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Economy of Denmark vs Malaysia compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank team

Denmark has a GDP of $429B compared to $422B for Malaysia, ranking 38/197 and 39/197 by economy size, respectively.

Denmark has $120B in government debt (26.6% of GDP), compared to $297B (70.1% of GDP) in Malaysia.

The chart below compares the two countries' GDP growth in both current (nominal) and constant dollars, accounting for inflation over time.

Denmark
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Malaysia
GDP, current $

GDP, constant 2015 $
Year GDP
Denmark Malaysia
Current $ Constant $ Current $ Constant $
1960 $6,361,166,545 $80,238,063,131 $1,916,229,477 $10,075,053,650
1961 $7,058,361,229 $85,356,314,760 $1,901,856,123 $10,840,555,622
1962 $7,953,274,741 $90,193,305,331 $2,001,489,602 $11,536,630,908
1963 $8,466,044,980 $90,767,855,838 $2,510,110,348 $12,383,281,584
1964 $9,677,401,337 $99,181,979,992 $2,674,423,922 $13,046,897,051
1965 $10,870,670,865 $103,699,971,911 $2,956,337,669 $14,049,533,277
1966 $11,931,740,293 $106,542,294,924 $3,143,517,944 $15,147,744,694
1967 $13,059,064,806 $112,813,620,773 $3,188,924,677 $15,732,015,397
1968 $13,505,574,133 $119,416,599,037 $3,330,371,551 $16,987,114,742
1969 $15,414,902,667 $127,535,877,471 $3,664,552,041 $17,817,535,563
1970 $17,075,457,733 $129,902,945,560 $3,864,145,667 $18,884,189,212
1971 $19,086,192,720 $134,031,029,530 $4,244,395,956 $20,779,153,503
1972 $23,230,667,549 $139,120,989,452 $5,043,347,250 $22,729,992,899
1973 $30,718,181,337 $145,686,794,688 $7,662,902,678 $25,389,647,919
1974 $34,125,712,481 $144,281,984,443 $9,496,204,302 $27,501,726,906
1975 $40,418,967,666 $142,247,753,419 $9,298,800,799 $27,722,034,465
1976 $44,503,607,444 $150,773,233,048 $11,050,234,599 $30,927,669,086
1977 $49,711,709,588 $153,766,730,433 $13,139,488,633 $33,325,509,326
1978 $60,320,089,218 $157,483,262,379 $16,358,079,862 $35,542,952,797
1979 $70,393,030,603 $163,866,531,124 $21,213,264,962 $38,865,898,972
1980 $70,811,287,816 $162,635,188,845 $24,488,224,677 $41,758,231,850
1981 $61,459,941,461 $161,430,084,232 $25,004,285,792 $44,657,131,817
1982 $60,084,214,872 $167,713,124,649 $26,804,493,635 $47,311,173,245
1983 $60,331,158,447 $172,165,579,297 $30,347,442,111 $50,269,176,995
1984 $58,868,891,335 $179,636,437,842 $33,942,897,422 $54,170,965,010
1985 $62,452,421,011 $187,096,889,700 $31,199,633,353 $53,615,577,054
1986 $87,748,695,217 $195,952,945,326 $27,734,111,400 $54,280,729,183
1987 $109,183,446,340 $196,860,120,911 $32,181,210,158 $57,098,947,793
1988 $115,540,189,705 $197,397,452,814 $35,272,109,220 $62,773,281,162
1989 $112,312,200,761 $198,773,654,972 $38,847,965,293 $68,460,289,887
1990 $138,217,740,684 $202,073,829,845 $44,024,585,240 $74,627,553,680
1991 $139,180,507,778 $205,020,430,124 $49,143,148,094 $81,751,102,498
1992 $152,966,494,260 $209,167,606,432 $59,167,550,163 $89,014,784,404
1993 $143,111,306,004 $209,002,572,327 $66,894,966,969 $97,822,746,879
1994 $156,017,919,221 $220,068,623,481 $74,478,356,958 $106,834,219,205
1995 $184,848,481,008 $226,754,355,587 $88,705,342,903 $117,335,045,631
1996 $187,481,157,846 $233,320,596,409 $100,855,393,910 $129,071,719,045
1997 $173,241,365,735 $240,713,316,197 $100,005,323,302 $138,523,307,833
1998 $176,877,077,513 $246,313,036,680 $72,167,498,981 $128,328,802,477
1999 $177,887,720,536 $253,621,896,626 $79,148,421,053 $136,205,126,471
2000 $164,043,817,224 $263,066,798,869 $93,789,736,842 $148,271,359,065
2001 $164,881,594,415 $265,566,018,287 $92,783,947,368 $149,038,923,296
2002 $178,788,209,558 $266,778,406,880 $100,845,526,316 $157,073,594,224
2003 $218,421,193,436 $267,955,142,441 $110,202,368,421 $166,165,798,104
2004 $251,986,155,631 $275,394,519,881 $124,749,473,684 $177,437,551,536
2005 $265,150,087,712 $281,892,753,289 $143,534,405,819 $186,898,768,709
2006 $283,386,151,544 $292,651,155,543 $162,692,258,307 $197,336,779,112
2007 $320,213,157,595 $295,540,131,122 $193,549,569,478 $209,766,600,384
2008 $354,979,471,960 $294,307,201,414 $230,811,614,370 $219,902,039,819
2009 $322,619,152,195 $279,666,951,317 $202,257,453,037 $216,573,759,299
2010 $322,345,594,075 $284,093,791,187 $255,017,638,456 $232,654,030,399
2011 $344,315,595,263 $287,817,703,286 $297,951,668,675 $244,970,531,974
2012 $326,792,574,245 $287,802,068,160 $314,443,047,642 $258,378,881,826
2013 $344,631,016,965 $291,810,211,099 $323,276,235,524 $270,506,469,604
2014 $352,832,602,064 $295,539,545,107 $338,066,095,097 $286,755,041,078
2015 $301,758,922,338 $301,758,922,338 $301,355,266,965 $301,355,266,965
2016 $312,181,849,372 $311,032,111,298 $301,256,033,870 $314,764,917,575
2017 $331,610,593,962 $320,538,736,986 $319,109,094,160 $333,061,328,477
2018 $355,293,374,912 $326,500,781,503 $358,788,845,713 $349,191,778,300
2019 $345,401,473,013 $332,088,518,944 $365,177,721,022 $364,602,265,936
2020 $355,631,021,932 $326,176,991,232 $337,456,163,961 $344,706,479,641
2021 $408,378,204,640 $350,255,593,093 $373,784,823,673 $356,134,704,342
2022 $401,945,576,108 $355,650,135,426 $407,605,841,348 $387,694,727,479
2023 $407,091,920,305 $364,524,261,929 $399,705,137,434 $401,479,163,711
2024 $429,457,372,072 $377,924,893,185 $421,972,102,254 $422,011,432,357

