Skip to content

Economy of Cape Verde vs India compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Cape Verde has a GDP of $2.73B compared to $3.91T for India, ranking 172/197 and 5/197 by economy size, respectively.

Cape Verde has $3.03B in government debt (111.2% of GDP), compared to $3.19T (81.6% of GDP) in India.

Cape Verde vs India GDP by year

Cape Verde
India
1x
Year GDP, current $
Cape Verde India
2024 $2,725,414,151 $3,909,891,533,858
2023 $2,504,525,549 $3,638,489,096,034
2022 $2,247,003,344 $3,346,107,287,731
2021 $2,051,842,619 $3,167,270,623,260
2020 $1,821,565,614 $2,674,851,578,587
2019 $2,252,177,124 $2,835,606,256,558
2018 $2,205,099,507 $2,702,929,641,649
2017 $1,996,741,540 $2,651,474,262,755
2016 $1,849,789,986 $2,294,796,885,663
2015 $1,749,857,620 $2,103,588,360,045
2014 $2,041,930,125 $2,039,126,479,155
2013 $2,028,910,915 $1,856,721,507,622
2012 $1,913,081,210 $1,827,637,590,410
2011 $2,046,817,987 $1,823,051,829,895
2010 $1,824,751,468 $1,675,615,519,485
2009 $1,852,334,575 $1,341,888,016,995
2008 $1,959,620,648 $1,198,895,139,006
2007 $1,649,621,739 $1,216,736,438,835
2006 $1,107,571,458 $940,259,888,788
2005 $972,241,677 $820,383,763,511
2004 $924,940,012 $709,152,728,831
2003 $813,260,469 $607,700,687,237
2002 $620,507,387 $514,939,140,319
2001 $563,090,490 $485,440,139,204
2000 $539,227,278 $468,395,521,654
1999 $592,416,703 $458,821,052,616
1998 $521,910,561 $421,351,317,225
1997 $490,608,658 $415,867,563,593
1996 $501,979,270 $392,896,866,205
1995 $487,148,994 $360,281,909,643
1994 $406,580,652 $327,274,843,459
1993 $490,417,390 $279,295,648,983
1992 $357,160,985 $288,208,070,278
1991 $319,827,059 $270,105,341,879
1990 $306,890,963 $320,979,026,420
1989 $267,448,571 $296,042,052,945
1988 $264,308,140 $296,589,670,896
1987 $235,253,065 $279,033,584,092
1986 $190,651,168 $248,985,994,041
1985 $137,728,205 $232,511,554,840
1984 $132,019,039 $212,157,645,178
1983 $138,476,176 $218,262,146,413
1982 $140,630,679 $200,715,624,831
1981 $139,468,209 $193,491,368,446
1980 $142,246,815 $186,328,579,302
1979 - $152,995,442,498
1978 - $137,302,319,829
1977 - $121,486,641,441
1976 - $102,716,451,980
1975 - $98,473,832,017
1974 - $99,526,597,934
1973 - $85,517,673,173
1972 - $71,464,700,667
1971 - $67,351,404,352
1970 - $62,422,483,055
1969 - $58,447,995,017
1968 - $53,085,455,871
1967 - $50,134,942,204
1966 - $45,581,230,504
1965 - $59,556,105,229
1964 - $56,480,289,941
1963 - $48,421,923,459
1962 - $42,161,481,858
1961 - $39,232,435,784
1960 - $37,029,883,876

