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Economy of Austria vs United Arab Emirates compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

Austria has a GDP of $579B compared to $552B for the United Arab Emirates, ranking 29/197 and 31/197 by economy size, respectively.

Austria has $466B in government debt (80.5% of GDP), compared to $193B (34.3% of GDP) in the United Arab Emirates.

Austria vs United Arab Emirates GDP by year

Austria
United Arab Emirates
1x
Year GDP, current $
Austria UAE
2025 $579,470,021,095 -
2024 $534,790,720,467 $552,324,919,096
2023 $516,670,509,629 $522,622,268,401
2022 $473,221,298,968 $511,403,404,642
2021 $480,466,363,177 $422,441,282,436
2020 $434,397,601,558 $357,161,776,271
2019 $442,983,642,372 $433,926,218,686
2018 $452,582,294,973 $440,560,003,161
2017 $414,926,138,133 $403,365,056,079
2016 $393,687,359,770 $381,717,208,621
2015 $379,546,097,301 $381,973,135,513
2014 $438,556,021,078 $424,935,834,104
2013 $426,580,502,769 $409,632,574,703
2012 $406,750,487,604 $392,793,559,051
2011 $428,954,737,064 $368,881,033,963
2010 $389,827,789,218 $307,736,348,527
2009 $399,290,118,782 $253,547,358,747
2008 $429,234,399,096 $315,474,615,741
2007 $386,760,177,589 $257,916,148,767
2006 $333,905,979,332 $222,116,532,963
2005 $313,952,317,331 $180,617,467,954
2004 $299,210,411,455 $147,824,249,958
2003 $260,779,834,340 $124,346,476,180
2002 $212,837,224,023 $109,816,091,079
2001 $196,477,206,829 $103,311,631,797
2000 $196,181,599,831 $104,337,463,730
1999 $216,421,809,126 $84,445,399,335
1998 $217,068,085,816 $75,674,384,205
1997 $211,724,812,267 $78,838,886,862
1996 $235,952,581,232 $73,571,217,377
1995 $240,094,169,510 $65,743,604,966
1994 $202,738,023,130 $59,305,111,228
1993 $189,634,029,339 $55,625,269,485
1992 $194,314,032,056 $54,239,188,746
1991 $173,113,449,617 $51,552,058,250
1990 $165,811,372,383 $50,701,374,187
1989 $132,584,448,258 $41,464,966,302
1988 $132,817,124,707 $36,275,613,877
1987 $123,682,091,859 $36,384,802,310
1986 $98,648,254,169 $33,943,568,481
1985 $69,114,996,010 $40,603,631,079
1984 $67,719,055,773 $41,807,931,453
1983 $71,838,528,420 $42,803,373,390
1982 $70,996,111,963 $46,622,715,281
1981 $70,755,997,062 $49,333,471,895
1980 $81,737,498,405 $43,599,134,193
1979 $73,647,694,287 $31,225,557,022
1978 $61,809,208,756 $23,775,718,541
1977 $51,343,861,460 $24,871,660,292
1976 $42,791,707,448 $19,213,212,475
1975 $39,902,300,703 $14,720,729,969
1974 $35,051,468,640 $11,651,505,689
1973 $29,399,860,145 $4,231,243,616
1972 $21,973,207,929 $1,415,086,929
1971 $17,788,536,733 $939,893,600
1970 $15,312,791,744 $685,986,701
1969 $13,647,475,854 -
1968 $12,499,863,917 -
1967 $11,634,569,522 -
1966 $10,939,526,219 -
1965 $10,041,659,445 -
1964 $9,213,648,656 -
1963 $8,414,050,621 -
1962 $7,793,042,529 -
1961 $7,346,566,038 -
1960 $6,624,086,313 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