Economic indicators

Denmark Malaysia
Gross domestic product
$429B
2024
$422B
2024
GDP rank
38/197
2024
39/197
2024
GDP growth
5.49%
2023-2024
5.57%
2023-2024
GDP per capita
$71,852
2024
$11,867
2024
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2024
81/197
2024
GDP per capita, PPP
$79,514
2024
$38,729
2024
Government debt
$120B
2024
$297B
2024
Debt-to-GDP ratio
26.6%
2025
70.1%
2025
Government debt per person
$20,114
2024
$8,353
2024
Government debt per person rank
31/185
2024
63/185
2024
Average annual personal income after taxes
$50,067
2025
$9,650
2025
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$151B
2004
$449B
2024
Number of billionaires
9
2025
19
2025
Income share by richest 10%
25.5%
2023
30.9%
2021
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2023
2.3%
2021
Government expenditure, % of GDP
48.4%
2025
23.1%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
1.37%
2023-2024
1.83%
2023-2024
Central bank interest rate
1.6%
2025
2.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
6.15%
2024
3.93%
2022
Population
6018959
36304998

GDP per capita in Denmark vs Malaysia

Denmark's GDP per capita is $71,852, ranking 12/197, compared to $11,867 in Malaysia, ranking 81/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), Denmark ranks 14th at $79,514, while Malaysia ranks 60th at $38,729.