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/india | CC BY

GDP per capita in Cape Verde vs India by year

Cape Verde
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Cape Verde India
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $5,192 $11,195 $2,695 $11,160
2023 $4,795 $10,242 $2,530 $10,323
2022 $4,323 $9,481 $2,347 $9,207
2021 $3,971 $7,685 $2,240 $8,050
2020 $3,539 $6,853 $1,907 $6,966
2019 $4,381 $8,646 $2,041 $7,151
2018 $4,295 $7,916 $1,966 $6,715
2017 $3,893 $7,936 $1,950 $6,145
2016 $3,609 $7,351 $1,708 $5,800
2015 $3,415 $6,773 $1,584 $5,425
2014 $3,986 $6,417 $1,554 $5,192
2013 $3,961 $6,367 $1,433 $5,014
2012 $3,737 $6,318 $1,429 $4,820
2011 $4,002 $6,384 $1,445 $4,455
2010 $3,579 $6,039 $1,348 $4,206
2009 $3,660 $5,901 $1,095 $3,887
2008 $3,909 $6,011 $993 $3,633
2007 $3,325 $5,567 $1,022 $3,508
2006 $2,257 $4,758 $802 $3,221
2005 $2,004 $4,324 $710 $2,937
2004 $1,929 $3,969 $624 $2,682
2003 $1,718 $3,551 $544 $2,461
2002 $1,329 $3,388 $469 $2,277
2001 $1,223 $3,217 $450 $2,200
2000 $1,190 $3,124 $443 $2,091
1999 $1,327 $2,714 $442 $2,006
1998 $1,187 $2,443 $414 $1,852
1997 $1,134 $2,182 $416 $1,759
1996 $1,180 $1,963 $401 $1,695
1995 $1,165 $1,762 $375 $1,579
1994 $991 $1,540 $348 $1,467
1993 $1,220 $1,291 $303 $1,374
1992 $908 $1,186 $319 $1,309
1991 $832 $1,069 $306 $1,239
1990 $817 $1,044 $371 $1,212
1989 $727 - $350 -
1988 $729 - $358 -
1987 $658 - $345 -
1986 $541 - $315 -
1985 $396 - $301 -
1984 $385 - $281 -
1983 $410 - $296 -
1982 $423 - $278.7 -
1981 $425 - $275 -
1980 $440 - $271.1 -
1979 - - $228 -
1978 - - $209.4 -
1977 - - $189.6 -
1976 - - $164.1 -
1975 - - $161.1 -
1974 - - $166.7 -
1973 - - $146.6 -
1972 - - $125.3 -
1971 - - $120.7 -
1970 - - $114.4 -
1969 - - $109.5 -
1968 - - $101.6 -
1967 - - $98 -
1966 - - $91 -
1965 - - $121.5 -
1964 - - $117.9 -
1963 - - $103.4 -
1962 - - $92.2 -
1961 - - $87.9 -
1960 - - $84.9 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/india | CC BY

Cape Verde's GDP per capita is $5,192, ranking 118/197, compared to $2,695 in India, ranking 143/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Cape Verde ranks 129th at $11,195, while India ranks 130th at $11,160.

Economic indicators

Cape Verde India
Gross domestic product
$2.73B
2024
$3.91T
2024
GDP rank
172/197
2024
5/197
2024
GDP growth
7.24%
2023-2024
6.49%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$5,192
2024
$2,695
2024
GDP per capita rank
118/197
2024
143/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,195
2024
$11,160
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
129/197
2024
130/197
2024
Government debt
$3.03B
2024
$3.19T
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
111.2%
2024
81.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$5,776
2024
$2,200
2024
Government debt per person rank
76/185
2024
118/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$2,576
2026
$4,596
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies n/a
$5.13T
2024
Number of millionaires n/a
917,000
2025
Number of billionaires n/a
205
2025
Income share by richest 10%
32.3%
2015
22.1%
2022
Income share by poorest 10%
2.2%
2015
4.5%
2022
Government expenditure, % of GDP
26.1%
2024
28.4%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1%
2023-2024
4.95%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.5%
2024
5.25%
2025
Unemployment rate
11.3%
2019
4.17%
2024
Population
530391
1480351380

