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Economy of Netherlands vs Philippines compared: GDP & Debt

Updated on by Georank

The Netherlands has a GDP of $1.33T compared to $487B for the Philippines, ranking 18/197 and 34/197 by economy size, respectively.

The Netherlands has $578B in government debt (43.3% of GDP), compared to $289B (59.4% of GDP) in the Philippines.

Netherlands vs Philippines GDP by year

Netherlands
Philippines
1x
Year GDP, current $
Netherlands Philippines
2025 $1,332,767,651,100 $487,086,123,720
2024 $1,213,936,238,063 $461,671,157,905
2023 $1,135,475,867,551 $437,055,627,245
2022 $1,046,540,797,549 $404,353,369,605
2021 $1,054,472,123,450 $394,087,359,848
2020 $932,560,861,701 $361,751,145,452
2019 $928,903,005,576 $376,823,402,239
2018 $929,733,599,797 $346,841,896,587
2017 $848,233,537,846 $328,480,736,803
2016 $797,163,949,290 $318,627,003,017
2015 $775,743,675,303 $306,445,871,242
2014 $901,556,501,756 $297,483,555,338
2013 $883,951,539,007 $283,902,828,589
2012 $845,689,017,066 $261,920,540,963
2011 $913,140,741,333 $234,216,730,291
2010 $852,464,982,433 $208,368,893,151
2009 $878,954,223,140 $175,974,755,881
2008 $957,901,566,041 $181,624,626,327
2007 $853,499,460,873 $155,980,408,673
2006 $737,593,995,289 $127,652,926,368
2005 $688,133,699,636 $107,419,977,318
2004 $661,224,886,143 $95,001,999,685
2003 $582,435,617,082 $87,039,092,974
2002 $475,529,972,123 $84,307,345,888
2001 $432,536,219,669 $78,921,234,458
2000 $417,649,282,154 $83,669,788,377
1999 $447,778,514,140 $85,640,171,045
1998 $438,612,530,549 $74,492,416,330
1997 $417,506,211,882 $94,106,317,565
1996 $451,372,549,020 $94,648,084,429
1995 $452,967,334,614 $84,644,328,727
1994 $379,688,232,232 $73,159,336,915
1993 $354,070,495,966 $62,036,529,147
1992 $363,497,050,125 $60,422,328,242
1991 $327,982,316,124 $51,784,144,943
1990 $318,799,003,994 $50,508,286,642
1989 $258,716,904,292 $48,513,773,721
1988 $262,295,966,105 $43,152,128,959
1987 $245,406,949,521 $37,791,488,666
1986 $201,157,708,221 $33,987,207,295
1985 $144,057,523,222 $34,961,486,348
1984 $144,124,462,912 $35,730,185,634
1983 $153,671,294,109 $37,759,179,895
1982 $158,712,765,536 $42,206,011,275
1981 $164,375,775,854 $40,499,388,869
1980 $195,439,301,707 $36,848,080,899
1979 $179,933,827,310 $31,218,296,292
1978 $156,089,077,205 $25,762,224,563
1977 $127,203,923,857 $22,283,109,803
1976 $109,329,386,564 $19,381,055,197
1975 $100,397,061,694 $16,875,240,684
1974 $87,371,810,804 $15,607,882,555
1973 $71,946,639,603 $11,412,449,735
1972 $54,787,070,173 $9,067,815,521
1971 $44,644,730,576 $8,375,075,630
1970 $38,220,884,519 $7,559,115,517
1969 $34,086,038,090 $9,571,800,653
1968 $30,097,635,751 $8,632,749,269
1967 $27,143,828,099 $7,724,873,935
1966 $24,741,480,717 $7,189,017,888
1965 $22,721,869,808 $6,517,349,772
1964 $20,232,048,553 $5,953,756,195
1963 $17,193,744,109 $5,505,023,238
1962 $15,847,582,341 $4,954,593,072
1961 $14,599,836,396 $8,171,194,425
1960 $13,282,979,015 $7,515,894,111

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/philippines | CC BY

GDP per capita in Netherlands vs Philippines by year

Netherlands
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
Philippines
GDP per capita