Denmark
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Malaysia
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Year Current $
Denmark Malaysia
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
1960 $1,389 - $240.8 -
1961 $1,531 - $232.9 -
1962 $1,711 - $238.8 -
1963 $1,807 - $291.8 -
1964 $2,049 - $303 -
1965 $2,284 - $326 -
1966 $2,487 - $339 -
1967 $2,701 - $335 -
1968 $2,776 - $342 -
1969 $3,151 - $368 -
1970 $3,464 - $380 -
1971 $3,846 - $407 -
1972 $4,654 - $472 -
1973 $6,117 - $701 -
1974 $6,764 - $848 -
1975 $7,988 - $811 -
1976 $8,773 - $940 -
1977 $9,770 - $1,092 -
1978 $11,818 - $1,327 -
1979 $13,757 - $1,680 -
1980 $13,822 - $1,886 -
1981 $12,000 - $1,866 -
1982 $11,740 - $1,938 -
1983 $11,797 - $2,124 -
1984 $11,517 - $2,300 -
1985 $12,213 - $2,046 -
1986 $17,137 - $1,760 -
1987 $21,296 - $1,977 -
1988 $22,525 - $2,100 -
1989 $21,882 - $2,244 -
1990 $26,886 $18,227 $2,469 $6,887
1991 $27,003 $19,055 $2,679 $7,583
1992 $29,579 $19,818 $3,141 $8,224
1993 $27,582 $20,204 $3,462 $9,018
1994 $29,968 $21,655 $3,758 $9,806
1995 $35,321 $22,662 $4,363 $10,720
1996 $35,622 $23,714 $4,837 $11,709
1997 $32,780 $24,881 $4,679 $12,469
1998 $33,346 $25,797 $3,294 $11,398
1999 $33,426 $26,642 $3,528 $11,980
2000 $30,722 $28,642 $4,084 $13,027
2001 $30,768 $29,462 $3,944 $13,072
2002 $33,257 $30,667 $4,184 $13,656
2003 $40,519 $30,868 $4,465 $14,387
2004 $46,625 $33,020 $4,939 $15,416
2005 $48,926 $34,238 $5,556 $16,371
2006 $52,119 $37,400 $6,158 $17,426
2007 $58,632 $39,112 $7,169 $18,617
2008 $64,617 $41,467 $8,372 $19,480
2009 $58,413 $40,503 $7,191 $18,923
2010 $58,105 $43,042 $8,899 $20,193
2011 $61,810 $44,444 $10,217 $21,324
2012 $58,444 $44,755 $10,601 $22,639
2013 $61,378 $46,869 $10,714 $23,161
2014 $62,520 $47,880 $11,013 $24,307
2015 $53,094 $48,910 $9,649 $24,526
2016 $54,501 $51,821 $9,477 $25,286
2017 $57,522 $55,272 $9,863 $26,416
2018 $61,325 $57,234 $10,902 $27,794
2019 $59,404 $60,595 $10,920 $28,934
2020 $60,985 $62,682 $9,958 $27,475
2021 $69,728 $69,715 $10,903 $29,823
2022 $68,091 $77,400 $11,748 $34,366
2023 $68,454 $73,737 $11,379 $36,417
2024 $71,852 $79,514 $11,867 $38,729

Spending and national debt comparison

In 2024, Denmark's government spending was $200B, accounting for 48.4% of its GDP, while Malaysia's spent $101B, or 23.1% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 26.6% in Denmark and 70.1% in Malaysia, ranking 166/185 and 55/185, respectively.

