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Economy of Austria vs Dominican Republic compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Austria has a GDP of $535B compared to $124B for the Dominican Republic, ranking 30/197 and 63/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $432B in government debt (80.8% of GDP), compared to $73.1B (58.8% of GDP) in the Dominican Republic.

Austria vs Dominican Republic GDP by year

Austria
Dominican Republic
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Dominican Republic
2024 $534,790,720,467 $124,282,245,639
2023 $516,670,509,629 $120,456,239,154
2022 $473,221,298,968 $113,478,087,135
2021 $480,466,363,177 $94,850,719,517
2020 $434,397,601,558 $78,546,672,407
2019 $442,983,642,372 $89,146,130,745
2018 $452,582,294,973 $84,994,732,049
2017 $414,926,138,133 $79,070,274,743
2016 $393,687,359,770 $75,552,902,636
2015 $379,546,097,301 $70,966,782,572
2014 $438,556,021,078 $67,014,329,100
2013 $426,580,502,769 $62,555,417,415
2012 $406,750,487,604 $60,561,635,556
2011 $428,954,737,064 $57,948,261,616
2010 $389,827,789,218 $53,801,053,353
2009 $399,290,118,782 $48,223,781,477
2008 $429,234,399,096 $48,091,433,554
2007 $386,760,177,589 $43,965,458,509
2006 $333,905,979,332 $37,879,830,084
2005 $313,952,317,331 $35,777,560,684
2004 $299,210,411,455 $22,322,387,382
2003 $260,779,834,340 $21,403,167,848
2002 $212,837,224,023 $27,137,440,786
2001 $196,477,206,829 $25,601,823,688
2000 $196,181,599,831 $24,305,780,629
1999 $216,421,809,126 $22,136,579,397
1998 $217,068,085,816 $21,672,215,547
1997 $211,724,812,267 $20,017,450,041
1996 $235,952,581,232 $18,241,622,548
1995 $240,094,169,510 $16,637,370,839
1994 $202,738,023,130 $14,644,734,599
1993 $189,634,029,339 $13,081,042,400
1992 $194,314,032,056 $11,605,382,504
1991 $173,113,449,617 $9,824,483,340
1990 $165,811,372,383 $7,073,675,545
1989 $132,584,448,258 $6,686,593,060
1988 $132,817,124,707 $5,374,299,981
1987 $123,682,091,859 $5,827,050,753
1986 $98,648,254,169 $6,122,128,558
1985 $69,114,996,010 $5,044,579,979
1984 $67,719,055,773 $11,594,000,000
1983 $71,838,528,420 $9,220,600,000
1982 $70,996,111,963 $8,267,400,000
1981 $70,755,997,062 $7,561,300,000
1980 $81,737,498,405 $6,761,300,000
1979 $73,647,694,287 $5,498,800,000
1978 $61,809,208,756 $4,734,400,000
1977 $51,343,861,460 $4,587,100,000
1976 $42,791,707,448 $3,951,500,000
1975 $39,902,300,703 $3,599,200,000
1974 $35,051,468,640 $2,925,700,000
1973 $29,399,860,145 $2,344,800,000
1972 $21,973,207,929 $1,987,400,000
1971 $17,788,536,733 $1,666,500,000
1970 $15,312,791,744 $1,485,500,000
1969 $13,647,475,854 $1,230,500,000
1968 $12,499,863,917 $1,079,100,000
1967 $11,634,569,522 $1,034,800,000
1966 $10,939,526,219 $983,900,000
1965 $10,041,659,445 $888,100,000
1964 $9,213,648,656 $1,025,599,900
1963 $8,414,050,621 $940,799,900
1962 $7,793,042,529 $824,100,000
1961 $7,346,566,038 $654,100,200
1960 $6,624,086,313 $672,399,700