GDP per capita, PPP
1x
Year Current $
Netherlands Philippines
GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP GDP per capita GDP per capita, PPP
2025 $73,684 - $4,171 -
2024 $67,465 $86,174 $3,985 $11,794
2023 $63,516 $81,729 $3,804 $10,986
2022 $59,123 $78,630 $3,548 $10,131
2021 $60,142 $68,574 $3,484 $8,858
2020 $53,468 $62,597 $3,228 $8,238
2019 $53,555 $62,345 $3,401 $8,924
2018 $53,955 $58,819 $3,169 $8,358
2017 $49,514 $56,038 $3,038 $7,774
2016 $46,809 $53,162 $2,985 $7,383
2015 $45,794 $50,957 $2,910 $6,894
2014 $53,457 $49,751 $2,867 $6,689
2013 $52,602 $49,622 $2,781 $6,373
2012 $50,474 $47,653 $2,615 $6,094
2011 $54,702 $47,004 $2,384 $5,705
2010 $51,306 $45,301 $2,163 $5,489
2009 $53,172 $44,959 $1,864 $5,157
2008 $58,247 $46,714 $1,959 $5,144
2007 $52,101 $44,203 $1,713 $4,923
2006 $45,124 $41,208 $1,426 $4,579
2005 $42,165 $37,778 $1,220 $4,289
2004 $40,611 $35,961 $1,100 $4,037
2003 $35,897 $34,286 $1,027 $3,761
2002 $29,447 $34,568 $1,015 $3,580
2001 $26,956 $33,259 $970 $3,469
2000 $26,225 $31,895 $1,051 $3,366
1999 $28,319 $29,316 $1,101 $3,229
1998 $27,924 $27,749 $983 $3,160
1997 $26,745 $26,062 $1,273 $3,221
1996 $29,064 $24,564 $1,311 $3,082
1995 $29,301 $23,480 $1,200 $2,926
1994 $24,683 $22,414 $1,060 $2,800
1993 $23,156 $21,443 $919 $2,684
1992 $23,939 $20,831 $917 $2,629
1991 $21,764 $20,177 $804 $2,621
1990 $21,322 $19,203 $804 $2,608
1989 $17,423 - $792 -
1988 $17,771 - $722 -
1987 $16,734 - $650 -
1986 $13,804 - $600 -
1985 $9,941 - $633 -
1984 $9,992 - $665 -
1983 $10,696 - $723 -
1982 $11,089 - $833 -
1981 $11,537 - $821 -
1980 $13,812 - $767 -
1979 $12,817 - $667 -
1978 $11,196 - $565 -
1977 $9,180 - $502 -
1976 $7,937 - $449 -
1975 $7,346 - $401 -
1974 $6,450 - $379 -
1973 $5,353 - $283.2 -
1972 $4,110 - $230.1 -
1971 $3,384 - $217.4 -
1970 $2,931 - $200.9 -
1969 $2,647 - $261.1 -
1968 $2,364 - $242.2 -
1967 $2,155 - $223.1 -
1966 $1,986 - $213.8 -
1965 $1,848 - $199.8 -
1964 $1,668 - $188.2 -
1963 $1,437 - $179.5 -
1962 $1,342 - $166.7 -
1961 $1,254 - $283.8 -
1960 $1,156 - $269.5 -

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/philippines | CC BY

The Netherlands' GDP per capita is $73,684, ranking 12/197, compared to $4,171 in the Philippines, ranking 130/197. Adjusted for purchasing power (GDP per capita PPP), the Netherlands ranks 11th at $86,174, while the Philippines ranks 127th at $11,794.

Economic indicators

Netherlands Philippines
Gross domestic product
$1.33T
2025
$487B
2025
GDP rank
18/197
2025
34/197
2025
GDP growth
1.78%
2024-2025
4.4%
2024-2025
GDP per capita
$73,684
2025
$4,171
2025
GDP per capita rank
12/197
2025
130/197
2025
GDP per capita, PPP
$86,174
2024
$11,794
2024
GDP per capita PPP rank
11/197
2024
127/197
2024
Government debt
$578B
2025
$289B
2025
Debt-to-GDP ratio
43.3%
2025
59.4%
2025
Government debt per person
$31,942
2025
$2,476
2025
Government debt per person rank
23/185
2025
113/185
2025
Average annual personal income after taxes
$46,674
2026
$3,163
2026
Market capitalization of domestic companies
$1.1T
2017
$232B
2025
Number of millionaires
1,294,000
2026
n/a
Number of billionaires
13
2026
15
2026
Income share by richest 10%
21.4%
2021
31.6%
2023
Income share by poorest 10%
3.6%
2021
2.9%
2023
Government expenditure, % of GDP
45.1%
2025
24.3%
2025
Consumer prices inflation
3.26%
2024-2025
1.66%
2024-2025
Central bank interest rate n/a
4.75%
2025
Unemployment rate
3.9%
2025
2.41%
2023
Population
18243998
118213646

