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Economy of India vs Seychelles compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

India has a GDP of $3.91T compared to $2.17B for the Seychelles, ranking 5/197 and 178/197 by economy size, respectively.

India has $3.19T in government debt (81.6% of GDP), compared to $1.25B (57.6% of GDP) in the Seychelles.

India vs Seychelles GDP by year

India
Seychelles
1x
Year GDP, current $
India Seychelles
2024 $3,909,891,533,858 $2,167,239,562
2023 $3,638,489,096,034 $2,187,379,755
2022 $3,346,107,287,731 $2,018,346,589
2021 $3,167,270,623,260 $1,487,173,795
2020 $2,674,851,578,587 $1,382,551,752
2019 $2,835,606,256,558 $1,868,690,097
2018 $2,702,929,641,649 $1,784,313,927
2017 $2,651,474,262,755 $1,675,370,641
2016 $2,294,796,885,663 $1,568,513,348
2015 $2,103,588,360,045 $1,432,403,352
2014 $2,039,126,479,155 $1,387,577,870
2013 $1,856,721,507,622 $1,333,160,407
2012 $1,827,637,590,410 $1,089,407,839
2011 $1,823,051,829,895 $1,058,918,707
2010 $1,675,615,519,485 $981,616,542
2009 $1,341,888,016,995 $850,901,620
2008 $1,198,895,139,006 $979,597,394
2007 $1,216,736,438,835 $1,077,308,814
2006 $940,259,888,788 $1,081,441,283
2005 $820,383,763,511 $977,899,382
2004 $709,152,728,831 $893,012,218
2003 $607,700,687,237 $750,847,230
2002 $514,939,140,319 $742,134,838
2001 $485,440,139,204 $662,064,156
2000 $468,395,521,654 $654,212,394
1999 $458,821,052,616 $662,838,615
1998 $421,351,317,225 $647,287,376
1997 $415,867,563,593 $598,966,982
1996 $392,896,866,205 $535,250,347
1995 $360,281,909,643 $540,733,048
1994 $327,274,843,459 $517,570,058
1993 $279,295,648,983 $504,230,621
1992 $288,208,070,278 $461,409,399
1991 $270,105,341,879 $398,307,170
1990 $320,979,026,420 $392,163,561
1989 $296,042,052,945 $324,333,367
1988 $296,589,670,896 $301,985,618
1987 $279,033,584,092 $265,212,957
1986 $248,985,994,041 $221,147,061
1985 $232,511,554,840 $179,691,483
1984 $212,157,645,178 $160,992,921
1983 $218,262,146,413 $156,098,237
1982 $200,715,624,831 $157,211,790
1981 $193,491,368,446 $163,750,728
1980 $186,328,579,302 $156,783,830
1979 $152,995,442,498 $127,261,099
1978 $137,302,319,829 $85,552,366
1977 $121,486,641,441 $64,526,401
1976 $102,716,451,980 $49,278,982
1975 $98,473,832,017 $47,803,146
1974 $99,526,597,934 $43,134,496
1973 $85,517,673,173 $36,896,280
1972 $71,464,700,667 $30,645,123
1971 $67,351,404,352 $21,965,951
1970 $62,422,483,055 $18,432,032
1969 $58,447,995,017 $16,452,028
1968 $53,085,455,871 $16,074,028
1967 $50,134,942,204 $16,632,032
1966 $45,581,230,504 $16,443,034
1965 $59,556,105,229 $15,603,032
1964 $56,480,289,941 $15,393,032
1963 $48,421,923,459 $13,923,029
1962 $42,161,481,858 $12,642,026
1961 $39,232,435,784 $11,592,024
1960 $37,029,883,876 $12,012,025