Denmark
Government spending

Government debt
Malaysia
Government spending

Government debt
Year % of GDP
Denmark Malaysia
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
1960 16.4% 20.1% - -
1961 15.6% 16.4% - -
1962 17% 15.3% - -
1963 18.2% 13.7% - -
1964 17.6% 14.5% - -
1965 17.1% 12.9% - -
1966 21.1% 11.2% - -
1967 22.2% 10.1% - -
1968 24.3% 9.36% - -
1969 25.3% 8.36% - -
1970 24.4% 7.62% - -
1971 42.2% 12.9% - -
1972 42.1% 11.5% - -
1973 39.5% 8.94% - -
1974 43.6% 6.2% - -
1975 45.3% 7.01% - -
1976 45% 11.4% - -
1977 45.6% 15.2% - -
1978 47.2% 25.5% - -
1979 49.6% 31.8% - -
1980 52.7% 39.2% - -
1981 56.3% 51.7% - -
1982 57.7% 64.5% - -
1983 57.9% 74.2% - -
1984 56.6% 77.7% - -
1985 55.5% 74.7% - -
1986 52.3% 66.8% - -
1987 54% 62.5% - -
1988 56.1% 64.7% - -
1989 56.2% 62.2% - -
1990 55.1% 62.4% 30.5% 74.1%
1991 55.5% 63.2% 27.4% 67.3%
1992 56.4% 66.7% 28.2% 59.1%
1993 59.5% 78.7% 24.6% 51.1%
1994 59.5% 75.3% 23.3% 43.7%
1995 58.7% 71.5% 22.6% 38.2%
1996 58.2% 68.3% 22.4% 32.8%
1997 56.2% 64.4% 21.2% 29.6%
1998 55.6% 60.3% 23.1% 33.6%
1999 54.7% 56.8% 24.6% 34.4%
2000 52.9% 53.6% 25.6% 32.5%
2001 53% 50.1% 28.2% 38.1%
2002 53.1% 50.3% 27.1% 39.5%
2003 53.5% 48.2% 28.1% 41.4%
2004 52.8% 46.2% 25.9% 42%
2005 51.1% 39.4% 24.5% 40.8%
2006 49.7% 33.2% 25.6% 39.7%
2007 49.5% 29.5% 25.9% 39.3%
2008 50.3% 35.5% 26.9% 39.4%
2009 56.3% 43% 30.9% 50.4%
2010 56.5% 46.1% 26.6% 51.2%
2011 56.3% 50% 27.1% 51.9%
2012 57.9% 48.7% 28.5% 53.8%
2013 55.6% 47.8% 27.8% 55.7%
2014 55.1% 48.7% 26% 55.4%
2015 54.4% 44.6% 24.7% 57%
2016 52.4% 41.7% 22.9% 55.8%
2017 50.6% 40.2% 22% 54.4%
2018 50.8% 38.5% 22.8% 55.6%
2019 49.8% 38.3% 23.6% 57.1%
2020 53.3% 46.3% 25% 67.7%
2021 49.4% 40.5% 24.5% 69.2%
2022 44.9% 34.1% 24.7% 65.5%
2023 46.8% 33.6% 24.9% 69.7%
2024 46.5% 28% 23.9% 70.4%
2025 48.4% 26.6% 23.1% 70.1%

Government deficit by year

In 2024, Denmark's government surplus, the difference between spending and revenue, was $19.3B, equivalent to 4.5% of GDP. This compares to Malaysia's deficit of -$16.7B, or -3.95% of GDP.

Over the past 35 years, Denmark recorded a fiscal deficit in 15 of those years, while Malaysia ran a deficit in 27 years. On average, Denmark posted an annual surplus equal to +0.44% of GDP, compared to deficit of -2.07% of GDP for Malaysia.