GDP per capita in Austria vs United Arab Emirates by year

Austria
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
United Arab Emirates
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Austria UAE
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $62,930 - - -
2024 $58,269 $73,911 $50,274 $79,229
2023 $56,580 $73,545 $49,851 $77,955
2022 $52,337 $72,065 $50,760 $75,072
2021 $53,649 $62,969 $44,118 $68,580
2020 $48,716 $58,523 $37,992 $66,791
2019 $49,886 $60,355 $45,939 $79,816
2018 $51,194 $56,636 $47,135 $77,446
2017 $47,164 $53,870 $43,734 $70,282
2016 $45,061 $52,398 $42,721 $69,987
2015 $43,915 $49,549 $44,910 $73,986
2014 $51,315 $48,355 $52,725 $87,478
2013 $50,305 $47,520 $53,247 $87,526
2012 $48,250 $46,156 $53,142 $89,198
2011 $51,117 $44,172 $51,922 $89,665
2010 $46,611 $41,735 $44,795 $85,120
2009 $47,857 $40,687 $37,803 $84,780
2008 $51,581 $41,047 $50,054 $94,628
2007 $46,623 $39,192 $45,855 $100,813
2006 $40,382 $37,388 $44,343 $106,814
2005 $38,157 $34,777 $38,719 $101,301
2004 $36,614 $33,519 $33,377 $98,661
2003 $32,110 $31,959 $29,660 $92,636
2002 $26,335 $30,952 $27,754 $88,467
2001 $24,430 $29,553 $27,745 $90,370
2000 $24,487 $29,221 $29,866 $92,899
1999 $27,079 $27,500 $25,856 $87,658
1998 $27,212 $26,531 $24,889 $90,229
1997 $26,572 $25,301 $27,983 $96,009
1996 $29,646 $24,427 $28,323 $94,620
1995 $30,207 $23,604 $27,003 $93,702
1994 $25,546 $22,553 $25,473 $89,959
1993 $23,987 $21,647 $25,033 $86,330
1992 $24,783 $21,209 $25,648 $87,509
1991 $22,323 $20,536 $25,691 $87,250
1990 $21,596 $19,396 $26,710 $88,455
1989 $17,401 - $23,167 -
1988 $17,510 - $21,570 -
1987 $16,329 - $23,113 -
1986 $13,032 - $23,132 -
1985 $9,136 - $29,468 -
1984 $8,956 - $32,012 -
1983 $9,500 - $34,650 -
1982 $9,373 - $39,972 -
1981 $9,348 - $44,855 -
1980 $10,827 - $42,925 -
1979 $9,755 - $34,238 -
1978 $8,173 - $29,379 -
1977 $6,784 - $35,020 -
1976 $5,656 - $31,197 -
1975 $5,265 - $27,117 -
1974 $4,613 - $23,823 -
1973 $3,875 - $9,696 -
1972 $2,913 - $3,675 -
1971 $2,372 - $2,805 -
1970 $2,051 - $2,394 -
1969 $1,834 - - -
1968 $1,686 - - -
1967 $1,577 - - -
1966 $1,494 - - -
1965 $1,381 - - -
1964 $1,275 - - -
1963 $1,173 - - -
1962 $1,093 - - -
1961 $1,037 - - -
1960 $940 - - -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

Austria's GDP per capita is $62,930, ranking 16/197, compared to $50,274 in the United Arab Emirates, ranking 25/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Austria ranks 19th at $73,911, while the United Arab Emirates ranks 16th at $79,229.

Economic indicators

Austria UAE
Gross domestic product
$579B
2025
$552B
2024
GDP rank
29/197
2025
31/197
2024
GDP growth
0.62%
2024-2025
3.99%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$62,930
2025
$50,274
2024
GDP per capita rank
16/197
2025
25/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$73,911
2024
$79,229
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
19/197
2024
16/197
2024
Government debt
$466B
2025
$193B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
80.5%
2025
34.3%
2025
Government debt per person
$50,654
2025
$17,568
2024
Government debt per person rank
10/185
2025
37/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$38,467
2026
$40,096
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$211B
2025
$1.11T
2025
Number of millionaires n/a
183,000
2026
Number of billionaires
9
2026
6
2026
Income share by richest 10%
24.8%
2023
20.5%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
2.8%
2023
2.8%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
55.2%
2025
22.6%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.53%
2024-2025
1.3%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
3.65%
2025
Unemployment rate
5.78%
2025
1.88%
2024
Population
9201502
11885001