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/seychelles | CC BY

GDP per capita in India vs Seychelles by year

India
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Seychelles
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
India Seychelles
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $2,695 $11,160 $17,859 $33,239
2023 $2,530 $10,323 $18,263 $31,781
2022 $2,347 $9,207 $16,837 $29,973
2021 $2,240 $8,050 $14,983 $29,980
2020 $1,907 $6,966 $14,041 $31,056
2019 $2,041 $7,151 $19,142 $34,219
2018 $1,966 $6,715 $18,440 $32,091
2017 $1,950 $6,145 $17,480 $30,675
2016 $1,708 $5,800 $16,567 $28,811
2015 $1,584 $5,425 $15,333 $25,435
2014 $1,554 $5,192 $15,188 $24,985
2013 $1,433 $5,014 $14,821 $22,487
2012 $1,429 $4,820 $12,337 $22,264
2011 $1,445 $4,455 $12,110 $21,781
2010 $1,348 $4,206 $10,935 $18,982
2009 $1,095 $3,887 $9,747 $18,453
2008 $993 $3,633 $11,265 $18,881
2007 $1,022 $3,508 $12,669 $19,473
2006 $802 $3,221 $12,783 $17,503
2005 $710 $2,937 $11,802 $15,846
2004 $624 $2,682 $10,828 $14,160
2003 $544 $2,461 $9,070 $14,142
2002 $469 $2,277 $8,864 $14,570
2001 $450 $2,200 $8,153 $14,615
2000 $443 $2,091 $8,064 $14,638
1999 $442 $2,006 $8,243 $13,853
1998 $414 $1,852 $8,210 $13,675
1997 $416 $1,759 $7,747 $13,458
1996 $401 $1,695 $7,004 $11,931
1995 $375 $1,579 $7,181 $10,809
1994 $348 $1,467 $6,975 $10,692
1993 $303 $1,374 $6,979 $11,020
1992 $319 $1,309 $6,520 $10,243
1991 $306 $1,239 $5,655 $9,387
1990 $371 $1,212 $5,642 $8,955
1989 $350 - $4,689 -
1988 $358 - $4,392 -
1987 $345 - $3,872 -
1986 $315 - $3,368 -
1985 $301 - $2,754 -
1984 $281 - $2,488 -
1983 $296 - $2,426 -
1982 $278.7 - $2,441 -
1981 $275 - $2,557 -
1980 $271.1 - $2,478 -
1979 $228 - $2,030 -
1978 $209.4 - $1,377 -
1977 $189.6 - $1,044 -
1976 $164.1 - $814 -
1975 $161.1 - $806 -
1974 $166.7 - $745 -
1973 $146.6 - $649 -
1972 $125.3 - $547 -
1971 $120.7 - $402 -
1970 $114.4 - $344 -
1969 $109.5 - $314 -
1968 $101.6 - $314 -
1967 $98 - $333 -
1966 $91 - $338 -
1965 $121.5 - $328 -
1964 $117.9 - $332 -
1963 $103.4 - $308 -
1962 $92.2 - $287 -
1961 $87.9 - $270.3 -
1960 $84.9 - $288.1 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/seychelles | CC BY

India's GDP per capita is $2,695, ranking 143/197, compared to $17,859 in the Seychelles, ranking 63/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), India ranks 130th at $11,160, while the Seychelles ranks 67th at $33,239.

Economic indicators

India Seychelles
Gross domestic product
$3.91T
2024
$2.17B
2024
GDP rank
5/197
2024
178/197
2024
GDP growth
6.49%
2023-2024
3.47%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$2,695
2024
$17,859
2024
GDP per capita rank
143/197
2024
63/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$11,160
2024
$33,239
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
130/197
2024
67/197
2024
Government debt
$3.19T
2024
$1.25B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
81.6%
2024
57.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$2,200
2024
$10,288
2024
Government debt per person rank
118/185
2024
57/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$4,596
2026
$10,944
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$5.13T
2024
$811M
2024
Number of millionaires
917,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
205
2025
n/a
Income share by richest 10%
22.1%
2022
23.9%
2018
Income share by poorest 10%
4.5%
2022
2.6%
2018
Government expenditure, % of GDP
28.4%
2024
33.8%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
4.95%
2023-2024
0.31%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
5.25%
2025
1.75%
2024
Unemployment rate
4.17%
2024
2.59%
2024
Population
1480351380
126311