Spending and national debt comparison by year

Netherlands
Spending

Debt
Philippines
Spending

Debt
1x
Year % of GDP
Netherlands Philippines
Government spending Government debt Government spending Government debt
2025 45.1% 43.3% 24.3% 59.4%
2024 44.4% 43.7% 25.6% 56.6%
2023 44% 45.8% 24.7% 56.5%
2022 43.3% 48.4% 25.9% 57.4%
2021 45.9% 50.5% 27.2% 57%
2020 47.8% 53.4% 25.9% 51.6%
2019 42.1% 47.7% 21.7% 37%
2018 42.4% 51.6% 20.9% 37.1%
2017 42.8% 56% 19.5% 38.1%
2016 43.9% 60.9% 19% 37.4%
2015 45.3% 63.8% 17.8% 39.7%
2014 46.7% 67.2% 16.8% 40.3%
2013 47.5% 67.2% 17.3% 43.9%
2012 47.6% 65.7% 17.7% 45.7%
2011 47.8% 61.2% 17.2% 45.4%
2010 48.9% 58.9% 18.3% 47.6%
2009 48.4% 56.3% 19.2% 49.8%
2008 44.3% 54.4% 17.9% 50%
2007 43.3% 42.7% 18.2% 50.2%
2006 44% 45% 18.3% 57.2%
2005 43.4% 49.6% 18.7% 64.7%
2004 44.7% 50.1% 19.4% 71.1%
2003 45.8% 49.8% 20.4% 71.4%
2002 44.8% 48.7% 20.6% 65.2%
2001 44.1% 49.4% 21% 59.5%
2000 43.2% 52.2% 20.8% 59.2%
1999 44.3% 58.6% 20.7% 54.2%
1998 44.6% 62.7% 20.3% 50.8%
1997 45.7% 65.7% 20.3% 56.9%
1996 47.3% 71.2% 19.6% 53.1%
1995 53.9% 73% 19.1% 60.8%
1994 49.4% 73.5% 19.7% 63.6%
1993 50.9% 76.7% 17.6% 73.9%
1992 50.2% 75.6% 18.4% 53.9%
1991 49.6% 74.8% 18% 55.6%
1990 48.8% 75% 18.8% 56.2%
1989 54.5% 73.7% 15.7% 55.2%
1988 56.4% 73.7% 15.9% 69%
1987 58.5% 71.3% 15.7% 79.2%
1986 57% 68.9% 13.5% 77.7%
1985 57.3% 67.1% 11.3% 53.1%
1984 58.1% 61.9% 10.1% 45.8%
1983 59.1% 58.4% 12.2% 43.1%
1982 59.1% 52.4% 12.8% 32.9%
1981 56.8% 46.9% 13.7% 27.6%
1980 55.2% 43.6% 13.4% 24.8%
1979 53.7% 39.5% 11.9% 22.5%
1978 52.3% 38.1% 13.3% 23.1%
1977 50.6% 34.9% 13.3% 19.8%
1976 50.8% 35.2% 13.8% 16.8%
1975 50.8% 36.1% 15.1% 13%
1974 46.4% 36.3% 10.7% 13.4%
1973 44.6% 38.1% 14% 11.5%
1972 44.9% 41.3% 13.4% 14.2%
1971 44.6% 43.7% 11.2% 14.8%
1970 43.2% 46.1% 10.4% 16.8%
1969 42.1% 48.2% 11.5% 16.4%
1968 25.4% 54.4% 11.2% 15.7%
1967 24.1% 55% 10.2% 15.4%
1966 24.4% 55.6% 9.77% 14.4%
1965 23.4% 55.8% 9.48% 15%
1964 22.3% 57.1% 9.66% 14.2%
1963 21.9% 61.7% 10.4% 14.1%
1962 22.1% 63.8% 10.8% 15.9%
1961 22.2% 65.9% 9.6% 16.5%
1960 20.4% 66.7% 10.1% 16.6%

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1960–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/philippines | CC BY

In 2025, the Netherlands' government spending was $602B, accounting for 45.1% of its GDP, while the Philippines spent $118B, or 24.3% of GDP.