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Austria
Spending

Debt
United Arab Emirates
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Austria UAE
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 55.2% 80.5% 22.6% 34.3%
2024 55.2% 79.2% 21.4% 34.9%
2023 52.2% 77.8% 22.7% 31.9%
2022 53% 78.1% 22.7% 31.5%
2021 56% 82.4% 25.9% 35.7%
2020 57.3% 83.2% 30.5% 30.1%
2019 49.1% 71% 27.4% 25.8%
2018 49.2% 74.6% 25.9% 20.7%
2017 49.8% 79.1% 27.2% 21.2%
2016 50.6% 83.4% 31.7% 18.6%
2015 51.2% 85.6% 26.4% 15.6%
2014 52.4% 85.2% 31.4% 13.5%
2013 52.4% 82.4% 28.9% 15.3%
2012 51.8% 82.9% 27.8% 20.2%
2011 51.3% 83.4% 29.6% 20.4%
2010 53.4% 83.7% 30.4% 18.3%
2009 54.6% 80.8% 35% 21.1%
2008 50.4% 69.5% 22% 8.95%
2007 49.7% 65.8% 17.7% 8.89%
2006 50.9% 68.2% 15.6% 5.05%
2005 51.7% 69.4% 15.7% 4.48%
2004 54.3% 65.9% 17.7% 4.08%
2003 51.8% 66.4% 20% 3.33%
2002 51.6% 67.4% 21.3% 3.43%
2001 51.8% 67.2% 25.2% 2.69%
2000 50.9% 66.1% 21.8% 3.12%
1999 50.5% 61.3% 24.3% 4.73%
1998 54.4% 69.2% 25.8% 4.18%
1997 52.5% 63.4% 22.6% 2.86%
1996 55.9% 68.2% 27.6% 3.48%
1995 56.1% 68.2% 26.1% 5.06%
1994 54.3% 64.1% 30.1% 5.58%
1993 54.3% 61% 31.5% 6.01%
1992 49.3% 56.3% 29.6% 5.31%
1991 47.9% 56.4% 36% 4.97%
1990 46.8% 56.2% - -
1989 51.6% 56.6% - -
1988 53.1% 57.7% - -
1987 54.5% 55.5% - -
1986 54.3% 52% - -
1985 53.5% 47.8% - -
1984 52.6% 46% - -
1983 52.4% 43.7% - -
1982 52% 39.7% - -
1981 51.5% 37.5% - -
1980 50% 35.6% - -
1979 49.8% 34.1% - -
1978 50.8% 32.2% - -
1977 47.6% 28.5% - -
1976 47.9% 26.2% - -
1975 46.1% 22.8% - -
1974 42% 16.8% - -
1973 41.5% 16.7% - -
1972 40.1% 16.7% - -
1971 40% 17.4% - -
1970 39.5% 18.6% - -
1969 40.7% 16.8% - -
1968 40.9% 16.8% - -
1967 40.7% 15.6% - -
1966 38.7% 14.1% - -
1965 38.3% 14.8% - -
1964 38.7% 15.5% - -
1963 38.6% 15.6% - -
1962 37.6% 15.5% - -
1961 35.7% 16% - -
1960 36.3% 17.7% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

In 2025, Austria's government spending was $320B, accounting for 55.2% of its GDP, while the United Arab Emirates spent $118B, or 22.6% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 80.5% in Austria and 34.3% in the United Arab Emirates, ranking 42/185 and 146/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Austria