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Cape Verde
Spending

Debt
India
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Cape Verde India
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 26.1% 111.2% 28.4% 81.6%
2023 25.7% 117.5% 27.9% 80.7%
2022 26.6% 127.6% 29.1% 82.2%
2021 30.8% 149.5% 29.9% 83.5%
2020 34.5% 144.3% 31% 88.4%
2019 27.5% 109.8% 26.8% 75.1%
2018 27.5% 112.3% 26.3% 70.4%
2017 28% 113% 26.2% 69.7%
2016 26.6% 115.6% 27.2% 68.9%
2015 28.7% 115.7% 27.1% 69%
2014 27.8% 105.7% 26.2% 67.1%
2013 30.9% 93.5% 26.6% 67.7%
2012 31.6% 82.9% 27.4% 68%
2011 30.3% 71.6% 27.6% 68.7%
2010 35.7% 73.5% 28% 67.7%
2009 30.6% 58.8% 28.5% 72.7%
2008 27.6% 57.5% 29.3% 74.3%
2007 27.1% 59.6% 26.9% 75.4%
2006 28.4% 66.2% 26.9% 77.9%
2005 26.2% 66.7% 26.9% 82.4%
2004 26.3% 67.8% 28.4% 84.9%
2003 23.4% 65.6% 29.9% 85.9%
2002 28.5% 64.7% 29.1% 84.3%
2001 24.2% 62.2% 28.3% 80.1%
2000 36.7% 71.9% 26.1% 74.9%
1999 35% 66.4% 25.8% 71.3%
1998 29.8% 72.9% 26% 69.3%
1997 34.8% 79.3% 25.2% 69%
1996 38.9% 85.7% 24.4% 67.1%
1995 44.5% 74.3% 25% 70.9%
1994 48.1% 73.4% 26.2% 74.8%
1993 - - 26.2% 78.3%
1992 - - 26.7% 78.8%
1991 - - 27.3% 76.7%
1990 - - 25.8% 50.8%
1989 - - 25.7% 50.5%
1988 - - 24.9% 48.9%
1987 - - 22.5% 48.9%
1986 - - 23.2% 47.9%
1985 - - 21.6% 44.3%
1984 - - 19.8% 41.6%
1983 - - 17.8% 39.6%
1982 - - 17.8% 41.7%
1981 - - 16.6% 37.2%
1980 - - 17.5% 38%
1979 - - 15.6% 32.2%
1978 - - 15% 30.8%
1977 - - 13.9% 29.9%
1976 - - 14.4% 31.3%
1975 - - 12.7% 29.5%
1974 - - 11.3% 29%
1973 - - 12.9% 34.1%
1972 - - 13.5% 37.2%
1971 - - 12.4% 37.6%
1970 - - 11.7% 38.1%
1969 - - 11.5% 38.8%
1968 - - 12.6% 40.3%
1967 - - 13.8% 38.5%
1966 - - 13.8% 36.2%
1965 - - 13.7% 36.8%
1964 - - 13.2% 33.8%
1963 - - 12.3% 35.5%
1962 - - 11.5% 36.2%
1961 - - 11.8% 38.7%
1960 - - 11.2% 36.5%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/india | CC BY

In 2024, Cape Verde's government spending was $711M, accounting for 26.1% of its GDP, while India spent $1.11T, or 28.4% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 111.2% in Cape Verde and 81.6% in India, ranking 16/185 and 43/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Cape Verde