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/dominican-republic | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Dominican Republic by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Dominican Republic
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Dominican Republic
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $10,876 $27,542
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $10,630 $25,840
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $10,104 $24,626
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $8,527 $22,053
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $7,135 $18,998
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $8,183 $19,767
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $7,883 $17,995
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $7,413 $16,846
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $7,160 $16,282
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $6,801 $14,804
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $6,496 $13,465
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $6,137 $12,414
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $6,014 $11,777
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $5,827 $11,695
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $5,479 $11,246
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $4,974 $10,382
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $5,024 $10,346
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $4,650 $9,951
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $4,055 $9,130
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $3,878 $8,215
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $2,452 $7,375
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $2,383 $7,098
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $3,066 $7,158
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $2,936 $6,848
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $2,831 $6,639
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $2,621 $6,305
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $2,608 $5,963
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $2,449 $5,618
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $2,271 $5,161
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $2,109 $4,871
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $1,892 $4,599
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $1,722 $4,474
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $1,558 $4,151
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $1,346 $3,722
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $989 $3,641
1989 $17,401 - $955 -
1988 $17,510 - $784 -
1987 $16,329 - $868 -
1986 $13,032 - $932 -
1985 $9,136 - $784 -
1984 $8,956 - $1,844 -
1983 $9,500 - $1,500 -
1982 $9,373 - $1,376 -
1981 $9,348 - $1,288 -
1980 $10,827 - $1,180 -
1979 $9,755 - $984 -
1978 $8,173 - $868 -
1977 $6,784 - $863 -
1976 $5,656 - $763 -
1975 $5,265 - $713 -
1974 $4,613 - $595 -
1973 $3,875 - $490 -
1972 $2,913 - $427 -
1971 $2,372 - $368 -
1970 $2,051 - $338 -
1969 $1,834 - $287.7 -
1968 $1,686 - $259.6 -
1967 $1,577 - $256.2 -
1966 $1,494 - $250.9 -
1965 $1,381 - $233.2 -
1964 $1,275 - $277.3 -
1963 $1,173 - $262.2 -
1962 $1,093 - $236.8 -
1961 $1,037 - $193.9 -
1960 $940 - $205.7 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/dominican-republic | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $58,269, ranking 16/197, compared to $10,876 in the Dominican Republic, ranking 83/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while the Dominican Republic ranks 76th at $27,542.

Economic indicators

Austria Dominican Republic
Gross domestic product
$535B
2024
$124B
2024
GDP rank
30/197
2024
63/197
2024
GDP growth
-0.66%
2023-2024
4.95%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$58,269
2024
$10,876
2024
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2024
83/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$27,542
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
76/197
2024
Government debt
$432B
2024
$73.1B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.8%
2024
58.8%
2024
Government debt per person
$47,075
2024
$6,394
2024
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2024
71/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$40,736
2026
$6,547
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$121B
2024
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
29.5%
2024
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
2.3%
2024
Government expenditure, % of GDP
56%
2024
19.5%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
2.94%
2023-2024
3.3%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate n/a
5.5%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.16%
2024
5.31%
2024
Population
9163419
11637906