Spending and national debt comparison by year

India
Spending

Debt
Seychelles
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
India Seychelles
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 28.4% 81.6% 33.8% 57.6%
2023 27.9% 80.7% 32.9% 55.3%
2022 29.1% 82.2% 31.3% 60%
2021 29.9% 83.5% 38.8% 71%
2020 31% 88.4% 46.7% 77.4%
2019 26.8% 75.1% 31.7% 48.9%
2018 26.3% 70.4% 33% 51.3%
2017 26.2% 69.7% 34.3% 56.7%
2016 27.2% 68.9% 34.5% 62.8%
2015 27.1% 69% 31.5% 64.7%
2014 26.2% 67.1% 33.4% 70.4%
2013 26.6% 67.7% 37.8% 68.2%
2012 27.4% 68% 38.6% 80.1%
2011 27.6% 68.7% 36.4% 82.5%
2010 28% 67.7% 34.6% 82.2%
2009 28.5% 72.7% 32.1% 106.1%
2008 29.3% 74.3% 27% 192.1%
2007 26.9% 75.4% 41.9% 144%
2006 26.9% 77.9% 43.6% 135.1%
2005 26.9% 82.4% 39% 144.1%
2004 28.4% 84.9% 39.9% 163.2%
2003 29.9% 85.9% 44.6% 177%
2002 29.1% 84.3% 56.3% 195.9%
2001 28.3% 80.1% 46.8% 199.8%
2000 26.1% 74.9% 55.4% 177.8%
1999 25.8% 71.3% 56.1% 159.8%
1998 26% 69.3% 60.7% 161.2%
1997 25.2% 69% 54.7% 143%
1996 24.4% 67.1% 59.1% 146.7%
1995 25% 70.9% 53.1% 133.5%
1994 26.2% 74.8% 63.6% 123.5%
1993 26.2% 78.3% 60.4% 82.2%
1992 26.7% 78.8% 50.7% 79.9%
1991 27.3% 76.7% 52.1% 89.2%
1990 25.8% 50.8% 46.1% 80.4%
1989 25.7% 50.5% 51.7% 39.9%
1988 24.9% 48.9% 46.7% 41.3%
1987 22.5% 48.9% 49.7% 37%
1986 23.2% 47.9% 58% 31.5%
1985 21.6% 44.3% 53% 26.5%
1984 19.8% 41.6% 50.5% 15.3%
1983 17.8% 39.6% 47.9% 12.4%
1982 17.8% 41.7% - -
1981 16.6% 37.2% - -
1980 17.5% 38% - -
1979 15.6% 32.2% - -
1978 15% 30.8% - -
1977 13.9% 29.9% - -
1976 14.4% 31.3% - -
1975 12.7% 29.5% - -
1974 11.3% 29% - -
1973 12.9% 34.1% - -
1972 13.5% 37.2% - -
1971 12.4% 37.6% - -
1970 11.7% 38.1% - -
1969 11.5% 38.8% - -
1968 12.6% 40.3% - -
1967 13.8% 38.5% - -
1966 13.8% 36.2% - -
1965 13.7% 36.8% - -
1964 13.2% 33.8% - -
1963 12.3% 35.5% - -
1962 11.5% 36.2% - -
1961 11.8% 38.7% - -
1960 11.2% 36.5% - -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/seychelles | CC BY

In 2024, India's government spending was $1.11T, accounting for 28.4% of its GDP, while the Seychelles spent $732M, or 33.8% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 81.6% in India and 57.6% in the Seychelles, ranking 43/185 and 85/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
India

