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Economy of Austria vs Bosnia and Herzegovina compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Austria has a GDP of $579B compared to $32.6B for Bosnia and Herzegovina, ranking 29/197 and 110/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $466B in government debt (80.5% of GDP), compared to $9.76B (29.9% of GDP) in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Austria vs Bosnia and Herzegovina GDP by year

Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria Bosnia
2025 $579,470,021,095 $32,599,982,936
2024 $534,790,720,467 $29,737,363,103
2023 $516,670,509,629 $27,592,361,498
2022 $473,221,298,968 $24,534,663,636
2021 $480,466,363,177 $23,672,712,121
2020 $434,397,601,558 $20,226,038,370
2019 $442,983,642,372 $20,482,608,984
2018 $452,582,294,973 $20,484,058,033
2017 $414,926,138,133 $18,326,373,136
2016 $393,687,359,770 $17,116,926,554
2015 $379,546,097,301 $16,404,348,361
2014 $438,556,021,078 $18,558,734,107
2013 $426,580,502,769 $18,179,109,209
2012 $406,750,487,604 $17,226,735,996
2011 $428,954,737,064 $18,644,233,537
2010 $389,827,789,218 $17,176,315,804
2009 $399,290,118,782 $17,613,949,091
2008 $429,234,399,096 $19,112,796,623
2007 $386,760,177,589 $15,778,734,264
2006 $333,905,979,332 $12,864,841,906
2005 $313,952,317,331 $11,222,796,337
2004 $299,210,411,455 $10,156,541,221
2003 $260,779,834,340 $8,498,894,359
2002 $212,837,224,023 $6,728,220,983
2001 $196,477,206,829 $5,800,615,375
2000 $196,181,599,831 $5,567,772,769
1999 $216,421,809,126 $4,686,256,363
1998 $217,068,085,816 $4,116,774,301
1997 $211,724,812,267 $3,671,909,673
1996 $235,952,581,232 $2,786,045,322
1995 $240,094,169,510 $1,866,572,954
1994 $202,738,023,130 $1,255,802,469
1993 $189,634,029,339 $3,630,668,950
1992 $194,314,032,056 $4,735,044,707
1991 $173,113,449,617 $6,122,959,184
1990 $165,811,372,383 $7,753,478,261
1989 $132,584,448,258 -
1988 $132,817,124,707 -
1987 $123,682,091,859 -
1986 $98,648,254,169 -
1985 $69,114,996,010 -
1984 $67,719,055,773 -
1983 $71,838,528,420 -
1982 $70,996,111,963 -
1981 $70,755,997,062 -
1980 $81,737,498,405 -
1979 $73,647,694,287 -
1978 $61,809,208,756 -
1977 $51,343,861,460 -
1976 $42,791,707,448 -
1975 $39,902,300,703 -
1974 $35,051,468,640 -
1973 $29,399,860,145 -
1972 $21,973,207,929 -
1971 $17,788,536,733 -
1970 $15,312,791,744 -
1969 $13,647,475,854 -
1968 $12,499,863,917 -
1967 $11,634,569,522 -
1966 $10,939,526,219 -
1965 $10,041,659,445 -
1964 $9,213,648,656 -
1963 $8,414,050,621 -
1962 $7,793,042,529 -
1961 $7,346,566,038 -
1960 $6,624,086,313 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/bosnia-and-herzegovina | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs Bosnia and Herzegovina by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Bosnia and Herzegovina
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria Bosnia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $62,930 - $10,382 -
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $9,398 $25,043
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $8,663 $23,376
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $7,656 $21,651
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $7,295 $18,287
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $6,130 $16,370
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $6,122 $16,429
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $6,048 $14,859
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $5,345 $13,627
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $4,929 $12,899
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $4,662 $11,845
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $5,206 $11,168
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $5,035 $10,808
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $4,694 $10,121
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $4,983 $9,761
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $4,506 $9,086
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $4,540 $8,698
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $4,842 $8,587
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $3,931 $7,686
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $3,166 $6,869
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $2,740 $5,956
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $2,453 $5,407
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $2,034 $4,917
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $1,607 $4,665
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $1,388 $4,307
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $1,338 $4,148
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $1,135 $3,875
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $1,007 $3,524
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $914 $3,041
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $719 $2,269
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $502 $1,507
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $337 $1,269
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $930 $1,067
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $1,118 $982
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $1,373 $975
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $1,743 $1,043
1989 $17,401 - - -
1988 $17,510 - - -
1987 $16,329 - - -
1986 $13,032 - - -
1985 $9,136 - - -
1984 $8,956 - - -
1983 $9,500 - - -
1982 $9,373 - - -
1981 $9,348 - - -
1980 $10,827 - - -
1979 $9,755 - - -
1978 $8,173 - - -
1977 $6,784 - - -
1976 $5,656 - - -
1975 $5,265 - - -
1974 $4,613 - - -
1973 $3,875 - - -
1972 $2,913 - - -
1971 $2,372 - - -
1970 $2,051 - - -
1969 $1,834 - - -
1968 $1,686 - - -
1967 $1,577 - - -
1966 $1,494 - - -
1965 $1,381 - - -
1964 $1,275 - - -
1963 $1,173 - - -
1962 $1,093 - - -
1961 $1,037 - - -
1960 $940 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/bosnia-and-herzegovina | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $62,930, ranking 16/197, compared to $10,382 in Bosnia and Herzegovina, ranking 87/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while Bosnia and Herzegovina ranks 83rd at $25,043.