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Dominican Republic
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Dominican Republic
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 56% 80.8% 19.5% 58.8%
2023 52.7% 78.5% 19.1% 60.5%
2022 53% 78.4% 18.5% 59.6%
2021 56% 82.4% 18.4% 62.8%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 22.2% 71.8%
2019 49.1% 71% 17.8% 53.5%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 16.5% 50.8%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 17.3% 49.5%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 17% 46.7%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 16.7% 44.8%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 17% 45%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 18.5% 46.8%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 19.8% 42.4%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 16% 39.1%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 16.1% 37.4%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 16.2% 36.8%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 18.5% 33.6%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 16.3% 32.9%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 17% 36%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 15.5% 38.3%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 17.3% 34.3%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 17.2% 48.2%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 16.5% 21.5%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 14.9% 20.4%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 14.1% 16.7%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 13.4% 16%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 12.6% 13.2%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 13.2% 13.8%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 11.4% 23%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 11% 25.7%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 12.1% 28.5%
1993 54.3% 61% 13% 36.1%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 10.4% 38.5%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 8.65% 47.3%
1990 46.8% 56.2% 9.1% 84.7%
1989 51.6% 56.6% 11.3% 62.5%
1988 53.1% 57.7% 12.8% 77%
1987 54.5% 55.5% 11.2% 86.9%
1986 54.3% 52% 10.4% 63.8%
1985 53.5% 47.8% 9.8% 66.3%
1984 52.6% 46% 9.32% 28.9%
1983 52.4% 43.7% 10.2% 32.9%
1982 52% 39.7% 10.2% 33.1%
1981 51.5% 37.5% 12.1% 29.8%
1980 50% 35.6% 12.8% 15.2%
1979 49.8% 34.1% 13.8% 24%
1978 50.8% 32.2% 12.3% 20.9%
1977 47.6% 28.5% 11.4% 16.4%
1976 47.9% 26.2% 12.5% 15.6%
1975 46.1% 22.8% 13.7% 13.1%
1974 42% 16.8% 14.6% 14.6%
1973 41.5% 16.7% 13.7% 14.6%
1972 40.1% 16.7% 14.1% 16.4%
1971 40% 17.4% 13.8% 17.8%
1970 39.5% 18.6% 13.3% 18%
1969 40.7% 16.8% 15.5% 17.4%
1968 40.9% 16.8% 15.5% 18.1%
1967 40.7% 15.6% 15% 16.2%
1966 38.7% 14.1% 15.2% 14.5%
1965 38.3% 14.8% 12.8% -
1964 38.7% 15.5% 16.7% -
1963 38.6% 15.6% 15.1% -
1962 37.6% 15.5% 15.7% -
1961 35.7% 16% 20% -
1960 36.3% 17.7% 20.1% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/dominican-republic | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government spending was $300B, accounting for 56% of its GDP, while the Dominican Republic spent $24.2B, or 19.5% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.8% in Austria and 58.8% in the Dominican Republic, ranking 44/185 and 83/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Dominican Republic
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Dominican Republic
2024 -4.64% -3.09%
2023 -2.62% -3.28%
2022 -3.31% -3.25%
2021 -5.69% -2.92%
2020 -8.2% -7.94%
2019 0.54% -3.46%
2018 0.2% -2.17%
2017 -0.78% -3.12%
2016 -1.45% -3.11%
2015 -0.48% -0.03%
2014 -1.92% -2.76%
2013 -1.99% -4.41%
2012 -2.18% -6.26%
2011 -2.48% -3.07%
2010 -4.46% -2.97%
2009 -5.38% -2.9%
2008 -1.57% -3.43%
2007 -1.56% 0.28%
2006 -2.61% -1.69%
2005 -2.59% -0.71%
2004 -4.94% -3.6%
2003 -1.84% -4.24%
2002 -1.43% -2.28%
2001 -0.71% -0.73%
2000 -2.07% -0.86%
1999 -2.63% -0.79%
1998 -2.68% -0.29%
1997 -2.38% -0.64%
1996 -4.38% 0.14%
1995 -6.17% 0.82%
1994 -5.04% -0.39%
1993 -4.57% -0.16%
1992 -2.15% 2.35%
1991 -2.96% 0.11%
1990 -2.58% 0.39%
1989 -3.07% -0.09%
1988 -3.43% -1.68%
1987 -4.33% -0.75%
1986 -3.84% -0.57%
1985 -2.71% -1.27%
1984 -2.67% -0.95%
1983 -4.22% -1.74%
1982 -3.29% -2.4%
1981 -1.79% -1.92%
1980 -1.62% -1.82%
1979 -2.3% -3.26%
1978 -2.67% -0.82%
1977 -2.11% 0.15%
1976 -3.61% -0.22%
1975 -2.41% 1.37%
1974 1.23% -0.93%
1973 1.24% -0.53%
1972 1.97% -1.73%
1971 1.46% -0.85%
1970 1.16% -0.68%
1969 -0.08% -0.99%
1968 -0.83% -0.99%
1967 -0.56% -1.68%
1966 1.73% -2.14%
1965 1.38% -1.84%
1964 0.48% -1.36%
1963 -0.5% -0.39%
1962 1.12% -1.17%
1961 1.68% -3%
1960 -0.49% -0.61%
1959 -2.16% -0.29%
1958 -3.52% -1.29%
1957 -0.7% 0.21%
1956 -0.78% -0.05%
1955 -0.5% 1.47%
1954 -0.35% 1.43%
1953 -0.24% 2.79%
1952 -0.73% 0%
1951 -1.57% -2.58%
1950 -7.72% -3.66%
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/dominican-republic | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.8B, equivalent to 4.64% of GDP. This compares to the Dominican Republic's deficit of $3.84B, or 3.09% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 53 of those years, while the Dominican Republic ran a deficit in 57 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.04% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.62% of GDP for the Dominican Republic.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Dominican Republic
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Dominican Republic
2024 2.94% 3.3%
2023 7.81% 4.79%
2022 8.55% 8.81%
2021 2.77% 8.24%
2020 1.38% 3.78%
2019 1.53% 1.81%
2018 2% 3.56%
2017 2.08% 3.28%
2016 0.89% 1.61%
2015 0.9% 0.84%
2014 1.61% 3%
2013 2% 4.83%
2012 2.49% 3.69%
2011 3.29% 5.8%
2010 1.81% 6.33%
2009 0.51% 1.44%
2008 3.22% 10.6%
2007 2.17% 6.14%
2006 1.44% 7.57%
2005 2.3% 4.19%
2004 2.06% 51.5%
2003 1.36% 27.4%
2002 1.81% 5.22%
2001 2.65% 8.88%
2000 2.34% 7.72%
1999 0.57% 6.47%
1998 0.92% 4.83%
1997 1.31% 8.3%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/dominican-republic | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.31%, compared with 7.64% in the Dominican Republic. In 2024, inflation was 2.94% in Austria and 3.3% in the Dominican Republic.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $25.7M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.4M
Chemicals & pharma $3.84M
Animal & marine products $2.1M
Metals $1.74M
Wood & paper products $1.72M
Textiles & consumer goods $1.3M
Raw materials & minerals $497K
Miscellaneous $170K
Precious metals & jewellery $162K
Dominican Republic
Export category Export value
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.32M
Machinery & equipment $159K
Wood & paper products $29K
Chemicals & pharma $25K
Raw agricultural goods $24K
Raw materials & minerals $10K
Textiles & consumer goods $1K