United Arab Emirates
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Austria UAE
2025 -4.52% 5.15%
2024 -4.68% 6.41%
2023 -2.59% 5.82%
2022 -3.41% 9.8%
2021 -5.69% 3.96%
2020 -8.2% -2.42%
2019 0.54% 2.5%
2018 0.2% 3.65%
2017 -0.78% -0.16%
2016 -1.45% -2.95%
2015 -0.48% -6.35%
2014 -1.92% 1.74%
2013 -1.99% 7.99%
2012 -2.18% 8.59%
2011 -2.48% 5.05%
2010 -4.46% 0.52%
2009 -5.38% -6.13%
2008 -1.57% 17.6%
2007 -1.56% 17.1%
2006 -2.61% 20.2%
2005 -2.59% 16%
2004 -4.94% 6.4%
2003 -1.84% 2.35%
2002 -1.43% -1.24%
2001 -0.71% 1.21%
2000 -2.07% 10.7%
1999 -2.63% 1.31%
1998 -2.68% 1%
1997 -2.38% 6.71%
1996 -4.38% 0.92%
1995 -6.17% 3.58%
1994 -5.04% -1.78%
1993 -4.57% -2.89%
1992 -2.15% 3.34%
1991 -2.96% 3.89%
1990 -2.58% -
1989 -3.07% -
1988 -3.43% -
1987 -4.33% -
1986 -3.84% -
1985 -2.71% -
1984 -2.67% -
1983 -4.22% -
1982 -3.29% -
1981 -1.79% -
1980 -1.62% -
1979 -2.3% -
1978 -2.67% -
1977 -2.11% -
1976 -3.61% -
1975 -2.41% -
1974 1.23% -
1973 1.24% -
1972 1.97% -
1971 1.46% -
1970 1.16% -
1969 -0.08% -
1968 -0.83% -
1967 -0.56% -
1966 1.73% -
1965 1.38% -
1964 0.48% -
1963 -0.5% -
1962 1.12% -
1961 1.68% -
1960 -0.49% -
1959 -2.16% -
1958 -3.52% -
1957 -0.7% -
1956 -0.78% -
1955 -0.5% -
1954 -0.35% -
1953 -0.24% -
1952 -0.73% -
1951 -1.57% -
1950 -7.72% -
1949 -9.23% -
1948 -9.3% -
1947 - -
1946 - -
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 - -
1938 - -
1937 -2.84% -
1936 -3.91% -
1935 -5.46% -
1934 -5.28% -
1933 -3.55% -
1932 -9.16% -
1931 -11.5% -
1930 -9.68% -
1929 -6.83% -
1928 -7.63% -
1927 -7.3% -
1926 -6.18% -
1925 -4.96% -
1924 -5.69% -
1923 - -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 - -
1912 -0.69% -
1911 0.03% -
1910 -0.42% -
1909 -5.51% -
1908 -1.24% -
1907 -2.73% -
1906 -0.05% -
1905 -0.71% -
1904 -1.12% -
1903 -0.97% -
1902 -0.75% -
1901 -0.56% -
1900 -0.05% -
1899 -0.08% -
1898 -0.17% -
1897 0.1% -
1896 0.03% -
1895 0.36% -
1894 -1.16% -
1893 -1.31% -
1892 -0.86% -
1891 -4.01% -
1890 -0.26% -
1889 -1.61% -
1888 -0.97% -
1887 -1.09% -
1886 -0.43% -
1885 -0.57% -
1884 -6.43% -
1883 -0.69% -
1882 -1.06% -
1881 -3.91% -
1880 -1.4% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

In 2024, Austria's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $25B, equivalent to 4.68% of GDP. This compares to the United Arab Emirates' surplus of $35.4B, or 6.41% of GDP.