Deficit/surplus
Denmark

Malaysia
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Denmark Malaysia
1880 -2.65% -
1881 0.42% -
1882 0.35% -
1883 0.73% -
1884 1.2% -
1885 0.48% -
1886 -0.39% -
1887 -0.68% -
1888 -0.49% -
1889 -0.55% -
1890 -0.97% -
1891 -0.76% -
1892 -0.73% -
1893 -0.42% -
1894 -0.26% -
1895 -0.17% -
1896 -0.07% -
1897 -0.61% -
1898 -0.43% -
1899 -0.59% -
1900 -0.84% -
1901 -0.71% -
1902 -0.06% -
1903 0.03% -
1904 -0.1% -
1905 0.22% -
1906 -0.42% -
1907 0.26% -
1908 -0.82% -
1909 -2.49% -
1910 -1.72% -
1911 -1.02% -
1912 0.13% -
1913 0.07% -
1914 0.43% -
1915 -0.48% -
1916 1.51% -
1917 3.1% -
1918 1.95% -
1919 -0.38% -
1920 -0.46% -
1921 -2.41% -
1922 -1.33% -
1923 -0.56% -
1924 -0.8% -
1925 -3.1% -
1926 -0.48% -
1927 -2.33% -
1928 -4.99% -
1929 0.13% -
1930 0.03% -
1931 -1.67% -
1932 -3.22% -
1933 1.69% -
1934 0.03% -
1935 -0.97% -
1936 -1.36% -
1937 0.22% -
1938 0.03% -
1939 0% -
1940 0% -
1941 0% -
1942 0% -
1943 0% -
1944 0% -
1945 -1.03% -
1946 2.69% -
1947 0.84% -
1948 1.07% -
1949 0.63% -
1950 1.08% -
1951 0.79% -
1952 1.18% -
1953 1.75% -
1954 -0.84% -
1955 -1.17% -
1956 -0.01% -
1957 0.26% -
1958 0.25% -
1959 0.79% -
1960 1.25% -
1961 1.73% -
1962 -0.09% -
1963 1.2% -
1964 1.79% -
1965 2.13% -
1966 0.99% -
1967 1.49% -
1968 -0.06% -
1969 0.3% -
1970 0.7% -
1971 4.96% -
1972 5.01% -
1973 4.97% -
1974 3.7% -
1975 -1.23% -
1976 0.19% -
1977 0.37% -
1978 0.41% -
1979 -0.69% -
1980 -2.32% -
1981 -5.84% -
1982 -8.22% -
1983 -6.29% -
1984 -3.58% -
1985 -1.38% -
1986 3.23% -
1987 2.46% -
1988 1.46% -
1989 0.3% -
1990 -1.78% 0.15%
1991 -3.15% 1.6%
1992 -2.6% 1.81%
1993 -3.73% 3.44%
1994 -3.85% 5.45%
1995 -3.5% 3.1%
1996 -2.4% 3.27%
1997 -1.22% 4.84%
1998 -0.28% -0.63%
1999 1.06% -3%
2000 1.79% -6.05%
2001 1.13% -4.36%
2002 0.25% -3.96%
2003 0.14% -4.6%
2004 2.23% -3.35%
2005 5.2% -2.83%
2006 5.29% -2.6%
2007 5.31% -2.57%
2008 3.46% -3.4%
2009 -2.75% -5.88%
2010 -2.52% -4.32%
2011 -1.77% -3.57%
2012 -3.2% -3.1%
2013 -0.94% -3.48%
2014 1.43% -2.63%
2015 -0.9% -2.55%
2016 0.3% -2.6%
2017 1.69% -2.41%
2018 0.81% -2.64%
2019 4.28% -2.01%
2020 0.36% -4.9%
2021 4.1% -6.03%
2022 3.44% -4.56%
2023 3.31% -3.97%
2024 4.5% -3.95%
2025 1.2% -3.36%

Inflation comparison by year

Over the past 29 years, Denmark has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 1.95%, compared with 2.29% in Malaysia. In 2024, inflation was 1.37% in Denmark and 1.83% in Malaysia.

Inflation
Denmark

Malaysia
Year Inflation
Denmark Malaysia Denmark Malaysia
1996 2.13% 3.49%
1997 2.18% 2.66%
1998 1.85% 5.27%
1999 2.5% 2.74%
2000 2.9% 1.53%
2001 2.34% 1.42%
2002 2.42% 1.81%
2003 2.08% 1.09%
2004 1.15% 1.42%
2005 1.82% 2.98%
2006 1.92% 3.61%
2007 1.69% 2.03%
2008 3.42% 5.44%
2009 1.3% 0.58%
2010 2.31% 1.62%
2011 2.76% 3.17%
2012 2.4% 1.66%
2013 0.79% 2.11%
2014 0.56% 3.14%
2015 0.45% 2.1%
2016 0.25% 2.09%
2017 1.15% 3.87%
2018 0.81% 0.88%
2019 0.76% 0.66%
2020 0.42% -1.14%
2021 1.85% 2.48%
2022 7.7% 3.38%
2023 3.31% 2.49%
2024 1.37% 1.83%