Balance of trade

Austria Dominican Republic
Current account balance
$8.19B
2024
-$4.17B
2024
Current account balance ranking
25/190
2024
163/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.53%
2024
-3.35%
2024
Goods imports
$195B
2024
$29.8B
2024
Goods exports
$201B
2024
$13.9B
2024
Service imports
$90.5B
2024
$6.34B
2024
Service exports
$96.6B
2024
$14.7B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
53.1%
2024
29%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
55.7%
2024
22.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Dominican Republic
Economic freedom 69.8 63.8
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 77/197
Property rights 95.7 53.9
Government integrity 75 39.8
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 58
Tax burden 45.7 84.4
Government spending 12.8 89.1
Fiscal health 67.1 76.6
Business freedom 78.7 71.4
Labor freedom 81.6 53.2
Monetary freedom 76.4 72.1
Trade freedom 79.4 67.4
Investment freedom 60 60
Financial freedom 70 40

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Dominican Republic
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Dominican Republic
2026 69.8 63.8
2025 69.7 64.3
2024 68.4 62.9
2023 71.1 62.6
2022 73.8 63
2021 73.9 62.1
2020 73.3 60.9
2019 72 61
2018 71.8 61.6
2017 72.3 62.9
2016 71.7 61
2015 71.2 61
2014 72.4 61.3
2013 71.8 59.7
2012 70.3 60.2
2011 71.9 60
2010 71.6 60.3
2009 71.2 59.2
2008 71.4 57.7
2007 71.6 56.8
2006 71.1 56.3
2005 68.8 55.1
2004 67.6 54.6
2003 67.6 57.8
2002 67.4 58.6
2001 68.1 59.1
2000 68.4 59
1999 64 58.1
1998 65.4 58.1
1997 65.2 53.5
1996 68.9 58.1
1995 70 55.8

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/dominican-republic | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 63.8 for the Dominican Republic, ranking 77/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Dominican Republic
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
59.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
28.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.22%
2024
4.45%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$503B
2024
$117B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$74,160
2024
$26,050
2024
Total reserves including gold
$35.4B
2024
$13.5B
2024
Total reserves ranking
53/177
2024
71/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$135M
2024
-$4.52B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$4.48B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
-$47.3M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
5.62%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
19%
2024
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.6%
2024
27%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1996, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2021–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.