Seychelles
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
India Seychelles
2024 -7.9% -0.69%
2023 -7.4% -1.14%
2022 -8.97% -0.76%
2021 -9.45% -5.76%
2020 -12.9% -15.7%
2019 -7.69% 0.42%
2018 -6.34% -0.8%
2017 -6.23% -1.67%
2016 -7.12% 0.02%
2015 -7.21% 1.39%
2014 -7.07% 2.87%
2013 -7% 0.33%
2012 -7.55% 2.93%
2011 -8.35% 3.36%
2010 -8.79% 0.52%
2009 -9.7% 4.84%
2008 -9.17% 7.88%
2007 -4.59% -9.93%
2006 -6.38% -2.54%
2005 -7.49% 0.42%
2004 -9.22% 0.44%
2003 -11.4% 3.4%
2002 -11.1% -16.3%
2001 -11% -8.93%
2000 -8.41% -14.7%
1999 -8.7% -10.3%
1998 -9.74% -16.7%
1997 -8.28% -5.91%
1996 -6.71% -9.69%
1995 -6.81% -2.58%
1994 -8% -6.95%
1993 -8.57% -3.62%
1992 -7.89% 6.44%
1991 -7.9% 3.15%
1990 -8.07% 11.9%
1989 -7.68% 8.26%
1988 -7.01% 11.8%
1987 -9.53% 2.77%
1986 -10.6% -10.1%
1985 -9.58% -4.86%
1984 -8.54% -6.09%
1983 -7.28% -3.13%
1982 -6.78% -
1981 -6.07% -
1980 -7.27% -
1979 -4.87% -
1978 -4.45% -
1977 -4.1% -
1976 -4.1% -
1975 -3.11% -
1974 -2.3% -
1973 -3.53% -
1972 -3.14% -
1971 -2.9% -
1970 -2.35% -
1969 -2.66% -
1968 -3.98% -
1967 -4.97% -
1966 -4.18% -
1965 -4.49% -
1964 -4.41% -
1963 -4.16% -
1962 -3.3% -
1961 -4.1% -
1960 -4.05% -
1959 -5.29% -
1958 -5.08% -
1957 -3.35% -
1956 -2.93% -
1955 -2.77% -
1954 -2.61% -
1953 -1.83% -
1952 0.03% -
1951 -0.5% -
1950 -1.01% -
1949 -0.73% -
1948 -0.82% -
1947 -0.86% -
1946 -2.89% -
1945 -4.4% -
1944 -3.32% -
1943 -3.48% -
1942 -3.62% -
1941 -0.37% -
1940 -0.59% -
1939 -0.32% -
1938 -0.16% -
1937 -0.1% -
1936 -0.45% -
1935 -0.4% -
1934 -0.09% -
1933 0% -
1932 0.03% -
1931 -0.68% -
1930 -1.02% -
1929 -0.91% -
1928 -0.87% -
1927 -0.98% -
1926 -0.88% -
1925 -0.67% -
1924 -0.3% -
1923 -0.66% -
1922 -1.05% -
1921 -1.45% -
1920 -1.57% -
1919 -1.04% -
1918 -0.48% -
1917 -5.69% -
1916 0.25% -
1915 -0.51% -
1914 -0.98% -
1913 -0.85% -
1912 -0.58% -
1911 -0.42% -
1910 -0.85% -
1909 -0.7% -
1908 -1.25% -
1907 -1.22% -
1906 -0.8% -
1905 -2% -
1904 -0.53% -
1903 -0.56% -
1902 -0.56% -
1901 -0.27% -
1900 -1.06% -
1899 -0.56% -
1898 -0.49% -
1897 -1.02% -
1896 -1% -
1895 -0.41% -
1894 -0.5% -
1893 -0.59% -
1892 -0.56% -
1891 -0.64% -
1890 -0.8% -
1889 -0.45% -
1888 -1.94% -
1887 -1.28% -
1886 -0.75% -
1885 -1.48% -
1884 -1.22% -
1883 -0.81% -
1882 -0.77% -
1881 -0.05% -
1880 -0.69% -
1879 -0.39% -
1878 -0.12% -
1877 -0.84% -
1876 -0.8% -
1875 -0.87% -
1874 -0.15% -
1873 -0.28% -
1872 0.31% -
1871 0.42% -
1870 0.19% -
1869 0.01% -
1868 -0.38% -
1867 -0.12% -
1866 -0.31% -
1865 0.21% -
1864 -0.11% -
1863 -0.06% -
1862 0.15% -
1861 -0.16% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/seychelles | CC BY

In 2024, India's government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $309B, equivalent to 7.9% of GDP. This compares to the Seychelles' deficit of $15M, or 0.69% of GDP.