Debt-to-GDP ratio is 43.3% in the Netherlands and 59.4% in the Philippines, ranking 121/185 and 79/185, respectively.

Government deficit by year

Deficit/surplus
Netherlands

Philippines
1x
Year Deficit/surplus, % of GDP
Netherlands Philippines
2025 -1.84% -3.97%
2024 -0.94% -4.44%
2023 -0.37% -4.38%
2022 0.002% -5.48%
2021 -2.26% -6.23%
2020 -3.72% -5.55%
2019 1.91% -1.5%
2018 1.49% -1.48%
2017 1.35% -0.75%
2016 0.23% -0.74%
2015 -1.84% 0.14%
2014 -2.17% 1.32%
2013 -2.87% 0.37%
2012 -3.83% -0.22%
2011 -4.42% -0.38%
2010 -5.3% -2.25%
2009 -5.06% -2.57%
2008 -0.06% 0.02%
2007 -0.16% -0.28%
2006 0.04% -0.05%
2005 -0.51% -1.62%
2004 -1.82% -2.81%
2003 -3.19% -3.49%
2002 -2.23% -3.71%
2001 -0.47% -3.49%
2000 1.14% -3.27%
1999 0.28% -2.29%
1998 -1.34% -1.31%
1997 -1.6% 0.37%
1996 -1.91% 0.54%
1995 -8.72% -0.02%
1994 -3.53% -0.44%
1993 -3.13% 0.63%
1992 -3.12% -0.43%
1991 -2.05% -0.26%
1990 -4.08% -1.52%
1989 -5% -1.64%
1988 -4.23% -2.71%
1987 -5.39% -1.06%
1986 -4.62% -0.55%
1985 -3.6% 0.71%
1984 -5.25% 0.64%
1983 -5.47% 0.1%
1982 -6.17% -0.88%
1981 -4.92% -1.09%
1980 -3.95% 0.56%
1979 -2.46% 1.54%
1978 -2.09% 0.05%
1977 -0.75% -0.42%
1976 -2.02% -0.55%
1975 -2.82% 0.13%
1974 -0.26% 5.94%
1973 0.54% 2.49%
1972 -0.7% 3.39%
1971 -1.58% -0.96%
1970 -1.52% -0.31%
1969 -1.14% -2.67%
1968 -3.06% -2.33%
1967 -1.97% -1.35%
1966 -2.37% -0.74%
1965 -1.15% -1.53%
1964 -1.2% -0.99%
1963 -0.54% -0.68%
1962 -1.38% -0.43%
1961 -0.38% -0.29%
1960 0.9% -1.06%
1959 -0.74% -0.15%
1958 -0.89% -0.21%
1957 0.3% -0.56%
1956 -0.83% -0.77%
1955 -0.25% -1.3%
1954 0.76% -0.79%
1953 -2.95% -0.88%
1952 2.19% 0.49%
1951 2.13% 1.5%
1950 0.81% -0.19%
1949 2.3% -2.33%
1948 - -0.65%
1947 - 0.05%
1946 - -2.54%
1945 - -
1944 - -
1943 - -
1942 - -
1941 - -
1940 - -
1939 -3.19% -
1938 -0.37% -
1937 0.02% -
1936 -0.41% -
1935 -0.69% -
1934 -0.92% -
1933 -2.55% -
1932 -1.97% -
1931 -1.66% -
1930 -0.55% -
1929 -1.16% -
1928 -0.62% -
1927 -0.33% -
1926 -0.78% -
1925 -2.04% -
1924 -3.37% -
1923 -2.62% -
1922 - -
1921 - -
1920 - -
1919 - -
1918 - -
1917 - -
1916 - -
1915 - -
1914 - -
1913 -0.45% -
1912 -0.47% -
1911 -0.13% -
1910 -0.93% -
1909 -0.34% -
1908 -0.57% -
1907 0.03% -
1906 0.16% -
1905 0.1% -
1904 -0.72% -
1903 0.09% -
1902 -0.14% -
1901 0.03% -
1900 0.06% -
1899 -0.13% -
1898 -0.48% -
1897 -0.45% -
1896 0.08% -
1895 -0.06% -
1894 0.12% -
1893 -0.76% -
1892 -1.72% -
1891 -0.06% -
1890 -0.06% -
1889 0.04% -
1888 -0.31% -
1887 -0.37% -
1886 -0.08% -
1885 -0.55% -
1884 0% -
1883 -2.1% -
1882 -1.11% -
1881 -1.06% -
1880 0.21% -

Data sources: International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1989, retrieved 2026-07-08); International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/philippines | CC BY

In 2025, the Netherlands' government deficit, the difference between spending and revenue, was $24.5B, equivalent to 1.84% of GDP. This compares to the Philippines' deficit of $19.4B, or 3.97% of GDP.