India
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Cape Verde India
2024 -1.07% -7.9%
2023 -0.28% -7.4%
2022 -4.25% -8.97%
2021 -7.51% -9.45%
2020 -9.29% -12.9%
2019 -1.62% -7.69%
2018 -2.36% -6.34%
2017 -2.63% -6.23%
2016 -2.73% -7.12%
2015 -4.16% -7.21%
2014 -6.93% -7.07%
2013 -8.49% -7%
2012 -9.36% -7.55%
2011 -6.98% -8.35%
2010 -9.6% -8.79%
2009 -5.32% -9.7%
2008 -1.42% -9.17%
2007 -0.86% -4.59%
2006 -4.32% -6.38%
2005 -4.69% -7.49%
2004 -2.98% -9.22%
2003 -3.63% -11.4%
2002 -6.14% -11.1%
2001 -5.03% -11%
2000 -15.5% -8.41%
1999 -10.9% -8.7%
1998 -3.16% -9.74%
1997 -10.2% -8.28%
1996 -11.2% -6.71%
1995 -11.1% -6.81%
1994 -12.8% -8%
1993 - -8.57%
1992 - -7.89%
1991 - -7.9%
1990 - -8.07%
1989 - -7.68%
1988 - -7.01%
1987 - -9.53%
1986 - -10.6%
1985 - -9.58%
1984 - -8.54%
1983 - -7.28%
1982 - -6.78%
1981 - -6.07%
1980 - -7.27%
1979 - -4.87%
1978 - -4.45%
1977 - -4.1%
1976 - -4.1%
1975 - -3.11%
1974 - -2.3%
1973 - -3.53%
1972 - -3.14%
1971 - -2.9%
1970 - -2.35%
1969 - -2.66%
1968 - -3.98%
1967 - -4.97%
1966 - -4.18%
1965 - -4.49%
1964 - -4.41%
1963 - -4.16%
1962 - -3.3%
1961 - -4.1%
1960 - -4.05%
1959 - -5.29%
1958 - -5.08%
1957 - -3.35%
1956 - -2.93%
1955 - -2.77%
1954 - -2.61%
1953 - -1.83%
1952 - 0.03%
1951 - -0.5%
1950 - -1.01%
1949 - -0.73%
1948 - -0.82%
1947 - -0.86%
1946 - -2.89%
1945 - -4.4%
1944 - -3.32%
1943 - -3.48%
1942 - -3.62%
1941 - -0.37%
1940 - -0.59%
1939 - -0.32%
1938 - -0.16%
1937 - -0.1%
1936 - -0.45%
1935 - -0.4%
1934 - -0.09%
1933 - 0%
1932 - 0.03%
1931 - -0.68%
1930 - -1.02%
1929 - -0.91%
1928 - -0.87%
1927 - -0.98%
1926 - -0.88%
1925 - -0.67%
1924 - -0.3%
1923 - -0.66%
1922 - -1.05%
1921 - -1.45%
1920 - -1.57%
1919 - -1.04%
1918 - -0.48%
1917 - -5.69%
1916 - 0.25%
1915 - -0.51%
1914 - -0.98%
1913 - -0.85%
1912 - -0.58%
1911 - -0.42%
1910 - -0.85%
1909 - -0.7%
1908 - -1.25%
1907 - -1.22%
1906 - -0.8%
1905 - -2%
1904 - -0.53%
1903 - -0.56%
1902 - -0.56%
1901 - -0.27%
1900 - -1.06%
1899 - -0.56%
1898 - -0.49%
1897 - -1.02%
1896 - -1%
1895 - -0.41%
1894 - -0.5%
1893 - -0.59%
1892 - -0.56%
1891 - -0.64%
1890 - -0.8%
1889 - -0.45%
1888 - -1.94%
1887 - -1.28%
1886 - -0.75%
1885 - -1.48%
1884 - -1.22%
1883 - -0.81%
1882 - -0.77%
1881 - -0.05%
1880 - -0.69%
1879 - -0.39%
1878 - -0.12%
1877 - -0.84%
1876 - -0.8%
1875 - -0.87%
1874 - -0.15%
1873 - -0.28%
1872 - 0.31%
1871 - 0.42%
1870 - 0.19%
1869 - 0.01%
1868 - -0.38%
1867 - -0.12%
1866 - -0.31%
1865 - 0.21%
1864 - -0.11%
1863 - -0.06%
1862 - 0.15%
1861 - -0.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/india | CC BY

In 2024, Cape Verde's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $29.1M, equivalent to 1.07% of GDP. This compares to India's deficit of $309B, or 7.9% of GDP.

