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Economy of Denmark vs Philippines compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $425B compared to $462B for the Philippines, ranking 37/197 and 35/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $134B in government debt (31.5% of GDP), compared to $261B (56.6% of GDP) in the Philippines.

Denmark vs Philippines GDP by year

Denmark
Philippines
1x
Year GDP, current $
Denmark Philippines
2024 $424,524,722,037 $461,617,509,782
2023 $404,651,706,118 $437,055,627,244
2022 $400,114,306,337 $404,353,369,605
2021 $406,110,162,088 $394,087,359,848
2020 $355,631,021,932 $361,751,145,452
2019 $345,401,473,013 $376,823,402,239
2018 $355,293,374,912 $346,841,896,587
2017 $331,610,593,962 $328,480,736,803
2016 $312,181,849,372 $318,627,003,017
2015 $301,758,922,338 $306,445,871,242
2014 $352,832,602,064 $297,483,555,338
2013 $344,631,016,965 $283,902,828,589
2012 $326,792,574,245 $261,920,540,963
2011 $344,315,595,263 $234,216,730,291
2010 $322,345,594,075 $208,368,893,151
2009 $322,619,152,195 $175,974,755,881
2008 $354,979,471,960 $181,624,626,327
2007 $320,213,157,595 $155,980,408,673
2006 $283,386,151,544 $127,652,926,368
2005 $265,150,087,712 $107,419,977,318
2004 $251,986,155,631 $95,001,999,685
2003 $218,421,193,436 $87,039,092,974
2002 $178,788,209,558 $84,307,345,888
2001 $164,881,594,415 $78,921,234,458
2000 $164,043,817,224 $83,669,788,377
1999 $177,887,720,536 $85,640,171,045
1998 $176,877,077,513 $74,492,416,330
1997 $173,241,365,735 $94,106,317,565
1996 $187,481,157,846 $94,648,084,429
1995 $184,848,481,008 $84,644,328,727
1994 $156,017,919,221 $73,159,336,915
1993 $143,111,306,004 $62,036,529,147
1992 $152,966,494,260 $60,422,328,242
1991 $139,180,507,778 $51,784,144,943
1990 $138,217,740,684 $50,508,286,642
1989 $112,312,200,761 $48,513,773,721
1988 $115,540,189,705 $43,152,128,959
1987 $109,183,446,340 $37,791,488,666
1986 $87,748,695,217 $33,987,207,295
1985 $62,452,421,011 $34,961,486,348
1984 $58,868,891,335 $35,730,185,634
1983 $60,331,158,447 $37,759,179,895
1982 $60,084,214,872 $42,206,011,275
1981 $61,459,941,461 $40,499,388,869
1980 $70,811,287,816 $36,848,080,899
1979 $70,393,030,603 $31,218,296,292
1978 $60,320,089,218 $25,762,224,563
1977 $49,711,709,588 $22,283,109,803
1976 $44,503,607,444 $19,381,055,197
1975 $40,418,967,666 $16,875,240,684
1974 $34,125,712,481 $15,607,882,555
1973 $30,718,181,337 $11,412,449,735
1972 $23,230,667,549 $9,067,815,521
1971 $19,086,192,720 $8,375,075,630
1970 $17,075,457,733 $7,559,115,517
1969 $15,414,902,667 $9,571,800,653
1968 $13,505,574,133 $8,632,749,269
1967 $13,059,064,806 $7,724,873,935
1966 $11,931,740,293 $7,189,017,888
1965 $10,870,670,865 $6,517,349,772
1964 $9,677,401,337 $5,953,756,195
1963 $8,466,044,980 $5,505,023,238
1962 $7,953,274,741 $4,954,593,072
1961 $7,058,361,229 $8,171,194,425
1960 $6,361,166,545 $7,515,894,111