Over the past 34 years, Austria recorded a fiscal deficit in 32 of those years, while the United Arab Emirates ran a deficit in 8 years. On average, Austria posted an annual deficit equal to 2.86% of GDP, compared to surplus of 4.25% of GDP for the United Arab Emirates.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Austria

United Arab Emirates
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Austria UAE
2025 3.53% 1.3%
2024 2.94% 1.7%
2023 7.81% 1.6%
2022 8.55% 4.8%
2021 2.77% -0.1%
2020 1.38% -2.1%
2019 1.53% -1.9%
2018 2% 3.1%
2017 2.08% 2%
2016 0.89% 1.6%
2015 0.9% 4.1%
2014 1.61% 2.3%
2013 2% 1.1%
2012 2.49% 0.7%
2011 3.29% 0.9%
2010 1.81% 0.9%
2009 0.51% -4.7%
2008 3.22% 12.3%
2007 2.17% 11.1%
2006 1.44% 9.3%
2005 2.3% 6.2%
2004 2.06% 5%
2003 1.36% 3.1%
2002 1.81% 2.9%
2001 2.65% 2.8%
2000 2.34% 1.3%
1999 0.57% 2.1%
1998 0.92% 2%
1997 1.31% 3%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | World Economic Outlook (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, Austria has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 2.7% in the United Arab Emirates. In 2025, inflation was 3.53% in Austria and 1.3% in the United Arab Emirates.

Top exports between countries

Austria
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $595M
Metals $96M
Chemicals & pharma $73.8M
Wood & paper products $66.4M
Textiles & consumer goods $52.4M
Precious metals & jewellery $29.1M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $21M
Raw materials & minerals $7.92M
Animal & marine products $6.4M
Raw agricultural goods $3.87M
UAE
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $256M
Precious metals & jewellery $7.3M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.81M
Chemicals & pharma $4.53M
Metals $2.84M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.54M
Wood & paper products $599K
Raw agricultural goods $256K
Animal & marine products $66K
Raw materials & minerals $45K

Balance of trade

Austria UAE
Current account balance
$10.4B
2025
$80B
2024
Current account balance ranking
24/190
2025
9/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+1.79%
2025
+14.5%
2024
Goods imports
$208B
2025
$400B
2024
Goods exports
$214B
2025
$467B
2024
Service imports
$98.3B
2025
$117B
2024
Service exports
$105B
2025
$181B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
52.3%
2025
92.2%
2023
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
54.7%
2025
106.8%
2023

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Austria UAE
Economic freedom 69.8 71.9
Economic freedom ranking 38/197 29/197
Property rights 95.7 62.9
Government integrity 75 65.3
Judicial effectiveness 94.8 34.4
Tax burden 45.7 99.9
Government spending 12.8 85.1
Fiscal health 67.1 97.6
Business freedom 78.7 84.5
Labor freedom 81.6 63.2
Monetary freedom 76.4 81.2
Trade freedom 79.4 78.6
Investment freedom 60 50
Financial freedom 70 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Austria
United Arab Emirates
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Austria UAE
2026 69.8 71.9
2025 69.7 71.6
2024 68.4 71.1
2023 71.1 70.9
2022 73.8 70.2
2021 73.9 76.9
2020 73.3 76.2
2019 72 77.6
2018 71.8 77.6
2017 72.3 76.9
2016 71.7 72.6
2015 71.2 72.4
2014 72.4 71.4
2013 71.8 71.1
2012 70.3 69.3
2011 71.9 67.8
2010 71.6 67.3
2009 71.2 64.7
2008 71.4 62.6
2007 71.6 62.6
2006 71.1 62.2
2005 68.8 65.2
2004 67.6 67.2
2003 67.6 73.4
2002 67.4 73.6
2001 68.1 74.9
2000 68.4 74.2
1999 64 71.5
1998 65.4 72.2
1997 65.2 71.9
1996 68.9 71.6
1995 70 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Austria is 69.8, ranking 38/197, compared to 71.9 for the United Arab Emirates, ranking 29/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Austria UAE
Services, % of GDP
64.1%
2025
54.9%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2025
44.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.26%
2025
0.77%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$556B
2025
$566B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$77,010
2025
$81,640
2024
Total reserves including gold
$53.4B
2025
$292B
2025
Total reserves ranking
46/177
2025
14/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$5.61B
2025
$31.5B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$13.7B
2024
$45.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$13.8B
2024
$77.2B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.8%
2021
19.5%
2020
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.7%
2025
26.6%
2023

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/austria/united-arab-emirates | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1998, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  9. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) (2020, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.