Over the past 31 years, Cape Verde recorded a fiscal deficit in 31 of those years, while India ran a deficit in 31 years. On average, Cape Verde posted an annual deficit equal to 6.02% of GDP, compared to deficit of 8.28% of GDP for India.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Cape Verde

India
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Cape Verde India
2024 1% 4.95%
2023 3.7% 5.65%
2022 7.9% 6.7%
2021 1.9% 5.13%
2020 0.6% 6.62%
2019 1.1% 3.73%
2018 1.3% 3.94%
2017 0.8% 3.33%
2016 -1.4% 4.95%
2015 0.1% 4.91%
2014 -0.2% 6.67%
2013 1.5% 10%
2012 2.5% 9.48%
2011 4.5% 8.91%
2010 2.1% 12%
2009 1% 10.9%
2008 6.8% 8.35%
2007 4.4% 6.37%
2006 4.8% 5.8%
2005 0.4% 4.25%
2004 -1.9% 3.77%
2003 1.2% 3.81%
2002 1.9% 4.3%
2001 3.7% 3.78%
2000 -2.4% 4.01%
1999 4.3% 4.67%
1998 4.4% 13.2%
1997 8.6% 7.16%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/india | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Cape Verde has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 6.33% in India. In 2024, inflation was 1% in Cape Verde and 4.95% in India.

Top exports between countries

Cape Verde
Export category Export value
India
Export category Export value
Raw agricultural goods $1.93M
Machinery & equipment $996K
Textiles & consumer goods $876K
Metals $701K
Chemicals & pharma $625K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $217K
Weapons & explosives $103K
Wood & paper products $55K
Raw materials & minerals $35K
Precious metals & jewellery $4K

Balance of trade

Cape Verde India
Current account balance
$107M
2024
-$32.1B
2024
Current account balance ranking
67/190
2024
186/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+3.91%
2024
-0.82%
2024
Goods imports
$1.17B
2024
$727B
2024
Goods exports
$328M
2024
$447B
2024
Service imports
$298M
2024
$197B
2024
Service exports
$830M
2024
$375B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
54%
2024
23.5%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
42.5%
2024
21.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Cape Verde India
Economic freedom 71.4 52.5
Economic freedom ranking 32/197 146/197
Property rights 72.7 48.3
Government integrity 63.3 37.8
Judicial effectiveness 77.1 52.6
Tax burden 84.4 71.2
Government spending 79.5 75.7
Fiscal health 74.4 6.7
Business freedom 78.9 67.4
Labor freedom 59.5 59
Monetary freedom 80.4 70.9
Trade freedom 66.6 61
Investment freedom 60 40
Financial freedom 60 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Cape Verde
India
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Cape Verde India
2026 71.4 52.5
2025 68.7 53
2024 62.9 52.9
2023 65.8 52.9
2022 66.7 53.9
2021 63.8 56.5
2020 63.6 56.5
2019 63.1 55.2
2018 60 54.5
2017 56.9 52.6
2016 66.5 56.2
2015 66.4 54.6
2014 66.1 55.7
2013 63.7 55.2
2012 63.5 54.6
2011 64.6 54.6
2010 61.8 53.8
2009 61.3 54.4
2008 57.9 54.1
2007 56.5 53.9
2006 58.6 52.2
2005 57.8 54.2
2004 58.1 51.5
2003 56.1 51.2
2002 57.6 51.2
2001 56.3 49
2000 51.9 47.4
1999 50.7 50.2
1998 48 49.7
1997 47.7 49.7
1996 49.7 47.4
1995 - 45.1

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/india | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Cape Verde is 71.4, ranking 32/197, compared to 52.5 for India, ranking 146/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Cape Verde India
Services, % of GDP
68.7%
2024
49.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
10.7%
2024
24.6%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
4.92%
2024
16.3%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$2.6B
2024
$3.84T
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,000
2024
$11,000
2024
Total reserves including gold
$783M
2024
$643B
2024
Total reserves ranking
144/177
2024
5/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$89.2M
2024
-$2.89B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$110M
2024
$27.1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$20.8M
2024
$24.2B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
5.69%
2024
2.38%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
24.8%
2023
21.9%
2011
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
16.4%
2024
32.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/cape-verde/india | CC BY

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Help us show the world through your eyes

Share a photo of your city and help others discover what it looks like to live there. Your contribution makes our data come alive.

Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.