Economic indicators

Austria Bosnia
Gross domestic product
$579B
2025
$32.6B
2025
GDP rank
29/197
2025
110/197
2025
GDP growth
0.62%
2024-2025
2.13%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$62,930
2025
$10,382
2025
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2025
87/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$25,043
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
83/197
2024
Government debt
$466B
2025
$9.76B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.5%
2025
29.9%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,654
2025
$3,108
2025
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2025
104/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,467
2026
$9,479
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$211B
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2026
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
23.6%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
3.3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.2%
2025
44.9%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.53%
2024-2025
4%
2024-2025
Unemployment rate
5.78%
2025
10.7%
2024
Population
9201502
3114736

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria Bosnia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55.2% 80.5% 44.9% 29.9%
2024 55.2% 79.2% 43.3% 29.4%
2023 52.2% 77.8% 41.9% 29%
2022 53% 78.1% 39.4% 31.2%
2021 56% 82.4% 40.6% 35.8%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 45.4% 37.2%
2019 49.1% 71% 39.9% 32.8%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 40.4% 34.5%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 40% 38.6%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 41.5% 44.9%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 42.7% 46.4%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 46.2% 47.1%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 43.8% 43.8%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 47.9% 43.6%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 46.4% 40.9%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 48.7% 42.2%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 49% 36.4%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 48.4% 30.3%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 45.2% 18.2%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 44.2% 20.6%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 44.5% 24.9%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 45.6% 25.5%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 47.3% 27.6%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 47.4% 31.1%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 50.2% 35.1%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 56.2% 34.6%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 57.5% 56%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 54.4% 54.4%
1997 52.5% 63.4% - -
1996 55.9% 68.2% - -
1995 56.1% 68.2% - -
1994 54.3% 64.1% - -
1993 54.3% 61% - -
1992 49.3% 56.3% - -
1991 47.9% 56.4% - -
1990 46.8% 56.2% - -
1989 51.6% 56.6% - -
1988 53.1% 57.7% - -
1987 54.5% 55.5% - -
1986 54.3% 52% - -
1985 53.5% 47.8% - -
1984 52.6% 46% - -
1983 52.4% 43.7% - -
1982 52% 39.7% - -
1981 51.5% 37.5% - -
1980 50% 35.6% - -
1979 49.8% 34.1% - -
1978 50.8% 32.2% - -
1977 47.6% 28.5% - -
1976 47.9% 26.2% - -
1975 46.1% 22.8% - -
1974 42% 16.8% - -
1973 41.5% 16.7% - -
1972 40.1% 16.7% - -
1971 40% 17.4% - -
1970 39.5% 18.6% - -
1969 40.7% 16.8% - -
1968 40.9% 16.8% - -
1967 40.7% 15.6% - -
1966 38.7% 14.1% - -
1965 38.3% 14.8% - -
1964 38.7% 15.5% - -
1963 38.6% 15.6% - -
1962 37.6% 15.5% - -
1961 35.7% 16% - -
1960 36.3% 17.7% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/bosnia-and-herzegovina | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government spending was $320B, accounting for 55.2% of its GDP, while Bosnia and Herzegovina spent $14.6B, or 44.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.5% in Austria and 29.9% in Bosnia and Herzegovina, ranking 42/185 and 156/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria Bosnia
2025 -4.52% -2.41%
2024 -4.68% -1.96%
2023 -2.59% -1.67%
2022 -3.41% 0.15%
2021 -5.69% -0.18%
2020 -8.2% -4.5%
2019 0.54% 1.37%
2018 0.2% 1.63%
2017 -0.78% 1.79%
2016 -1.45% 0.34%
2015 -0.48% -0.19%
2014 -1.92% -2.87%
2013 -1.99% -2.19%
2012 -2.18% -3.76%
2011 -2.48% -2.73%
2010 -4.46% -4.06%
2009 -5.38% -5.34%
2008 -1.57% -3.82%
2007 -1.56% 0.17%
2006 -2.61% 2.08%
2005 -2.59% 0.74%
2004 -4.94% -0.18%
2003 -1.84% -0.44%
2002 -1.43% -2.99%
2001 -0.71% -3.44%
2000 -2.07% -4.63%
1999 -2.63% -2.78%
1998 -2.68% -0.98%
1997 -2.38% -
1996 -4.38% -
1995 -6.17% -
1994 -5.04% -
1993 -4.57% -
1992 -2.15% -
1991 -2.96% -
1990 -2.58% -
1989 -3.07% -
1988 -3.43% -
1987 -4.33% -
1986 -3.84% -
1985 -2.71% -
1984 -2.67% -
1983 -4.22% -
1982 -3.29% -
1981 -1.79% -
1980 -1.62% -
1979 -2.3% -
1978 -2.67% -
1977 -2.11% -
1976 -3.61% -
1975 -2.41% -
1974 1.23% -
1973 1.24% -
1972 1.97% -
1971 1.46% -
1970 1.16% -
1969 -0.08% -
1968 -0.83% -
1967 -0.56% -
1966 1.73% -
1965 1.38% -
1964 0.48% -
1963 -0.5% -
1962 1.12% -
1961 1.68% -
1960 -0.49% -
1959 -2.16% -
1958 -3.52% -
1957 -0.7% -
1956 -0.78% -
1955 -0.5% -
1954 -0.35% -
1953 -0.24% -
1952 -0.73% -
1951 -1.57% -
1950 -7.72% -
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/bosnia-and-herzegovina | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $26.2B, equivalent to 4.52% of GDP. This compares to Bosnia and Herzegovina's deficit of $784M, or 2.41% of GDP.