Over the past 66 years, the Netherlands recorded a fiscal deficit in 56 of those years, while the Philippines ran a deficit in 49 years. On average, the Netherlands posted an annual deficit equal to 2.13% of GDP, compared to deficit of 1.03% of GDP for the Philippines.

Inflation comparison by year

Inflation
Netherlands

Philippines
1x
Year Consumer prices inflation
Netherlands Philippines
2025 3.26% 1.66%
2024 3.35% 3.21%
2023 3.84% 5.98%
2022 10% 5.82%
2021 2.68% 3.93%
2020 1.27% 2.39%
2019 2.63% 2.39%
2018 1.7% 5.31%
2017 1.38% 2.85%
2016 0.32% 1.25%
2015 0.6% 0.67%
2014 0.98% 3.6%
2013 2.51% 2.58%
2012 2.46% 3.03%
2011 2.34% 4.72%
2010 1.28% 3.79%
2009 1.19% 4.22%
2008 2.49% 8.26%
2007 1.61% 2.9%
2006 1.1% 5.49%
2005 1.69% 6.52%
2004 1.26% 4.83%
2003 2.09% 2.29%
2002 3.29% 2.72%
2001 4.16% 5.35%
2000 2.36% 3.98%
1999 2.16% 5.94%
1998 1.96% 9.23%
1997 2.11% 5.59%

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1997–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/philippines | CC BY

Over the past 29 years, the Netherlands has recorded an average annual inflation rate of 2.35%, compared with 4.16% in the Philippines. In 2025, inflation was 3.26% in the Netherlands and 1.66% in the Philippines.

Top exports between countries

Netherlands
Export category Export value
Manufacturing & construction services $416M
Business & finance services $281M
Machinery & equipment $217M
Animal & marine products $191M
IT & IP services $184M
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $92.3M
Chemicals & pharma $78.6M
Transport & tourism services $55M
Raw agricultural goods $24.3M
Raw materials & minerals $16.4M
Philippines
Export category Export value
Machinery & equipment $2.07B
Processed food, beverages & tobacco $1.16B
Textiles & consumer goods $135M
Raw agricultural goods $123M
Chemicals & pharma $55.2M
Miscellaneous $21.1M
Wood & paper products $19.1M
Precious metals & jewellery $17.1M
Raw materials & minerals $3.8M
Animal & marine products $3.27M

Balance of trade

Netherlands Philippines
Current account balance
$111B
2024
-$16.3B
2025
Current account balance ranking
6/190
2024
181/190
2025
Current account balance, % of GDP
+9.14%
2024
-3.34%
2025
Goods imports
$606B
2024
$130B
2025
Goods exports
$693B
2024
$63.4B
2025
Service imports
$262B
2024
$38.2B
2025
Service exports
$308B
2024
$51.5B
2025
Imports of goods and services, % of GDP
69.5%
2025
40.2%
2025
Exports of goods and services, % of GDP
80.7%
2025
26.6%
2025

Economic freedom indices

The indices of economic freedom below are issued by the Heritage Foundation. Higher scores indicate stronger economic health.

Netherlands Philippines
Economic freedom 78.5 62.9
Economic freedom ranking 11/197 85/197
Property rights 96 45.8
Government integrity 86.8 35.4
Judicial effectiveness 96.1 41.8
Tax burden 54 78.3
Government spending 42.2 81
Fiscal health 95.9 60.5
Business freedom 85 69.2
Labor freedom 59.3 57.8
Monetary freedom 77 72.1
Trade freedom 79.4 83
Investment freedom 90 70
Financial freedom 80 60