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/philippines | CC BY

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Philippines by year

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Philippines
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Denmark Philippines
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2024 $71,026 $81,878 $3,985 $11,794
2023 $68,044 $77,892 $3,804 $10,986
2022 $67,781 $78,914 $3,548 $10,131
2021 $69,341 $69,715 $3,484 $8,858
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $3,228 $8,238
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $3,401 $8,924
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $3,169 $8,358
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $3,038 $7,774
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $2,985 $7,383
2015 $53,094 $48,897 $2,910 $6,894
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $2,867 $6,689
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $2,781 $6,373
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $2,615 $6,094
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $2,384 $5,705
2010 $58,105 $43,038 $2,163 $5,489
2009 $58,413 $40,524 $1,864 $5,157
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $1,959 $5,144
2007 $58,632 $39,110 $1,713 $4,923
2006 $52,119 $37,392 $1,426 $4,579
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $1,220 $4,289
2004 $46,625 $33,016 $1,100 $4,037
2003 $40,519 $30,864 $1,027 $3,761
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $1,015 $3,580
2001 $30,768 $29,459 $970 $3,469
2000 $30,722 $28,648 $1,051 $3,366
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $1,101 $3,229
1998 $33,346 $25,799 $983 $3,160
1997 $32,780 $24,887 $1,273 $3,221
1996 $35,622 $23,723 $1,311 $3,082
1995 $35,321 $22,677 $1,200 $2,926
1994 $29,968 $21,669 $1,060 $2,800
1993 $27,582 $20,217 $919 $2,684
1992 $29,579 $19,830 $917 $2,629
1991 $27,003 $19,067 $804 $2,621
1990 $26,886 $18,225 $804 $2,608
1989 $21,882 - $792 -
1988 $22,525 - $722 -
1987 $21,296 - $650 -
1986 $17,137 - $600 -
1985 $12,213 - $633 -
1984 $11,517 - $665 -
1983 $11,797 - $723 -
1982 $11,740 - $833 -
1981 $12,000 - $821 -
1980 $13,822 - $767 -
1979 $13,757 - $667 -
1978 $11,818 - $565 -
1977 $9,770 - $502 -
1976 $8,773 - $449 -
1975 $7,988 - $401 -
1974 $6,764 - $379 -
1973 $6,117 - $283.2 -
1972 $4,654 - $230.1 -
1971 $3,846 - $217.4 -
1970 $3,464 - $200.9 -
1969 $3,151 - $261.1 -
1968 $2,776 - $242.2 -
1967 $2,701 - $223.1 -
1966 $2,487 - $213.8 -
1965 $2,284 - $199.8 -
1964 $2,049 - $188.2 -
1963 $1,807 - $179.5 -
1962 $1,711 - $166.7 -
1961 $1,531 - $283.8 -
1960 $1,389 - $269.5 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/philippines | CC BY

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,026, ranking 12/197, compared to $3,985 in the Philippines, ranking 130/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $81,878, while the Philippines ranks 127th at $11,794.

Economic indicators

Denmark Philippines
Gross domestic product
$425B
2024
$462B
2024
GDP rank
37/197
2024
35/197
2024
GDP growth
3.48%
2023-2024
5.69%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,026
2024
$3,985
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
130/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$81,878
2024
$11,794
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
14/197
2024
127/197
2024
Government debt
$134B
2024
$261B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
31.5%
2024
56.6%
2024
Government debt per person
$22,340
2024
$2,257
2024
Government debt per person rank
30/185
2024
117/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$53,468
2026
$3,407
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
$252B
2024
Number of millionaires
376,000
2025
n/a
Number of billionaires
9
2025
15
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
31.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.9%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
47.3%
2024
24.9%
2024
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
3.21%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
4.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
2.41%
2023
Population
6032403
117991570