Top exports between countries

Denmark
Export category Export value
Transport & tourism services $451M
Machinery & equipment $105M
Animal & marine products $78.8M
Chemicals & pharma $46.8M
Business & finance services $40.9M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $36.3M
Metals $13.7M
IT & IP services $12.4M
Manufacturing & construction services $7.48M
Textiles & consumer goods $4.38M
Malaysia
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $88.3M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $62.5M
Chemicals & pharma $22.2M
Raw materials & minerals $21.7M
Textiles & consumer goods $11.2M
Wood & paper products $3.31M
Metals $2.11M
Miscellaneous $542K
Animal & marine products $286K
Precious metals & jewellery $123K

Balance of trade

Denmark Malaysia
Current account balance
$52.1B
2024
$7.15B
2024
Current account balance ranking
11/189
2024
25/189
2024
Current account balance, % of GDP
+12.1%
2024
+1.69%
2024
Goods imports
$132B
2024
$223B
2024
Goods exports
$172B
2024
$248B
2024
Service imports
$125B
2024
$56.4B
2024
Service exports
$129B
2024
$53.4B
2024
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
58.9%
2024
66%
2024
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
69.7%
2024
71.4%
2024

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Denmark Malaysia
Economic freedom 79.1 67.1
Economic freedom ranking 8/197 50/197
Property rights 99.3 66.3
Government integrity 98 51.1
Judicial effectiveness 90.5 66.2
Tax burden 45 83.9
Government spending 33.6 82.1
Fiscal health 98.2 48.1
Business freedom 93 76.6
Labor freedom 64.9 58.1
Monetary freedom 76.6 79.6
Trade freedom 79.6 83.4
Investment freedom 90 60
Financial freedom 80 50

Economic freedom by year comparison

The Economic Freedom Index for Denmark is 79.1, ranking 8/197, compared to 67.1 for Malaysia, ranking 50/197. The chart below displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Denmark
Malaysia
Year Economic freedom index
Denmark Malaysia
1995 - 71.9
1996 67.3 69.9
1997 67.5 66.8
1998 67.5 68.2
1999 68.1 68.9
2000 68.3 66
2001 68.3 60.2
2002 71.1 60.1
2003 73.2 61.1
2004 72.4 59.9
2005 75.3 61.9
2006 75.4 61.6
2007 77 63.8
2008 79.2 63.9
2009 79.6 64.6
2010 77.9 64.8
2011 78.6 66.3
2012 76.2 66.4
2013 76.1 66.1
2014 76.1 69.6
2015 76.3 70.8
2016 75.3 71.5
2017 75.1 73.8
2018 76.6 74.5
2019 76.7 74
2020 78.3 74.7
2021 77.8 74.4
2022 78 68.1
2023 77.6 67.3
2024 77.8 65.7
2025 79.1 67.1

More economic indicators

Denmark Malaysia
Services, % of GDP
64%
2024
53.6%
2024
Industry, % of GDP
24%
2024
37.1%
2024
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
0.74%
2024
8.16%
2024
GNI, Atlas method
$441B
2024
$415B
2024
GNI per capita, PPP
$82,240
2024
$37,500
2024
Total reserves including gold
$108B
2024
$116B
2024
Total reserves ranking
25/177
2024
24/177
2024
Net foreign direct investment
$11.9B
2024
-$2.55B
2024
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
$18.5B
2024
$15.6B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
$30.4B
2024
$13B
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
12.4%
2021
5.8%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
21.6%
2024
21.9%
2024

GDP per capita map

GDP per capita

Compare countries by 7 more topics

Economy comparisons

Economy vs Denmark vs Malaysia
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The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.