 2.3% 2.75%
2004 2.06% 3.59%
2003 1.36% 3.51%
2002 1.81% 2.76%
2001 2.65% 4.07%
2000 2.34% 2.26%
1999 0.57% 0.81%
1998 0.92% 7.51%
1997 1.31% 4.44%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/south-korea | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 2.68% in South Korea. In 2024, inflation was 2.94% in Austria and 2.32% in South Korea.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $826M
Chemicals & pharma $136M
Metals $126M
Business & finance services $80.6M
Animal & marine products $75.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $48M
Transport & tourism services $41.4M
Raw materials & minerals $35.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $32.7M
Wood & paper products $29.5M
South Korea
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $1.3B
Chemicals & pharma $44.2M
Raw materials & minerals $33.6M
Metals $17.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $9M
Precious metals & jewellery $6.14M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.46M
Raw agricultural goods $680K
Weapons & explosives $355K
Wood & paper products $281K

Balance of trade

Austria South Korea
Current account balance
$8.19B
2024
$99B
2024
Current account balance ranking
25/190
2024
7/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.53%
2024
+5.28%
2024
Goods imports
$195B
2024
$596B
2024
Goods exports
$201B
2024
$696B
2024
Service imports
$90.5B
2024
$163B
2024
Service exports
$96.6B
2024
$139B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.1%
2024
40.3%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.7%
2024
44.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria South Korea
Economic freedom 69.8 73.7
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 24/197
Property rights 95.7 89.6
Government integrity 75 70.9
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 77.5
Tax burden 45.7 61.5
Government spending 12.8 82.6
Fiscal health 67.1 93.5
Business freedom 78.7 81.5
Labor freedom 81.6 55
Monetary freedom 76.4 79.3
Trade freedom 79.4 73
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
South Korea
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria South Korea
2026 69.8 73.7
2025 69.7 74
2024 68.4 73.1
2023 71.1 73.7
2022 73.8 74.6
2021 73.9 74
2020 73.3 74
2019 72 72.3
2018 71.8 73.8
2017 72.3 74.3
2016 71.7 71.7
2015 71.2 71.5
2014 72.4 71.2
2013 71.8 70.3
2012 70.3 69.9
2011 71.9 69.8
2010 71.6 69.9
2009 71.2 68.1
2008 71.4 68.6
2007 71.6 67.8
2006 71.1 67.5
2005 68.8 66.4
2004 67.6 67.8
2003 67.6 68.3
2002 67.4 69.5
2001 68.1 69.1
2000 68.4 69.7
1999 64 69.7
1998 65.4 73.3
1997 65.2 69.8
1996 68.9 73
1995 70 72

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/south-korea | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 73.7 for South Korea, ranking 24/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria South Korea
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
57.5%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
33.9%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.22%
2024
1.46%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$503B
2024
$1.9T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$74,160
2024
$61,930
2024
Total reserves including gold
$35.4B
2024
$418B
2024
Total reserves ranking
53/177
2024
8/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$135M
2024
$33.4B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$15.2B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$48.6B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
14.4%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
30%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1994, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-02-20)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.