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Denmark
Spending

Debt
Philippines
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Denmark Philippines
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2024 47.3% 31.5% 24.9% 56.6%
2023 47.4% 33.8% 24.7% 56.5%
2022 45.1% 34.2% 25.9% 57.4%
2021 49.7% 40.7% 27.2% 57%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 25.9% 51.6%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 21.7% 37%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 20.9% 37.1%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 19.5% 38.1%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 19% 37.4%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 17.8% 39.7%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 16.8% 40.3%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 17.3% 43.9%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 17.7% 45.7%
2011 56.3% 50% 17.2% 45.4%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 18.3% 47.6%
2009 56.3% 43% 19.2% 49.8%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 17.9% 50%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 18.2% 50.2%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 18.3% 57.2%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 18.7% 64.7%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 19.4% 71.1%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 20.4% 71.4%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 20.6% 65.2%
2001 53% 50.1% 21% 59.5%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 20.8% 59.2%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 20.7% 54.2%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 20.3% 50.8%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 20.3% 56.9%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 19.6% 53.1%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 19.1% 60.8%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 19.7% 63.6%
1993 59.5% 78.7% 17.6% 73.9%
1992 56.4% 66.7% 18.4% 53.9%
1991 55.5% 63.2% 18% 55.6%
1990 55.1% 62.4% 18.8% 56.2%
1989 56.2% 62.2% 15.7% 55.2%
1988 56.1% 64.7% 15.9% 69%
1987 54% 62.5% 15.7% 79.2%
1986 52.3% 66.8% 13.5% 77.7%
1985 55.5% 74.7% 11.3% 53.1%
1984 56.6% 77.7% 10.1% 45.8%
1983 57.9% 74.2% 12.2% 43.1%
1982 57.7% 64.5% 12.8% 32.9%
1981 56.3% 51.7% 13.7% 27.6%
1980 52.7% 39.2% 13.4% 24.8%
1979 49.6% 31.8% 11.9% 22.5%
1978 47.2% 25.5% 13.3% 23.1%
1977 45.6% 15.2% 13.3% 19.8%
1976 45% 11.4% 13.8% 16.8%
1975 45.3% 7.01% 15.1% 13%
1974 43.6% 6.2% 10.7% 13.4%
1973 39.5% 8.94% 14% 11.5%
1972 42.1% 11.5% 13.4% 14.2%
1971 42.2% 12.9% 11.2% 14.8%
1970 24.4% 7.62% 10.4% 16.8%
1969 25.3% 8.36% 11.5% 16.4%
1968 24.3% 9.36% 11.2% 15.7%
1967 22.2% 10.1% 10.2% 15.4%
1966 21.1% 11.2% 9.77% 14.4%
1965 17.1% 12.9% 9.48% 15%
1964 17.6% 14.5% 9.66% 14.2%
1963 18.2% 13.7% 10.4% 14.1%
1962 17% 15.3% 10.8% 15.9%
1961 15.6% 16.4% 9.6% 16.5%