Economic freedom comparison by year

Netherlands
Philippines
1x
Year Economic freedom index
Netherlands Philippines
2026 78.5 62.9
2025 78.2 60.6
2024 77.3 59
2023 78 59.3
2022 79.5 61.1
2021 76.8 64.1
2020 77 64.5
2019 76.8 63.8
2018 76.2 65
2017 75.8 65.6
2016 74.6 63.1
2015 73.7 62.2
2014 74.2 60.1
2013 73.5 58.2
2012 73.3 57.1
2011 74.7 56.2
2010 75 56.3
2009 77 56.8
2008 77.4 56
2007 75.5 56
2006 75.4 56.3
2005 72.9 54.7
2004 74.5 59.1
2003 74.6 61.3
2002 75.1 60.7
2001 73 60.9
2000 70.4 62.5
1999 70.2 61.9
1998 69.2 62.8
1997 70.4 62.2
1996 69.7 60.2
1995 - 55

Data sources: The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/philippines | CC BY

The Economic Freedom Index for the Netherlands is 78.5, ranking 11/197, compared to 62.9 for the Philippines, ranking 85/197. The chart above displays a comparison of annual changes in economic freedom indexes.

Other economic metrics

Netherlands Philippines
Services, % of GDP
70.4%
2025
64.4%
2025
Industry, % of GDP
17.7%
2025
27%
2025
Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, % of GDP
1.68%
2025
8.59%
2025
GNI, Atlas method
$1.24T
2025
$567B
2025
GNI per capita, PPP
$85,480
2025
$14,460
2025
Total reserves including gold
$118B
2025
$111B
2025
Total reserves ranking
27/177
2025
28/177
2025
Net foreign direct investment
$11.1B
2024
-$6.19B
2025
Net inflows of foreign direct investment
-$17.1B
2024
$9.4B
2024
Net outflows of foreign direct investment
-$5.93B
2024
$2.7B
2024
Servicing debt to the IMF, % of GNI n/a
3.45%
2024
Poverty at national poverty lines
14.5%
2021
15.5%
2023
Gross capital formation, % of GDP
19.8%
2025
22.1%
2025

GDP per capita map

1x

Data sources: World Bank | Economy & Growth (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08); U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08).

GeoRank.org/economy/netherlands/philippines | CC BY

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Data sources:

  1. World Bank | Economy & Growth (1960–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Public Finances in Modern History (1880–1992, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  3. International Monetary Fund (IMF) | Fiscal Monitor (1990–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  4. The Heritage Foundation | Economic Freedom Index (1995–2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  5. U.S. Census Bureau (1985–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  6. TradeMap (2023–2025, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  7. United Nations | World Population Prospects (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)
  8. LivingCost (2026, retrieved 2026-07-08)

Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) — you’re free to copy, share, remix, adapt, and use even commercially as long as you give appropriate credit and clearly indicate if you made changes. Other sources may be subject to different license terms.

The current account balance is the sum of net trade in goods and services, net earnings from cross-border investments, and net transfer payments. It reflects a country's economic transactions with the rest of the world and is a fundamental component of the balance of payments. A surplus indicates that a country exports more than it imports, while a deficit shows the opposite.

Gross National Income (GNI) measures a country's total income. It encompasses income earned by residents, businesses, and foreign sources, defined as employee compensation and investment profits. GNI adds product taxes not included elsewhere and subtracts subsidies. It accounts for income from residents working abroad but excludes earnings from foreigners within the country.

A negative value for Net Foreign Direct Investment indicates a country is a net receiver of investments, as foreign inflows exceed outflows after Balance of Payments adjustments. A positive value indicates a net provider, with outflows exceeding inflows. Inflows are credits (increasing foreign claims on domestic assets), while outflows are debits (increasing domestic assets abroad).

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net inflows) shows how much capital foreign investors bring into a country after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of overseas companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in the reporting country. A positive number means more capital entered the country than was withdrawn, while a negative number means foreign investors pulled out more than they invested.

Foreign direct investment (FDI, net outflows) shows how much capital residents of a country invest abroad after accounting for any funds that flow back in the opposite direction. It represents the net value of domestic companies establishing, expanding, or financing businesses in other countries. A positive number means more capital was invested abroad than withdrawn, while a negative number means residents pulled back more than they invested.

Principal and interest payments to the IMF in currency, goods, or services on long-term debt expressed as a share of GNI.

Formerly gross domestic investment, gross capital formation measures the share of a country’s economic output invested in fixed assets, including buildings, machinery, and infrastructure. It indicates how much of the economy is devoted to building productive capacity.