Over the past 28 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 26 of those years, while Bosnia and Herzegovina ran a deficit in 20 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.65% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.53% of GDP for Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

Bosnia and Herzegovina
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria Bosnia
2025 3.53% 4%
2024 2.94% 1.7%
2023 7.81% 6.1%
2022 8.55% 14%
2021 2.77% 2%
2020 1.38% -1%
2019 1.53% 0.6%
2018 2% 1.4%
2017 2.08% 0.8%
2016 0.89% -1.6%
2015 0.9% -1%
2014 1.61% -0.9%
2013 2% -0.1%
2012 2.49% 2.1%
2011 3.29% 4%
2010 1.81% 2.1%
2009 0.51% -0.4%
2008 3.22% 7.4%
2007 2.17% 1.5%
2006 1.44% 6.1%
2005 2.3% 3.6%
2004 2.06% 0.3%
2003 1.36% 0.5%
2002 1.81% 0.3%
2001 2.65% 3.2%
2000 2.34% 5%
1999 0.57% 2.8%
1998 0.92% -0.3%
1997 1.31% 5.7%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/bosnia-and-herzegovina | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 2.41% in Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 2025, inflation was 3.53% in Austria and 4% in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $273M
Metals $166M
Chemicals & pharma $93.3M
Animal & marine products $55.6M
Textiles & consumer goods $50.2M
Wood & paper products $40.5M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $35M
Raw materials & minerals $17.8M
Raw agricultural goods $5.24M
Precious metals & jewellery $2.02M
Bosnia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $452M
Metals $223M
Transport & tourism services $137M
Textiles & consumer goods $108M
IT & IP services $48.2M
Manufacturing & construction services $39.3M
Chemicals & pharma $35M
Raw materials & minerals $30.7M
Wood & paper products $28.6M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $9.84M

Balance of trade

Austria Bosnia
Current account balance
$10.4B
2025
-$1.02B
2025
Current account balance ranking
24/190
2025
117/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.79%
2025
-3.14%
2025
Goods imports
$208B
2025
$16.3B
2025
Goods exports
$214B
2025
$9.5B
2025
Service imports
$98.3B
2025
$1.42B
2025
Service exports
$105B
2025
$3.92B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
54.1%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.7%
2025
41%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria Bosnia
Economic freedom 69.8 63.1
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 83/197
Property rights 95.7 46.9
Government integrity 75 36.8
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 36.1
Tax burden 45.7 93.9
Government spending 12.8 48.4
Fiscal health 67.1 96.2
Business freedom 78.7 65.1
Labor freedom 81.6 62.7
Monetary freedom 76.4 77.5
Trade freedom 79.4 69
Investment freedom 60 65
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
Bosnia and Herzegovina
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria Bosnia
2026 69.8 63.1
2025 69.7 63.5
2024 68.4 62
2023 71.1 62.9
2022 73.8 63.4
2021 73.9 62.9
2020 73.3 62.6
2019 72 61.9
2018 71.8 61.4
2017 72.3 60.2
2016 71.7 58.6
2015 71.2 59
2014 72.4 58.4
2013 71.8 57.3
2012 70.3 57.3
2011 71.9 57.5
2010 71.6 56.2
2009 71.2 53.1
2008 71.4 53.9
2007 71.6 54.4
2006 71.1 55.6
2005 68.8 48.8
2004 67.6 44.7
2003 67.6 40.6
2002 67.4 37.4
2001 68.1 36.6
2000 68.4 45.1
1999 64 29.4
1998 65.4 29.4
1997 65.2 -
1996 68.9 -
1995 70 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/bosnia-and-herzegovina | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 63.1 for Bosnia and Herzegovina, ranking 83/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria Bosnia
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2025
57.7%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2025
21.5%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.26%
2025
4.36%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$556B
2025
$31.2B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$77,010
2025
$25,810
2025
Total reserves including gold
$53.4B
2025
$9.42B
2024
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2025
83/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$5.61B
2025
-$526M
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$1B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$119M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
4.91%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
16.9%
2015
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2025
28.7%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/bosnia-and-herzegovina | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.