1960 16.4% 20.1% 10.1% 16.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/philippines | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $201B, accounting for 47.3% of its GDP, while the Philippines spent $115B, or 24.9% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 31.5% in Denmark and 56.6% in the Philippines, ranking 155/185 and 93/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Philippines
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Philippines
2024 4.46% -3.78%
2023 3.43% -4.38%
2022 3.39% -5.48%
2021 4.12% -6.23%
2020 0.36% -5.55%
2019 4.28% -1.5%
2018 0.81% -1.48%
2017 1.69% -0.75%
2016 0.3% -0.74%
2015 -0.9% 0.14%
2014 1.43% 1.32%
2013 -0.94% 0.37%
2012 -3.2% -0.22%
2011 -1.77% -0.38%
2010 -2.52% -2.25%
2009 -2.75% -2.57%
2008 3.46% 0.02%
2007 5.31% -0.28%
2006 5.29% -0.05%
2005 5.2% -1.62%
2004 2.23% -2.81%
2003 0.14% -3.49%
2002 0.25% -3.71%
2001 1.13% -3.49%
2000 1.79% -3.27%
1999 1.06% -2.29%
1998 -0.28% -1.31%
1997 -1.22% 0.37%
1996 -2.4% 0.54%
1995 -3.5% -0.02%
1994 -3.85% -0.44%
1993 -3.73% 0.63%
1992 -2.6% -0.43%
1991 -3.15% -0.26%
1990 -1.78% -1.52%
1989 0.3% -1.64%
1988 1.46% -2.71%
1987 2.46% -1.06%
1986 3.23% -0.55%
1985 -1.38% 0.71%
1984 -3.58% 0.64%
1983 -6.29% 0.1%
1982 -8.22% -0.88%
1981 -5.84% -1.09%
1980 -2.32% 0.56%
1979 -0.69% 1.54%
1978 0.41% 0.05%
1977 0.37% -0.42%
1976 0.19% -0.55%
1975 -1.23% 0.13%
1974 3.7% 5.94%
1973 4.97% 2.49%
1972 5.01% 3.39%
1971 4.96% -0.96%
1970 0.7% -0.31%
1969 0.3% -2.67%
1968 -0.06% -2.33%
1967 1.49% -1.35%
1966 0.99% -0.74%
1965 2.13% -1.53%
1964 1.79% -0.99%
1963 1.2% -0.68%
1962 -0.09% -0.43%
1961 1.73% -0.29%
1960 1.25% -1.06%
1959 0.79% -0.15%
1958 0.25% -0.21%
1957 0.26% -0.56%
1956 -0.01% -0.77%
1955 -1.17% -1.3%
1954 -0.84% -0.79%
1953 1.75% -0.88%
1952 1.18% 0.49%
1951 0.79% 1.5%
1950 1.08% -0.19%
1949 0.63% -2.33%
1948 1.07% -0.65%
1947 0.84% 0.05%
1946 2.69% -2.54%
1945 -1.03% -
1944 0% -
1943 0% -
1942 0% -
1941 0% -
1940 0% -
1939 0% -
1938 0.03% -
1937 0.22% -
1936 -1.36% -
1935 -0.97% -
1934 0.03% -
1933 1.69% -
1932 -3.22% -
1931 -1.67% -
1930 0.03% -
1929 0.13% -
1928 -4.99% -
1927 -2.33% -
1926 -0.48% -
1925 -3.1% -
1924 -0.8% -
1923 -0.56% -
1922 -1.33% -
1921 -2.41% -
1920 -0.46% -
1919 -0.38% -
1918 1.95% -
1917 3.1% -
1916 1.51% -
1915 -0.48% -
1914 0.43% -
1913 0.07% -
1912 0.13% -
1911 -1.02% -
1910 -1.72% -
1909 -2.49% -
1908 -0.82% -
1907 0.26% -
1906 -0.42% -
1905 0.22% -
1904 -0.1% -
1903 0.03% -
1902 -0.06% -
1901 -0.71% -
1900 -0.84% -
1899 -0.59% -
1898 -0.43% -
1897 -0.61% -
1896 -0.07% -
1895 -0.17% -
1894 -0.26% -
1893 -0.42% -
1892 -0.73% -
1891 -0.76% -
1890 -0.97% -
1889 -0.55% -
1888 -0.49% -
1887 -0.68% -
1886 -0.39% -
1885 0.48% -
1884 1.2% -
1883 0.73% -
1882 0.35% -
1881 0.42% -
1880 -2.65% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-02-20); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/philippines | CC BY