Over the past 42 years, India recorded a fiscal deficit in 42 of those years, while the Seychelles ran a deficit in 23 years. On average, India posted an annual deficit equal to 8.32% of GDP, compared to deficit of 2.04% of GDP for the Seychelles.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
India

Seychelles
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
India Seychelles
2024 4.95% 0.31%
2023 5.65% -1.04%
2022 6.7% 2.63%
2021 5.13% 9.77%
2020 6.62% 1.2%
2019 3.73% 1.81%
2018 3.94% 3.7%
2017 3.33% 2.86%
2016 4.95% -1.02%
2015 4.91% 4.04%
2014 6.67% 1.39%
2013 10% 4.34%
2012 9.48% 7.11%
2011 8.91% 2.56%
2010 12% -2.4%
2009 10.9% 31.8%
2008 8.35% 37%
2007 6.37% 5.32%
2006 5.8% -0.35%
2005 4.25% 0.91%
2004 3.77% 3.86%
2003 3.81% 3.3%
2002 4.3% 0.18%
2001 3.78% 5.97%
2000 4.01% 6.27%
1999 4.67% 6.35%
1998 13.2% 2.58%
1997 7.16% 0.62%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/seychelles | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, India has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 6.33%, compared with 5.03% in the Seychelles. In 2024, inflation was 4.95% in India and 0.31% in the Seychelles.

Top exports between countries

India
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $33.3M
Raw agricultural goods $9.07M
Metals $8.83M
Chemicals & pharma $8.2M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $5.11M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.91M
Raw materials & minerals $3.95M
Animal & marine products $2.23M
Wood & paper products $1.71M
Miscellaneous $100K
Seychelles
Export category Export value
Metals $2.6M
Animal & marine products $285K
Chemicals & pharma $133K
Textiles & consumer goods $110K
Precious metals & jewellery $109K
Machinery & equipment $86K
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $48K
Raw agricultural goods $44K
Raw materials & minerals $26K

Balance of trade

India Seychelles
Current account balance
-$32.1B
2024
-$176M
2024
Current account balance ranking
186/190
2024
97/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
-0.82%
2024
-8.11%
2024
Goods imports
$727B
2024
$1.39B
2024
Goods exports
$447B
2024
$595M
2024
Service imports
$197B
2024
$1B
2024
Service exports
$375B
2024
$1.71B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
23.5%
2024
103.2%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
21.2%
2024
85.2%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

India Seychelles
Economic freedom 52.5 66.5
Economic freedom ranking 146/197 60/197
Property rights 48.3 82.6
Government integrity 37.8 71.7
Judicial effectiveness 52.6 61.7
Tax burden 71.2 77.3
Government spending 75.7 68
Fiscal health 6.7 92.2
Business freedom 67.4 71.3
Labor freedom 59 52
Monetary freedom 70.9 79.8
Trade freedom 61 81.2
Investment freedom 40 30
Financial freedom 40 30

Economic freedom comparison by year

India
Seychelles
1x
Year Economic freedom index
India Seychelles
2026 52.5 66.5
2025 53 66.4
2024 52.9 60.4
2023 52.9 59.5
2022 53.9 61.1
2021 56.5 66.3
2020 56.5 64.3
2019 55.2 61.4
2018 54.5 61.6
2017 52.6 61.8
2016 56.2 62.2
2015 54.6 57.5
2014 55.7 56.2
2013 55.2 54.9
2012 54.6 53
2011 54.6 51.2
2010 53.8 47.9
2009 54.4 47.8
2008 54.1 -
2007 53.9 -
2006 52.2 -
2005 54.2 -
2004 51.5 -
2003 51.2 -
2002 51.2 -
2001 49 -
2000 47.4 -
1999 50.2 -
1998 49.7 -
1997 49.7 -
1996 47.4 -
1995 45.1 -

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/india/seychelles | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for India is 52.5, ranking 146/197, compared to 66.5 for the Seychelles, ranking 60/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

India Seychelles
Services, % of GDP
49.9%
2024
65.8%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.6%
2024
12.3%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
16.3%
2024
2.45%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$3.84T
2024
$2.12B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$11,000
2024
$32,180
2024
Total reserves including gold
$643B
2024
$774M
2024
Total reserves ranking
5/177
2024
145/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
-$2.89B
2024
-$262M
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$27.1B
2024
$226M
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$24.2B
2024
-$35.4M
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI
2.38%
2024
n/a
Poverty at national poverty lines
21.9%
2011
25.3%
2018
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
32.9%
2024
17.2%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1861–1990, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.