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $18.9B, equivalent to 4.46% of GDP. This compares to the Philippines' deficit of $17.5B, or 3.78% of GDP.

Over the past 65 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 25 of those years, while the Philippines ran a deficit in 48 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to 0.38% of GDP, compared to deficit of 0.98% of GDP for the Philippines.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Denmark

Philippines
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Denmark Philippines
2024 1.37% 3.21%
2023 3.31% 5.98%
2022 7.7% 5.82%
2021 1.85% 3.93%
2020 0.42% 2.39%
2019 0.76% 2.39%
2018 0.81% 5.31%
2017 1.15% 2.85%
2016 0.25% 1.25%
2015 0.45% 0.67%
2014 0.56% 3.6%
2013 0.79% 2.58%
2012 2.4% 3.03%
2011 2.76% 4.72%
2010 2.31% 3.79%
2009 1.3% 4.22%
2008 3.42% 8.26%
2007 1.69% 2.9%
2006 1.92% 5.49%
2005 1.82% 6.52%
2004 1.15% 4.83%
2003 2.08% 2.29%
2002 2.42% 2.72%
2001 2.34% 5.35%
2000 2.9% 3.98%
1999 2.5% 5.94%
1998 1.85% 9.23%
1997 2.18% 5.59%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/philippines | CC BY

Over the past 28 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 4.24% in the Philippines. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 3.21% in the Philippines.

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $160M
Animal & marine products $145M
Machinery & equipment $113M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $26.5M
Chemicals & pharma $12.8M
IT & IP services $12.3M
Business & finance services $12.2M
Manufacturing & construction services $6.85M
Metals $6.47M
Raw agricultural goods $4.6M
Philippines
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $125M
Raw agricultural goods $4.18M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $2.33M
Textiles & consumer goods $999K
Chemicals & pharma $730K
Wood & paper products $500K
Metals $476K
Precious metals & jewellery $333K
Animal & marine products $282K
Miscellaneous $46K

Balance of trade

Denmark Philippines
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
-$18.3B
2024
Current account balance ranking
14/190
2024
183/190
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.3%
2024
-3.96%
2024
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$124B
2024
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$55.1B
2024
Service imports
$125B
2024
$37.6B
2024
Service exports
$129B
2024
$51.6B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
60.8%
2024
40.1%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
71%
2024
25.8%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Philippines
Economic freedom 79 62.9
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 85/197
Property rights 99.9 45.8
Government integrity 98 35.4
Judicial effectiveness 89.3 41.8
Tax burden 43.4 78.3
Government spending 34.8 81
Fiscal health 98 60.5
Business freedom 90.4 69.2
Labor freedom 65 57.8
Monetary freedom 80.1 72.1
Trade freedom 79.4 83
Investment freedom 90 70
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Denmark
Philippines
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Philippines
2026 79 62.9
2025 79.1 60.6
2024 77.8 59
2023 77.6 59.3
2022 78 61.1
2021 77.8 64.1
2020 78.3 64.5
2019 76.7 63.8
2018 76.6 65
2017 75.1 65.6
2016 75.3 63.1
2015 76.3 62.2
2014 76.1 60.1
2013 76.1 58.2
2012 76.2 57.1
2011 78.6 56.2
2010 77.9 56.3
2009 79.6 56.8
2008 79.2 56
2007 77 56
2006 75.4 56.3
2005 75.3 54.7
2004 72.4 59.1
2003 73.2 61.3
2002 71.1 60.7
2001 68.3 60.9
2000 68.3 62.5
1999 68.1 61.9
1998 67.5 62.8
1997 67.5 62.2
1996 67.3 60.2
1995 - 55

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/philippines | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79, ranking 8/197, compared to 62.9 for the Philippines, ranking 85/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Denmark Philippines
Services, % of GDP
63.5%
2024
63.2%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24.1%
2024
27.7%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.93%
2024
9.08%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$434B
2024
$518B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$84,680
2024
$13,330
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$106B
2024
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
27/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
-$6.57B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$9.44B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.7B
2024
$2.87B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.45%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
15.5%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
23.2%
2024
23.7%
2024

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/denmark/philippines | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2024, retrieved 2026-04-06)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1992, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2024, retrieved 2026-02-20)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-03-09)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  6. TradeMap (2022–2024, retrieved 2026-02-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-03-10)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2025-10-14)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.